BHGSO:Binary Hunger Games Search Optimization Algorithm for Feature Selection Problem

In machine learning and data mining,feature selection(FS)is a traditional and complicated optimization problem.Since the run time increases exponentially,FS is treated as an NP-hard problem.The researcher’s effort to build a new FS solution was inspired by the ongoing need for an efficient FS framework and the success rates of swarming outcomes in different optimization scenarios.This paper presents two binary variants of a Hunger Games Search Optimization(HGSO)algorithm based on V-and S-shaped transfer functions within a wrapper FS model for choosing the best features from a large dataset.The proposed technique transforms the continuous HGSO into a binary variant using V-and S-shaped transfer functions(BHGSO-V and BHGSO-S).To validate the accuracy,16 famous UCI datasets are considered and compared with different state-of-the-art metaheuristic binary algorithms.The findings demonstrate that BHGSO-V achieves better performance in terms of the selected number of features,classification accuracy,run time,and fitness values than other state-of-the-art algorithms.The results demonstrate that the BHGSO-V algorithm can reduce dimensionality and choose the most helpful features for classification problems.The proposed BHGSO-V achieves 95%average classification accuracy for most of the datasets,and run time is less than 5 sec.for low and medium dimensional datasets and less than 10 sec for high dimensional datasets.

Initial Hunger Meal Pattern and 20% Reduction in Energy Intake

At meals, people aim to maintain their usual energy level and balance in blood and all tissues. People have subjectively refined this aim through poorly conscious months and years, i.e., outside any comparison with other people, other times or feeding conditions. The preprandial weekly mean blood glucose can assess this individual aim that differs from other people in the general fattening/ diabetes development. The evaluation of this pathogenic development in the overall stratification shows how unhealthy is the subject’s energy imbalance. After 2 - 48 hours of meal suspension, the aim arises as Initial Hunger. This Initial Hunger serves as reference sensation in the assessment of current energy availability. Recognition of three Initial Hunger arousals per day produces an even energy balance and eliminates any conditioned intake. This meal pattern seemed a useful chance to reverse current trends in overweight increase. Two reliable authorities (National Institute of Health and New England Journal of Medicine) noticed that already, all dieticians instructed to wait for hunger arousal before meals to limit energy intake for body weight loss. Dieticians’ definition and instructions on hunger for body weight loss miss any distinction from conditioned energy intake and are ineffective. Present report shows the need for improving awareness on hunger.

Subjective Lowering of Preprandial Blood Glucose and Cancer Prevention by Planning and Recognizing Initial Hunger

We recently described the training of the passage from scheduled to demanded meals in infants and adults. Subjects reduced energy intake by subjectively abolishing conditioned meals and by allowing intake only after demand by the infant or after hunger perception by the adult (Initial Hunger Meal Pattern;IHMP). Conditioned meals were those scheduled and/or presented to the infant as well to the adult by sight, smell, mentioning, gesturing or simply at a fixed mealtime. During IHMP instead, meals were suspended until the first infant’s demand or until an adult’s self-noticing arousal of hunger. IHMP was checked by measuring blood glucose before three meals per day (MBG) and was associated with significant decreases in diary-reported energy-intake, MBG, glycated hemoglobin, body weight, insulin AUC in glucose tolerance tests and in days with diarrhea as compared to randomized control subjects who maintained conditioned meals. Although generalized, conditioned eating is a modern aberration that is associated with development of insulin resistance and overall inflammation. These associations are well demonstrated independently from the implicated mechanism. A state of Overall Subclinical Inflammation greatly increases cell and DNA replications and replication errors. After decades of DNA errors, oncogenic cells arise and cumulate. A prevention of malignancies is possible by interrupting the development of conditioned eating, insulin resistance and associated overall inflammation.

Households Hunger:The Key Attribute to Anthropometric Failures of Children in West Oromia(Ethiopia)

Poor nutrition is the underlying cause of child death.However,comprehensive data showing the relationships between dietary-practices,food security,and nutritional status are scant.The present study aimed to examine the association of inappropriate feeding practices and household-hunger with anthropometric measures in children aged 6–23 months.A cross-sectional survey was conducted on randomly selected 525-households.Semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to gather data on socio-demographic,child health,dietary-practices and household-hunger.Weight and height/length of the children were measured and analyzed using the new World Health Organization(WHO)Growth Standards.The prevalence of stunting,wasting and underweight as well as composite index of anthropometric failure(CIFA)were used to indicate under-nutrition.The overall prevalence of inappropriate feeding practices was 22.9%,rate of moderate households-hunger was 12.4%,and the prevalence of stunting,underweight and wasting was 16.2%,6.9%and 6.3%,respectively,while the CIAF was 21.3%.The prevalence was significantly higher in young children aged 12–23 months than in infants aged 6–11 months.Children from households experiencing moderate hunger had significantly higher risk of being stunting(OR:10.20;95%CI:2.00–51.50),underweight(OR:3.89;95%CI:1.40–10.90),wasting(OR:1.97;95%CI:0.99–3.90),and CIAF(OR:1.90;95%CI:1.05–3.45),than those residing in households experiencing no or mild hunger.Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to improve household food-security and child dietary practices,thus the nutritional status among young children.

