ChMYB1-ChbHLH42-ChTTG1 module regulates abscisic acidinduced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Cerasus humilis

Cerasus humilis is a kind of economic fruit tree peculiar to China,which is widely used in the food,landscape,and pharmaceutical industries.Anthocyanins are a phenolic metabolite that plays an essential role in fruit coloration.However,the regulatory network of C.humilis in anthocyanin biosynthesis is still unclear.In this study,the R2R3-MYB transcription factor ChMYB1 was isolated from the full genome of the species.Yeast one-hybrid,dual-luciferase assays,and GUS staining showed that ChMYB1 significantly increased anthocyanin contents in C.humilis fruit by promoting the expression of ChCHS and ChUFGT by binding MBS(MYB-binding elements).ChMYB1 interacted with ChbHLH42and ChTTG1 to form the MBW complex and further enhanced the expression of ChUFGT.In addition,abscisic acid(ABA)treatment promoted the expression of ChMYB1 and anthocyanin accumulation in C.humilis fruit.Interestingly,ABA treatment enhanced the interaction between ChMYB1 and ChbHLH42.Furthermore,ChABI5 inhibited the interaction between ChMYB1 and ChbHLH42.Our data elucidated the primary molecular mechanism of anthocyanin biosynthesis in C.humilis fruit,deepening the understanding of the regulatory network affecting anthocyanin metabolism in edible fruit crops.

Selection of Suitable Area and Analysis of Adaptability Difference of Prunus humilis

This paper delves into and assesses the differences in biological traits and fruit nutritional composition of 3 varieties of Prunus humilis introduced from 2 different regions.Results showed that(i)the contents of protein,total sugar,and calcium of No.5 variety were higher those of the other 2 varieties,which was recognized as the most suitable variety for fresh fruit;(ii)the comparison of leaf areas index and fruit shape index of 3 varieties shows that the fruit shape index and individual fruit weight of the introduced varieties were higher than those of the control,the diameter of individual fruit of the introduced varieties higher than that of the control indicated that they had a higher fruit hardness,more dry matter accumulation and better fruit quality,and that the introduction region was more suitable for scale-up of P.humilis;(iii)there was a positive correlation with the number of fruiting branches and there was a significant negative correlation with individual fruit weight,while the leaf area had a significant negative correlation with the number of fruiting branches.The introduced varieties can develop normally in the 2 testing areas,notably,No.5 variety performed better than No.4 and No.6.Improving management is the prerequisite for maintaining proper number of fruiting branches and high yield.

Study on the Influencing Factors and the Root Mechanism in Cutting Process of Prunus humilis(Bge). Sok

A procedure for cutting Prunus humilis（Bge）. Sok was comprehensively studied in this paper. It was found that the key factors involved in this procession were medium, rooting accelerator, concentration of rooting accelerator and type of shoot. The results showed that send was used as mediums; Treatment with 1 000 mg/L AST rooting powder No. 2 and semi-woody shoots were the optimal materials for cutting, and the rooting rate reached 88.1%. Anatomical study on rooting of Prunus hum#is（Bge）. Sok cutting has been carded out by the paraffin section method. The observation result shows that the adventitious root primordium of Prunus humili$（Bge）. Sok cutting belongs to the type of induced root primordium. The adventitiousroot primordium originates from the cross region of vascular cambium and pith rays.

Pectin fractions extracted sequentially from Cerasus humilis:Their compositions,structures,functional properties and antioxidant activities

Three pectin fractions(water-soluble fraction(WSF),chelator-soluble fraction(CSF),and sodium carbonatesoluble fraction(NSF))were obtained from Chinese dwarf cherry(Cerasus humilis)fruits.All of them were branched low methoxylated pectins with an amorphous or partially nanocrystalline nature and eight neutral monosaccharides(arabinose and galactose were most abundant).WSF,CSF and NSF had a degree of methylation(DM)of 35.82%,14.85%and 7.13%,uronic acid(UA)content of 76.02%,83.71%and 69.01%,and total protein content of 2.4%,2.1%and 8.8%,respectively.Their molecular weights were 340.31,330.16 and 141.31 kg/mol,respectively(analyzed by gel permeation chromatography(GPC)).WSF,CSF and NSF exhibited good rheological,thermal,emulsifying,emulsion-stabilizing,water-adsorbing,oil-binding,cholesterol-binding and antioxidant properties.NSF had the highest emulsifying,emulsion stabilizing,water-/oil-/cholesterol-binding and antioxidant capacities,followed by CSF.NSF had the highest viscosity(406.77 m Pa·s),flowability,and resistance to heat-induced changes/damage,which may be related to its lowest polydispersity index,DM and UA content and highest protein content.The three pectin fractions with desirable characteristics can be used as food additives/ingredients and dietary supplements.

