Novel Double-Damped Tuned AC Filters in HVDC Systems

This paper presents a performance analysis of novel doubledampedtuned alternating current (AC) filters in high voltage direct current(HVDC) systems. The proposed double-damped tuned AC filters offer theadvantages of improved performance of HVDC systems in terms of betterpower quality, high power factor, and lower total harmonic distortion (THD).The system under analysis consists of an 878 km long HVDC transmissionline connecting converter stations at Matiari and Lahore, two major cities inPakistan. The main focus of this research is to design a novel AC filter usingthe equivalent impedance method of two single-tuned and double-dampedtuned AC filters. Additionally, the impact of the damping resistor on the ACchannel is examined. TheTHDof theHVDCsystem with and without currentAC filters was also compared in this research and a double-damped tuned ACfilter was proposed. The results of the simulation represent that the proposeddouble-damped tuned AC filter is far smaller in size, offers better powerquality, and has a much lower THD compared to the AC filters currently inplace in the converter station. The simulation analysis was carried out utilizingpower systems computer-aided design (PSCAD) software.

System security of hybrid AC-HVDC-systems challenges and new approaches for combined security assessment,preventive optimization and curative actions

The intense application of Voltage Source Converter based HVDC interconnections and grids will result in a hybrid AC-HVDC-system. The operation of such a system becomes complex regarding system security and system operation. This paper describes major challenges and proposes potential solutions, including a combined security assessment, preventive optimization and curative actions. A coordination of both systems enables an efficient application of existing transport capacity.

一种面向储能系统的双向隔离型AC-DC矩阵变换器控制策略

为了满足网侧高电能质量以及储能元件安全可靠和长使用寿命的需求,本文针对双向隔离型AC-DC矩阵变换器提出了一套系统的控制策略,包括对系统的双闭环控制和变换器的后级单重移相调制方法。其中双闭环控制包含网侧电流内环控制和直流侧电流外环控制,调制方法中保持前后级电路间协调同步,前级电路采用双线电压调制方式,后级电路采用等比例移相调制方式。仿真和实验结果显示,变换器的网侧功率因数可达0.99,直流侧电压纹波在0.15%以内。直流侧电流指令突变时,电流跟踪速度快且无超调。因此,采用所提出的控制策略可以保证网侧电能质量高、直流侧具有良好的动静态特性。

基于NLESO的交直流微电网双向AC/DC换流器改进滑模稳压控制

针对交直流混合微电网中双向AC/DC换流器在外界扰动下出现的直流母线电压波动问题,设计了一种应用于双向AC/DC换流器的非线性扩张状态观测器(nonlinear extended state observer,NLESO),以实现对分布式电源功率波动和负荷投切变化等不确定因素的快速追踪与补偿,保证了在不同扰动下交直流混合微电网的稳定性。进一步提出了基于NLESO的改进积分滑模控制方法,提高了直流母线电压的控制精度。结合非线性光滑函数设计了滑模趋近律,消除了传统滑模控制中的高频抖振现象。通过Lyapunov理论对系统的稳定性进行分析验证,仿真结果表明该控制方法响应速度快、控制精度高、抗扰动能力强并且无抖振现象。

MMC-HVDC交直流混联系统小扰动稳定域迭代求解和形态分析

随着高压直流输电技术的发展,区域电力系统将拓展为大规模交直流混联系统。因此,需要建立可以同时精确刻画交直流动态的大规模交直流混联系统模型来研究混联系统的动态与稳定性。文中考虑了交流侧和直流侧的详细动态,建立了异步联网的模块化多电平换流器型高压直流(MMC-HVDC)交直流混联系统的状态空间模型,给出了具体的解析解形式,并推导了多重迭代信赖域算法。所提算法建立了决策变量空间内的点与平衡点的映射关系,结合Hopf分岔识别边界,提出了一种多重迭代求解小扰动稳定域边界的方法。在利用Simulink仿真验证模型准确性后,以发电机出力作为决策变量绘制了交直流混联系统稳定域,利用特征根和参与因子定量研究了直流失稳和交流失稳的机理以及控制策略和控制参数对稳定域边界的影响。对比分析了多区域的混联系统与交流系统的稳定域,结果表明换流站和直流网络的引入可能使多区域系统稳定域边界呈现多约束共同决定的近似分段线性拓扑特性。

