Women’s empowerment and food consumption:Evidence from female-headed households in Tanzania

Despite the growing recognition of women’s increasing role in the household and corresponding empowerment programs in sub-Saharan Africa,intensive research on the relationship between women’s influence and household food consumption is minimal.Using the most recent(2017-2018)national household survey data from Tanzania,this study examined the influence of women’s empowerment on household food consumption.First,we compared the monthly consumption of eight food categories between female-headed households(FHHs)and male-headed households(MHHs)using both descriptive statistics and the propensity score matching(PSM)method.Furthermore,we adopted the two-stage Linear Expenditure System and Almost Ideal Demand System model(LES-AIDS)to estimate income and price elasticities for the two household types.The results show that FHHs consume bread and cereals,fish,oils and fats,vegetables,and confectionery(sugar,jam,honey,chocolate,etc.)more than MHHs.Moreover,FHHs have a significantly higher income elasticity of demand for all food groups than MHHs.They are also more price elastic than MHHs in meat,fish,oils,fats,sugar,jam,honey,chocolate,etc.

China-U.S. Trade Balance from the National Income Perspective

This paper calculates the China-U.S. trade balance from the national income perspective based on an input-output model that differentiates domestic and foreign-invested companies. The result shows that due to different degrees of dependence of both countries on foreign production factors such as foreign capital for the manufacturing of export goods,only 87.7% of the domestic value-added created by China's exports to the U.S. in 2012 was China's national income, whereas 96.2% of value-added in U.S. exports to China was U.S.national income. In the comparison of total export volume and export value-added, the home country's national income created by exports can more realistically reflect a country's gains from trade. In 2012, China's trade surplus with the U.S. stood at 102.8 billion US dollars in national income terms, which is 61% and 22% smaller than the results in gross and value-added terms, respectively. The implication is that the traditional trade balance accounting method seriously exaggerates the China-U.S. trade imbalance.

‘Middle-Income Trap’ and ‘High-Income Waft＇： Challenges and Opportunities to China

The history of international industrialization shows that Latin American countries and former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries experienced a siginificant drop in economic growth and fell into the middle-income trap when their per capita GDP reached 4,000-7,000 international dollar （based on the 1990 prices） as a result of long-term implemented import-oriented strategy and planned economic system. Fortunately, China adopted reform and opening-up policy beginning at a lower development phase and achieved sustained high-speed growth for more than thirty years. Currently, China has surpassed the phase which the above-mentioned countries fell into the middle-income trap. On the other side, experiences of successful runner-ups show that when per capita GDP reached II,000 international dollar （based on the 1990 prices）, economic growth speed will present regularly ＂natural drop ＂. Without internal and external shocks, China＇s economy is expected to reach this level by 2015 and the potential growth rate will possibly drop significantly. In this regard, China＇s toughest challenges will be whether it can effectively prevent and solve the financial risks accumulated during high-speed growth and make a shift to innovation-driven growth model Time is pressing for addressing the above challenges. A fundamental change in the growth model depends on the intensification of reform, in particular, the promotion of an ＂participatory and facilitative reform ＂approach.

Crohn’s disease in low and lower-middle income countries: A scoping review

BACKGROUND While Crohn’s disease has been studied extensively in high-income countries,its epidemiology and care in low and lower-middle income countries(LLMICs)is not well established due to a lack of disease registries and diagnostic capacity.AIM To describe the published burden,diagnostic/treatment capacity,service utilization,challenges/barriers to individuals with Crohn’s in LLMICs and their providers.METHODS We conducted a scoping review utilizing a full search strategy was developed and conducted in PubMed,Embase and World Health Organization Global Index Medicus.Two independent reviewers screened the titles and abstracts of all of the publications found in this search,reviewed selected publications,and extracted relevant data,which underwent descriptive review and was analyzed in Excel.RESULTS The database search yielded 4486 publications,216 of which were determined to be relevant to the research questions.Of all 79 LLMICs,only 21(26.6%)have publications describing individuals with Crohn’s.Overall,the highest number of studies came from India,followed by Tunisia,and Egypt.The mean number of Crohn’s patients reported per study is 57.84 and the median is 22,with a wide range from one to 980.CONCLUSION This scoping review has shown that,although there is a severe lack of populationbased data about Crohn’s in LLMICs,there is a signal of Crohn’s in these settings around the world.