Reliability and validity of the hidden hunger assessment scale in China-revised for high school students

Objective:Hidden hunger remains a severe public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide.In China,challenges related to dietary imbalance and hidden hunger persist.Micronutrient inadequacy deserves more attention among adolescents,given its vital role in their growth and development;however,this problem appears to have been largely ignored.High school students,in particular,are often at a high risk of hidden hunger but have limited assessment tools available.Therefore,this study aims to revise the hidden hunger assessment scale for high school students(HHAS-HSS)in China and assess its reliability and validity.Methods:Based on a literature review,expert consultation,pre-experiment,and formal survey,a hidden hunger assessment scale was revised for high school students.The formal survey involved 9336 high school students in 11 of the 16 cities in Anhui Province,China,and 9038 valid questionnaires were collected and included in the analysis.The item analysis,internal consistency reliability,test-retest reliability,content validity,exploratory factor analysis,and confirmatory factor analysis of the HHAS-HSS were examined.Results:The HHAS-HSS included a total of 4 dimensions and 12 items:"vegetables and food diversity"(three items),"fruits and dairy products"(three items),"micronutrient-dense foods"(four items),and"health condition and eating habits"(two items).The results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.758,a split-half reliability of 0.829,and a test-retest reliability of o.793,indicating good internal consistency.Using the Bartlett's test and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin test(KMO)to test the exploratory factor analysis presented a four-factor model of the HHAS-HSS,the KMO0 value was 0.820(P<0.001),which indicated the possibility for factor confirmatory factor analysis.Using the maximum variance rotation method,four factors were obtained,and the cumulative variance explained rate was 57.974%.Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the division of the scale into four dimensions,and the fitting indices were x^(2)=1417.656,x^(2)/df=29.534,goodness-of-fit index=0.974,adjusted goodnessof-fit index=0.958,parsimonious goodness-of-fit index=0.600,normed fit index=0.938,incremental fit index=0.940,Tucker-Lewis index=0.917,comparative fit index=0.939,and root mean square error of approximation=0.056.Except for x^(2)/df,all the indices reached the fitting standard,and the above results showed that the construct validity of the scale reached an acceptable level.Conclusions:The HHAS-HSS has good validity and reliability for Chinese high school students.It is a convenient self-report measure of hidden hunger risk.

Effect of Low and High Glycemic Index Meals on Hunger and Satiety

Recently, people suffer from the inability to maintain weight with an increasing body mass, and this may be due to several reasons, including the type and quantity of food. In current study, the effect of the glycemic index of foods (high-low-medium) on the speed of return of hunger in adult women was discussed. Non-pregnant or lactating women who do not suffer from chronic diseases such as diabetes and pressure, for three days in a row for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, by calculating the number of hours preceding the feeling of hunger, as the results showed that the least hours of hunger were after eating foods with a low glycemic index and then followed by foods with a medium glycemic index, and the number of hours of starvation after eating foods with a high glycemic index was the least, and this leads to an increase in subsequent food intake and an increase in calories during the day. The results indicated: first day that are high in the glycemic index (breakfast). Highest percentage of feeling hungry was 30% after 4 h (lunch). The highest percentage of feeling hungry was 30% after 3 h, (dinner), the highest percentage of not feeling hungry by 50%. The second day with a low glycemic index (breakfast). The highest percentage of feeling hungry after 4 h was 30%, (lunch). The highest percentage of feeling hungry after 4 h was 30%, (dinner). The highest percentage of not feeling hungry was 80%. Third day with a medium glycemic index (breakfast). The highest percentage of feeling hungry was after 3 h and 4 h, with a percentage of 30%, (lunch), the highest percentage of feeling hungry after 4 h, with a percentage of 30%, (dinner), the highest percentage of not feeling hungry by 70%, which increases body mass and weight continuously, and this leads to an increase in vulnerability to chronic diseases. Therefore, it is important to preserve and be careful to eat meals with a low and medium glycemic index in the diets, with the addition of foods with a high glycemic index, without negligence or excess, and we look forward to increasing the research on the effect of the glycemic index of food on the speed of return of hunger while standardizing the quantity and type of food for all volunteers.