Comparison of Photosynthetic Adaptability Between Kobresia humilis and Polygonum viviparum on Qinghai Plateau

The chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Kobresia humilis Serg. and Polygonum viviparum L. grown at two different altitudes (3?200 m, 3?980 m) were measured and the ultrastructure of chloroplasts were observed for studying the photosynthetic adaptability of plants to the influences of stress conditions in alpine environment. Rfd _values, the vitality index, in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum grown at 3?980 m were higher than those at 3?200 m. The higher ratio of F v/F o and F v/F m in leaves of K. humilis and P.viviparum indicated that the rate of photosynthetic conversion of light energy increased at higher altitude. Ratios of F v/F o and F v/F m and Rfd _values in K.humilis were higher than that in P.viviparum grown at the same altitude. There were more irregular chloroplasts in leaves of both species grown at higher altitude. Many irregular chloroplasts such as swollen thylakoid, deformed chloroplast envelope, were observed in P.viviparum grown at 3?980 m, but few in K. humilis . These results were discussed in relation to the photosynthetic adaptability of alpine plants and the different adaptive competence between K.humilis and P.viviparum .

矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸主要植物含水量及需水程度的初步研究

本项工作测定了高寒矮嵩草草甸10种主要植物不同物候期的水分含量、自然饱和亏、临界饱和亏和需水程度,分析了植物含水量及其季节性动态规律,了解了植物不同发育阶段的水分亏缺状况和抗旱性,并根据植物需水程度和水分饱和亏,初步提出不同时期灌溉对矮嵩草草甸生长的影响。

不同地区矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种子解剖特征和萌发特性的研究

对不同地区矮嵩草种子解剖特征和萌发特性进行了探讨。结果表明低海拔海北地区采集的矮嵩草果实较高海拔果洛地区为大 ,其活力百分率与发芽率均明显高于高海拔果洛地区采集的矮嵩草 ( P<0 .0 1)。嵩草果实的大小决定了其种子发芽的能力。

高寒草甸矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)生殖生长特性观测

通过对矮嵩草不同时期花序生长发育的研究 ,观察到矮嵩草在 5月中旬已完成抽穗 ,6月上旬进入盛花期 ,6月中旬和 7月初形成果实雏形 ,7月底和 8月上旬果实成熟。平均每穗结实 3～ 7粒 ,约 4 8%的雌蕊发育成果实。矮嵩草花序长9.5～ 1 1 .9mm,小穗数 7.2～ 1 0 .2个 /花序 ,小穗长 4 .1～ 5 .1 mm,雌花数 6 .2～ 1 3.7个 /花序 ,雌蕊数为 0 .71～ 1 .6 0个 /小穗 ,果实数 3.0～ 6 .6粒

矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸内架设开顶式增温小室对微气候的影响

矮嵩草 (Kobresiahumilis)草甸内架设开顶式增温小室后 ,在牧草生长季节 ,增温小室内的气温平均提高 1 .47℃ ,土温平均提高 1 .0 0℃ ,地表温度平均提高 1 .5 4℃ ;增温小室外的湿度略高于其内部 ;增温小室外的风速明显高于其内部 ;增温小室内外的太阳水平总辐射、反射系数和极端温度差异不显著 ,但变化趋势各有异同 ;增温小室的修建对地温与湿度间、气温与空气湿度间的相关显著性有影响 。

多年生人工草地矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)种群空间格局与种内关联性

植物种群空间分布格局不仅反映植物的空间分布特点,还有助于研究者了解植物利用资源的现状和生存能力。本研究以矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)为研究对象,按株丛斑块面积将矮生嵩草分为小斑块级株丛(0~30 cm^(2))、中斑块级株丛(30~80 cm^(2))和大斑块级株丛(>80 cm^(2))3个株丛级,采用点格局分析的g函数统计方法,分析了矮生嵩草各级株丛的空间格局及关联性。结果表明:矮生嵩草种群中小斑块级株丛占比高于中斑块、大斑块级株丛占比,种群中幼苗充足,正处于稳定的增长阶段;矮生嵩草小斑块、中斑块、大斑块级株丛在小尺度范围内表现为聚集分布,随着尺度的增大,所有株丛斑块的聚集程度减弱,逐渐趋向于随机分布;小斑块与中斑块、大斑块的矮生嵩草株丛在小尺度内表现为正关联。斑块聚集分布和相互共存是矮生嵩草的一种生存策略。