An Analysis of Japanese Economy and Labor Market From Disparities by Gender and Employment Types of Lifetime and Annual Income,Public Pension Benefit and Redistribution

The purpose of this study is the maintenance of Japan’s economy by labor economics and public finance.I analyze(1)considering differences by gender and employment type by labor economics of applied microeconomics,and also(2)considering income,tax and social insurance obligations,and public pension benefits by public finance.1.In Japan,a regular employee has more men than women,and an irregular employee has more women than men.2.Japan’s current significant economic issues are rapidly decreasing population and other.3.All people from 20 years old pay the public pension insurance every month,and all people about from 70 years old can receive public pension benefit every month.4.The average lifespan is 100 years old,and a woman is higher than a man.Using individual data from the Japan’s Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications'"National Survey of Income and Expenditure",I conducted an analysis on both an annual and lifetime basis of male and female workers from their 20s to 60s who are regular or irregular employees in the labor market.Furthermore,I studied men and women in from their 70s to 100 years old who receive public pension benefits.

Changes in Chinese People's Personal Incomes

Thegeneralsituationofpersonalincomesfrom1956to1978Itisnecessarytohaveknowledgeofthesituationofpersonalincomesfrom1956to1978beforewemakeasurveyofthepeople'sincomesatpresent.In1978Chinabeganintroducingthepolicyofreformandopeningtotheoutsideworld,thusus...

Measuring Labor＇s Share of Income in China： 1993-2008

Accurately measuring labor＇s share of income is of great importance for China ＇S national policies, particularly its labor compensation policies during the 12th Five Year Plan period. This paper first analyses the measurement problems of labor＇s share of income from the perspectives of definition and data and their influences on the accuracy of the measurement results. Then it sums up and appraises several adjustment methods for existing measurement problems. Finally, the author estimates the operating surplus of private, unincorporated enterprises （OSPUE） in China using data from Urban household survey （UHS）, Rural household survey （RHS） and population survey, and further makes a correction to labor＇s share of income in China from 1993 to 2008 with data from flow of funds accounts. Finally, the author conducted trend analysis and international comparisons using the results obtained from the first part of the paper.

HANDICRAFTS BOOST VILLAGER’S INCOME IN MAINLING

Some Tibetan people regard it as a luxury or of high class to drink tea or wine in a silver-plated wooden bowl,with such bowls mostly made in Tibet’s places of lower attitude like in eastern Nyingchi City.Known as the Tibetan medicinal world,the region’s Mainling

The Income and Housing Problems of China's Teachers

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农业节水灌溉REITs项目IRR测算研究

通过农业节水灌溉特许经营项目REITs案例研究发现,基础设施特许经营项目存在价值漏损时,可采用修正的B-S期权模型进行估值,可分配现金流用于分红的比例越高,投资收益越高,但项目的看涨期权价值越低。在项目高溢价转让的情况下,银行贷款比例越高、偿还时间越短,投资内部收益率(IRR)及投资收益可能越低;收益波动越大,看涨期权价值越大,但IRR可能会下降。采用B-S期权定价模型丰富了现有经营权类公募REITs资产估值方法,具有推广应用价值。对公募REITs产品在不同贷款比例、还款期限以及分红条件下确定合理投资收益,具有实践指导作用。