The Father of Hybrid Rice: Freeing Humanity from Hunger

CHINA has been a big agricultural country since ancient times. The rise and fall of agriculture directly determined the country’s prosperity. After the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, in the face of frequent natural disasters and a growing population, the central government prioritized the food issue and took various measures to promote food production.“Let no Chinese go hungry” has been the dream of Yuan Longping, agricultural scientist and expert in hybrid rice. For 60 years he has conducted research in this field and successfully developed three varieties of hybrid rice, allowing the production to rise from 4,500 kg to more than 15,000 kg per hectare. Known as “the father of hybrid rice,” Yuan has made outstanding contributions to China’s food security and global food supply.

Under the Veil of Science Fiction： Katniss＇ Initiation in the Hunger Games Trilogy

The success of the Hunger Games trilogy to the young readers is its distinctive blending of science fiction elements with protagonist Katniss＇ initiation. The trilogy suffices youth＇s interest to embrace a fiction that dramatizes both realistic and fantastic portray of the world. Through depicting the intellectual and social development of protagonist Katniss who, after experiencing both defeats and triumphs in a dystopian world, Suzanne Collins successfully conveys the coming-of-age theme under the veil of science fiction in the Hunger Games trilogy.

Under the autobiographical codes： A close reading to Daughter of hunger

In the book Daughter of hunger, the author depicted us the lives of city paupers in the 1960s of China, a generation that is born neither quiet nor peaceful, and a generation that is destined to suffer more in their teenage years. The word ＂hunger＂ has multiple implications, during her journey of searching for her father, we will see how Liuliu, the main character of the book, struggled with the infertility in both material and spiritual worlds, how she tried to embrace the erotic love to confirm her rather painfully real self-existence, and how life and destiny eventually lead her out of the ordinaries.

Discussion on ＂hunger marketing＂ mode in Internet age based on consumer satisfaction --Take Xiaomi as an example

Recently, with people＇s lives have been continuously improved, the purchasing power of consumers is increasing ）,ear by year and China＇s market is becoming more and more mature. In this case. consumers have more options for the purchase of mobile phones. Hunger Marketing model is now facing a severe test in the lnternet era. This paper will analyze and prove it from the perspective of customer satisfaction. As the representative of Hunger Marketing, Xiaomi is facing many other new rivals. If something should be done for keeping Xiaomi still among the best in the new era of mobile phone market, it should be enhancing brand value and product process, improving core competence and sincerity rather than Hunger Marketing model.

Hungers of an Immigrant Family——On Chinese American writer Lan Samantha Chang's “Hunger”

The paper is to analyze the individual hungers in the novella "Hunger",which leads to the tragedy of the family.

The Symbolic Meanings of “Food” and “Hunger” in The Woman Warrior

In novel the Woman Warrior,"food" and "hunger" have indispensable symbolic meanings."Hunger" becomes a symbol of women's desire and the only way to get rid of the "hunger"is the "food"——women's self-reliance.

Hunger Still Lingers in Memory As More Chinese Get Their Fill

In the hands of chef Bai Changji, tofu （soybean curd） alone can be turned out to be a banquet of more than 200 kinds of cuisine. Even the bean dregs after making tofu will be cooked into dishes.

Sun, climate, hunger, and mass migration

Paleoclimatic studies indicate four epochs of global cooling during the last 4 000 years, i.e. during the few centuries before and after 2000 BC, 800 BC, 400 AD, and 1 600 AD; the quasiperiodicity corresponds to cyclic variation of solar activity. Global temperature changes influenced regional precipitation patterns: Northern Europe was wetter while the middle and low latitude lands were more arid during colder epochs. Both sets of cold climatical conditions were unfavorable for agricultural production. Historical records show that large demographic movements in history took place because of crop failures and mass starvation, rather than escaping from war zones. The "wandering" of the Germanic tribes during the first two or three centuries of the Christian Era is one example. Whereas the accelerated release of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels is ultimately to cause global warming, historical evidence indicates, however, that global warming has been on the whole a blessing to mankind. Global cooling, on the other hand, has curtailed agricultural production and has led to famines and mass migrations of people. Perhaps the most important task at the present is not so much computer modelling of greenhouse effect on global climate, but water management and agricultural researches to insure food supply for an everincreasing world population.

Regulation of Plant Vitamin Metabolism:Backbone of Biofortification for the Alleviation of Hidden Hunger

Micronutrient deficiencies include shortages of vitamins and minerals.They affect billions of people and are associated with long-range effects on health,learning ability,and huge economic losses.Biofortification of multiple micronutrients can play an important role in combating malnutrition.The challenge,however,is to balance plant growth with nutrient requirements for humans.Here,we summarize the major progress about vitamin biosynthesis and its response to the changing environment.We discuss the interactions among vitamins as well as possible strategies for vitamin biofortification.Finally,we propose to integrate new breeding technologies with metabolic pathway modification to facilitate the biofortification of crops,thereby alleviating the hidden hunger of target populations.