欧李(Cerasus humilis)内生固氮细菌筛选、鉴定及特性研究

为探究荒漠草原灌木欧李(Cerasus humilis)根系内生细菌固氮能力和其它特性。采用无氮培养基,从欧李根内分离获得20株内生固氮菌,并结合乙炔还原法测定固氮酶活性,钼锑抗比色法测定溶磷特性,Salkowski法测定分泌植物生长素(Indole acetic acid,IAA)能力,对筛选出固氮酶活性较高的菌株进行16S rDNA序列比对,确定其分类地位。结果表明,分离的内生固氮细菌均具溶磷和分泌IAA能力。所分离菌株固氮酶活性在31.45~424.81 nmol C_(2)H_(4)·h^(-1)·mL^(-1)之间(NS 25最高),解有机磷量在26.62~99.18μg·mL^(-1)之间(YNS 4最高),溶无机磷量在1.10~20.31μg·mL^(-1)之间(WNS 21最高),分泌IAA量在3.86~47.00μg·mL^(-1)之间(NS 22最高)。10株固氮酶活性较高菌株经初步鉴定NS114-1和NS114-2为Bacillus pumilus,NS 25和NS 26为Bacillus paralicheniformis,YNS 1为Brevibacterium frigoritolerans,菌株WNS 21和NNS 15为Bacillus velezensis,NS 8为Paenibacillus catalpae,YNS 6为Cytobacillus firmus,NNS 19为Bacillus sp.。研究分离的内生固氮细菌具有溶磷和分泌IAA的能力,有望通过后续研制微生物菌剂为干旱地区植被恢复与生态重建发挥积极作用。

Characteristics of Kobresia humilis Community Structure at Different Degraded Levels in Northern Qinghai

[ Objective] To reveal structure and function of alpine meadow ecosystem and thus to provide a scientific basis for development, utilization and scientific management of alpine meadow pasture as well as sustainable development of grassland agriculture. [ Method] Charactedstics of Kobresia humilis communities with primary vegetation （community I） and degraded vegetation （community II） were analyzed. [Result] Species richness, biodiversity index and biomass of the community I were respectively 42, 3. 531 and 3 553.1 g/m^2, which were respectively higher than those of the community II （37, 2.270 and 3 391.1 g/m^2）. Correlation analysis shows that community biomass was correlated positively with the dchness index （ P 〈 0.01 ）, and biodiversity index was correlated positively with the aboveground biomass and dchness index （ P 〈 0.01 ）. [ Conclusion] The Kobresia humilis community I has reasonable structure and large coverage of ground vegetation, which play an important role in maintenance of biodiversity and ecosystem function.

Transcriptomic comparison to identify rapidly evolving genes in Braya humilis

The Brassicaceae species Braya humilis shows broad adaptation to different climatic zones and latitudes. However, the molecular adaptation mechanism of B. humilis is poorly understood. In China, B. humilis is mainly distributed on the QinghaiTibetan Plateau(QTP) and in the adjacent arid region. Previous transcriptome analysis of B. humilis has revealed that 39 salt and osmotic stress response genes are subjected to purifying selection during its speciation. To further explore the adaptation mechanism of B. humilis to an arid environment, OrthoMCL program was employed in this study and 6,268 pairs of orthologous gene pairs with high confidence were obtained between B. humilis and Arabidopsis thaliana. A comparative evolutionary analysis based on nonsynonymous to synonymous substitution ratio(Ka/Ks) was then conducted. There were 64 pairs exhibiting a Ka/Ks ratio more than 0.5 and among which, three instrumental candidate genes, T20487,T22576, and T23757, were identified with strong selection signatures(Ka/Ks >1). The corresponding A. thaliana orthologs are double-stranded RNA-binding domain protein, MADS-box family protein, and NADH-dehydrogenase subunit6, which is encoded by mitochondria genome. This report not only demonstrates the adaptation contribution of fast evolving nuclear genes, but also highlights the potential adaptive value of mitochondria gene to the speciation and adaptation of B. humilis toward the extreme environment in an arid region.