高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响——基于农业新质生产力的中介作用

基于全国10省1032份农户的微观调查数据,使用内生转换回归模型实证分析了高标准农田建设参与对农民种粮收益的影响。研究发现:(1)高标准农田建设参与显著提升农民种粮收益,且平均处理效应表明,参与高标准农田建设可使农民种粮收益提高2.77%。(2)异质性分析表明,相较于小农户,规模户参与高标准农田建设能够提升种粮收益;高标准农田建设参与不仅促进兼业农户增加种粮收益,而且促进纯农户增加种粮收益;相较于非粮食主产区,粮食主产区农户参与高标准农田建设的种粮收益提升效果更明显。(3)机制分析表明,高标准农田建设参与通过提升农业新质生产力水平,从而提高农民种粮收益。据此,鼓励农民积极参与高标准农田建设管理工作,制定出台农户参与高标准农田建设的差异化政策,同时加快培育和发展农业新质生产力,以实现农民种粮收益提升。

信息化、妇女地位和家庭收入——基于城乡差异的视角

利用CFPS2014年、2016年、2018年三年面板数据,探索信息化(互联网使用)对城乡妇女地位的影响,特别是分析城乡妇女地位提升能否促进妇女收入、丈夫收入和家庭收入增长及在城乡中该影响所呈现的差异性。研究发现,互联网使用显著提升了妇女的社会地位。使用互联网的妇女在家庭中倾向于承担更少的无偿家务劳动、拥有家庭决策权并参与社会劳动。同时,妇女地位提升显著提高了妇女收入、丈夫收入和家庭收入。从城乡差异的角度观察,互联网使用促进农村妇女地位提升的程度更大,城镇妇女的地位提升对于妇女、丈夫及家庭收入的影响更大。进一步检验妇女地位提升促进丈夫收入增长的中介效应,结果表明妇女地位提高可以促进丈夫工作晋升,即促进丈夫参与行政管理,从而提高丈夫收入。从城乡对比来看,农村妇女参与社会劳动促进丈夫升迁进而提高丈夫收入的作用更加明显。为避免婚姻门当户对等内生性因素的干扰,本文使用了工具变量做进一步估计,结果证实妇女地位对于丈夫收入具有正向的因果关系。

新发展阶段粮食安全与农民增收路径

运用2010-2021年我国26个省份的面板数据,以粮食产量为产出变量,以劳动力、资本、水资源、土地资源、农药、化肥为投入变量,计算粮食生产效率,运用回归模型分析粮食生产效率对农民收入的影响。回归分析结果显示粮食生产效率对农民收入具有正的影响,据此提出降低农业生产成本、促进城镇化与农业现代化协同发展、优化财政支农形式等建议,以提高粮食生产效率,促进农民增收。

SAR模型在省域和县域农民收入中的应用研究

本文利用各省财政农业人均支出、农村人均用电量作为解释变量,建立了农民人均收入空间自回归(SAR)模型。模型数据分析表明:我国农民人均收入存在明显的空间自相关现象,它反映了省际农民收入存在聚集效应;农民人均收入对财政农业人均支出、农村人均用电量存在明显的空间依赖性;财政农业支出对农民增收产生积极的正面影响,农村用电量是衡量农民收入水平的重要有效指标。考虑到省际间差异可能太大,文章还对福建省67个县市进行了同样的问题研究,并得出了相似的结论。

基于征税行为的A-S模型的探讨

自从税收产生之日,税收流失就与之形影相随,世界各国税收流失都很普遍,个人所得税流失也不例外,并且治理难度较大。个人所得税流失最直接的结果是国家财政收入的减少,进而影响国家职能的实现。对税收流失的影响因素进行一般理论分析的基本框架是1972年由阿林厄姆和桑德莫最先提出的预期效用最大化模型,即A-S模型。本文从传统A-S模型出发,在前人对模型扩展的基础上,利用数学中常用的函数y=e-x,建立一个基于征税角度的A-S模型,分析个人所得、税率、对偷逃税的罚款率以及征税人员的素质对偷逃税行为的影响,并根据分析结果,提出减少个人所得税流失的对策。