Light spectrum preference of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under different hunger levels

In order to improve the light welfare of Nile tilapia in aquaculture,the influence of hunger level on light spectrum preference of Nile tilapia was explored in this study.The whole experiment was based on the emptying of the gastrointestinal contents,and carried out under the controlled laboratory conditions.The light spectrum preference was assessed by counting the head location of fish in each experimental tank,which containing seven compartments(i.e.,red,blue,white,yellow,black,green and public area).t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding(t-SNE)was adopted to visualize the hunger level-based dynamic preference on light spectrum in two-dimensional space.According to the clustering results,significant differences in light spectrum preferences of Nile tilapia,under the different hunger levels,were indicated.In addition,the average visit frequency in green compartment was significantly lower than that in other color compartments throughout the whole experiment,and the total visit frequency in red compartment was relatively higher during the whole experiment.

Poor States Urged to Research Biotech, Fight Hunger

夜读此文,既兴奋,又悲凉。兴奋,是因为千百年来,人们靠天吃饭,地里的活,种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆。得多少,并非“大跃进”可以吹出来的,而是有一个常规,种地能手,能超出常规亩产20％,已有登天之难。而如今,植物的遗传工程(genetic engineering of plants)令世人一惊:It can improve crop yields and develop resis-tance to drought(干旱),salinity(盐份)and pests(害虫)。Biotechnology is also used todevelop drugs to treat diseases such as diabetes and hepatitis(肝炎);悲凉的是,这些专利正紧锁于富国的保险柜中待价而沽:The big biotech companies are locking uppatents at an incredible(难以置信的)rate！其另一个借口是:The full impact of thesenew life sciences on health and the environment is not known。 本文末尾的一句话又让我们另有想法: Biotechnology is by no means the only answer to the problem of hunger as the words already producing more food than it needs。】

Hunger Fighters See Biotech Hope for Poor Nations

基因,转基因,基因工程……与“基因”有关的这几个词,几乎成了上世纪末以来的热门词语。这似乎印证了“21世纪属于生物学世纪”这一著名预言。“genetically modified(GM)crops”也成了一个英语热门词汇。本文详细介绍了上世纪六、七十年代所谓绿色革命之父,诺贝尔奖获得者Norman Borlaug对(GM)crops这场新革命的观点。他的观点有两点值得我们关注: 1/为什么当今世界有人反对这场崭新意义的绿色革命?Borlaug的观点非常犀利: If we sit in Europe or North America and decide that because we don't need that scientific approach for our food supply, therefore they can't have it either, that is grossly (非常) unethical (不道德的). 2/凡是革命。那就必然会有风险:no agricultural advance is risk-free. Borlaug称,当年的绿色革命也同样遭受了人们的反对:Critics(批评家们)in the past accused the Green Revolution of popularizing (普及) chemical fertilizers, pesticides and irrigation that jeopardized (危害) the environment in developing countries.】

Sleep Deprivation Tied to Shifts in Hunger Hormones

睡眠与健康的密切关系是人们早已熟知的生活常识。然而,每天起早贪黑也能变胖?美国科学家最近研究发现:睡眠减少会使刺激食欲的激素(hormones)分泌增多,抑制食欲的激素分泌减少,从而引起进食,使人变胖。这是否让您耳目一新呢?

Hunger Found In 1 Of 10 American Households——USDA

庄秀湾女士是北京一所大学英语系的翻译教师,她给我们寄来了刚从Internet上获取的短文。她说她让学生翻译了此文。其中最让学生困惑的是下面一句: In all states, hunger is just a few dollars away for too many families. 几乎半数的学生对此句提供了以下的译文: 在所有的州中,饥饿对于大多数家庭来说是少了几美元而己。 原句里的hunger is just a few dollars away写得很精彩,其含义和上面的译文正好相反:很多家庭目前尚未生活在饥饿之中,但是,他们经济困难,离开饥饿仅一步之遥！ 庄老师的来信还向我们提出了一个要求,是否能够请美国教授对此文的“真伪”作一说明。因为,她的许多学生认为,美国是当今世界之首富之一,竟然有如此众多的美国人挣扎在饥饿线上,实在让人看不懂。美国,你怎么了? 我们在接到庄老师的来信之后,立即和美国西雅图的教授Bill Hofmann联系,他在次日就发回了一文,他的文章可作为本篇读物的姊妹篇,信息丰富,文字不俗。两篇文章对比阅读,给人遐思,让人肃然。 本刊感谢庄老师的来稿,并热忱欢迎各地的翻译教师赐稿。