不同海拔高度矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)克隆生长的研究

分别在果洛州大武乡3700m、3800m、3900m、4000m、4100m的海拔上对矮嵩草克隆生长特征进行了定株观测研究,研究结果显示:在海拔3700m处5～6月份矮嵩草增加的分蘖数最多,其他处理6～7月份最多;在处理间随着海拔的升高分蘖数逐渐增多;矮嵩草的平均生物量随着海拔的升高逐渐增大。

Contribution of Chamaerops humilis L. (Arecaceae) in Conservation in Situ of Soil Resources in the Tlemcen Region (Western Algeria)

In recent years, the anthropic action on scrubs in the region of Tlemcen (a province in western Algeria) has represented a threat to the groups of Chamaerops humilis L. (Arecaceae). The main purpose of the present investigation is to highlight the relationship between Chamaerops humilis and its biotope. Taking advantage of the refurbishment works in the study area, clumps of Chamaerops humilis, freshly dug by machinery, were collected and used to conduct some measurements. A total of 34 clusters were considered. The main parameters to be studied are: 1. The height of the tangle of roots and the number of roots in each cluster;2. The weight of soil trapped between roots;3. Physico-chemical properties of soil in which taxa grow. The results obtained showed that the average weight of soil retained by the clumps was important (70.3 kg);the average height of the tangle was 68.4 cm and the average number of roots was 382. The tangle of roots, of various stocks of Chamaerops humilis, creates a root network, very tangled in its upper part, thereby trapping a significant amount of soil. The statistical analyses of pairs of parameters, considered in the present work (height of the tangle, mass of soil trapped by roots and number of roots), were found to be highly correlated. These analyses allowed identifying the relationships existing between the studied parameters. They also helped to deduce the role of the taxon in the in situ conservation of edaphic potential.

Study of Behavior Germination and Essays the Removing Tegumentary Inhibition of Seeds of Chamaerops humilis L. var. argentea Andre （Arecaceae）

The regeneration conditions of Chamaerops humilis L. （Arecaceae）, has been threatened by a strong tegumentary inhibition of its seeds. In this study, the authors have analyzed the germination behavior of the species to plan subsequently for protection and sustainable use of this natural resource through synchronization and homogenization of germination. In this context and to optimize Chamaerops humilis seeds germination, to overcome and to remove the obstacle of tegumentary inhibition, the treatments by soaking in distilled water, manual, mechanical and chemical scarification （H2SO4）, have been applied to the seeds of Chamaerops humilis freshly harvested in the Beni Snous area （Tlemcen Mountain, Algeria）. The seeds germination without treatment （control） has been represented by a good germination capacity （72%） and a significantly longer duration of germination （46 days）. Soaking in distilled water does not seem to have a significant effect on the rate and duration of seeds germination compared to dry seeds （P 〉 0.05）. The manual scarification has clearly improved the germination capacity of these species （92%）, and a change wed has been seen in the germination duration （16 days）. However, mechanical scarification of seeds gave only low germination rate （42%）. Seeds treatment with sulfuric acid has been found to affect the rate of germination, but this effect is varied depending on the concentration of the acid. Overall, the germination percentage has changed from 77% to 92%. The optimal value of 92% corresponds to a concentration of 96%.

Contribution of Study Bioecology of the Fauna Chamaerops humilis in the Region of Tlemcen （Algeria）

The region of Tlemcen is situated in the north-west of Algeria. The aridity of the climate had lead to the development of the matorral, a state of degradation of the Mediterranean, and the composed xerophytes plants such as doum and diss, had been found. Chamaerops humilis, xerophyte plant, with special morphologic and botanic character presents a resistance of these climatic. The authors have proposed study of fauna closly linked to this plant. A faunistic inventory was realized in the Mansourah area （region of Tlemcen）. Four stations have been described. Collecting sample was performed during June 2003-Mar. 2004, replying on sixteen （16） prelevements. The number of species were estimated of about 136, in which 111 are Arthropoda, the Entomofauna represented by 97 species and the other inventory are Arachnida by 8 species and Myriapoda by 6 species. 18 species are related to Gastropoda. The vertebrates are few. The importance of different groups＇ recolted on the Chamaerops humilis in the four stations is done particular to the insects. Analysis factorial correspondence （A.F.C） show different grouping of animal species.

Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of developing seed in Cerasus humilis for lipid related gene discovery

Cerasus humilis is a woody shrub with increasing economic importance. Due to its high oil content in seed with desired fatty acid(FA) composition, C. humilis has been considered as a potential woody oilseed crop in China. However, FAs accumulation and related molecular mechanisms of FA biosynthesis in C. humilis seed have not been elucidated well. In this study, oil contents and FA compositions of developing C. humilis seed were analyzed. The total oil content in mature seed reached 48.7% while unsaturated FA concentration reached a high level of 96.2%. Three c DNA libraries of C. humilis developing seed were constructed at the beginning and 2 fast oil-accumulation stages, followed by Illumina sequencing with the platform of HiSeq^TM 2000. Differentially expressed unigenes(DEGs) were identified during the respective seed development stages to investigate transcription dynamics. Among DEGs, 82 unigenes were identified as being closely involved in de novo FA and triacylglycerol(TAG) biosynthesis. Surprisingly, among DEGs involved in TAG biosynthesis, expression of unigenes encoding GPATs(glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) were relatively low and unigenes encoding LPAATs(lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase) were highly expressed, suggesting that LPAAT contributed more in storage lipids metabolism in C. humilis seed. Genes encoding DGAT2(diacylgycerol acyltransferase2) were the most highly expressed while expression of DGAT1 was very low, suggesting DGAT2 was the dominant DGAT which catalyzed TAG biosynthesis. To verify these results,10 unigenes were selected and their expression patterns were analyzed by quantitative RTPCR. These data provided comprehensive information for understanding the molecular mechanism of FA and TAG biosynthesis in C. humilis seed.

不同垄作方式和种植密度对丹参产量与主要成分含量的影响

为探究不同栽培方式和生长时期对丹参根与地上部产量和主要活性成分含量的影响,本研究以紫花丹参为试验材料,采用小垄单行[三种密度:H1(8万株·hm^(-2))、H2(10万株·hm^(-2))、H3(13.3万株·hm^(-2))]与大垄双行[三种密度:H4(8万株·hm^(-2))、H5(10万株·hm^(-2))、H6(13.3万株·hm^(-2))]两种垄作方式,动态取样,测定并分析不同垄作方式、种植密度和生长时期的单株重、产量、主要活性成分含量及积累规律。结果表明,大垄双行丹参单株干重、产量、根的主要活性成分含量平均值均高于小垄单行。根的单株干重和产量的最佳处理分别为H5(48.09 g)、H4(5986.69 kg·hm^(-2)),均在11月19日最高;地上部单株干重和产量的最佳处理均为H4(50.34 g、6712.75 kg·hm^(-2)),均在10月14日最高。根中主要活性成分总含量(总丹参酮+总黄酮+总酚酸)在两种垄作方式下均呈“升-降-升”的变化趋势,最佳处理为H4(295.4 mg·g^(-1)),在9月7日最高;叶、茎中(总黄酮+总酚酸)总含量的最佳处理分别为H4(238.42 mg·g^(-1))、H6(122.43 mg·g^(-1)),均在10月14日最高;丹参酮ⅡA、丹参酮I、隐丹参酮和丹酚酸B四种活性成分总含量的最佳处理为H6(63.23 mg·g^(-1))。综上,大垄双行栽培方式优于小垄单行。本研究结果为丹参的合理种植及根与地上部综合开发利用提供了理论依据。

欧李果实发育过程中钙与有机酸含量的变化及相关性分析

【目的】探讨欧李果实发育过程中不同形态钙及有机酸代谢的变化及二者之间的关系,以期为解析欧李果实钙素吸收积累机制及进一步研究调控提供理论依据。【方法】以内蒙古地区高钙和低钙两种钙素水平欧李果实为试材,比较研究果实发育成熟过程中不同形态钙以及有机酸代谢相关指标的变化,并进行相关性分析。【结果】(1)在果实发育成熟过程中,两种钙素水平欧李果实中水溶性钙含量表现为先降后升,整体为上升趋势;总钙、果胶钙、磷酸钙和草酸钙含量均表现为先升后降,整体为下降趋势;残渣钙含量表现为持续下降。(2)两种钙素水平欧李果实中苹果酸脱氢酶(NAD-MDH)活性、苹果酸含量及有机酸总量的变化一致,均表现为先升后降,在硬熟期达到最高值,整体呈明显上升趋势,且以上三者活性或含量均表现为低钙果实高于高钙果实;苹果酸酶(NADP-ME)活性整体表现为下降;柠檬酸含量表现为先升后降,在硬核期达到最高值,整体呈下降趋势,且高钙果实中柠檬酸含量高于低钙果实。(3)相关性分析表明,两种钙素水平欧李果实中NAD-MDH活性、苹果酸含量、有机酸总量与水溶性钙含量均呈极显著正相关,与其他组分钙及总钙含量均呈不同程度的负相关;NADP-ME活性和柠檬酸含量与水溶性钙含量均呈显著或极显著负相关,与其他组分钙及总钙含量均呈不同程度的正相关。【结论】在欧李果实发育成熟过程中钙素积累与有机酸代谢有关,苹果酸是欧李果实中主要的有机酸,苹果酸合成代谢增强有利于水溶性钙含量的增加,柠檬酸含量增加则趋向于促进非水溶性钙类果胶钙、磷酸钙和草酸钙的积累。