基于AC/DC/AC方法的船底漆腐蚀防护性能研究

针对常规的涂层防护性能评价方法耗时较长的问题,选用AC/DC/AC加速试验方法对两套具有相同底漆、相同面漆、中间漆由环氧连接漆改变为封闭漆的常用船底漆体系施加不同极化电位进行对比研究,并研究对比了表面形貌及阻抗谱图相关参数随时间的变化等性能,对两套涂层体系在试验前后分别附着力测试。研究结果表明,2#涂层体系需要更多循环周期才会丧失对基体的保护能力,对基材的保护作用更好,该结论与附着力测试结果一致;AD/DC/AC加速试验方法能够在更短的试验周期内,准确评价涂层体系防腐性能。

Research on power electronic transformer applied in AC/DC hybrid distribution networks

The AC/DC hybrid distribution network is one of the trends in distribution network development, which poses great challenges to the traditional distribution transformer. In this paper, a new topology suitable for AC/DC hybrid distribution network is put forward according to the demands of power grid, with advantages of accepting DG and DC loads, while clearing DC fault by blocking the clamping double sub-module(CDSM) of input stage. Then, this paper shows the typical structure of AC/DC distribution network that is hand in hand. Based on the new topology, this paper designs the control and modulation strategies of each stage, where the outer loop controller of input stage is emphasized for its twocontrol mode. At last, the rationality of new topology and the validity of control strategies are verified by the steady and dynamic state simulation. At the same time, the simulation results highlight the role of PET in energy regulation.

Recent developments in HVDC transmission systems to support renewable energy integration

The demands for massive renewable energy integration, passive network power supply, and global energy interconnection have all gradually increased, posing new challenges for high voltage direct current(HVDC) power transmission systems, including more complex topology and increased diversity of bipolar HVDC transmission. This study proposes that these two factors have led to new requirements for HVDC control strategies. Moreover, due to the diverse applications of HVDC transmission technology, each station in the system has different requirements. Furthermore, the topology of the AC-DC converter is being continuously developed, revealing a trend towards hybrid converter stations.

混合微网中双向AC/DC变换器研究与设计

在交直流混合电网中,AC/DC变换器既要实现直流微网与上级交流电网的连接,也要成为风力发电、燃气轮机发电等交流型分布式能源的并网接口。基于此,首先建立交直流混合微网中AC/DC变换器模型;其次采用PID闭环控制,实现配电系统的稳定,并在系统中增设可控出力的蓄电池双向功率变换环节,实现功率平衡;最后采用SVPWM进行逆变控制策略,降低谐波畸变率,进一步保证系统稳定性。

基于改进过压限制器和ACDTS的混联半波长系统故障保护策略

交直流混联半波长输电系统的暂态特性与常规的混联系统存在着很大差异。当混联系统半波长沿线发生不对称故障时,直流系统会受到沿线工频过电压和过电流的冲击。文章详细分析了混联系统半波长沿线故障的传播过程,研究了故障传播耦合机理。针对直流侧过电压问题,提出了在直流母线侧加装改进过压限制器,增设辅助限压通道,分级抑制直流侧过电压,并降低单个通道的电流值,提高了系统保护的限压水平;另一方面,对于直流侧过电流问题,提出了在换流站接口端并联接入双向晶闸管,实现交流系统等效三相短接,隔离交流侧母线馈入的故障过电流,确保换流站设备及线路的安全性。最后利用仿真验证了两种保护策略的可行性。

混合级联型HVDC系统的后续换相失败预判方法

白鹤滩—江苏±800k V特高压直流输电工程于2022年7月1日在中国投运,在世界上首次创造性地研发应用了特高压混合级联直流输电新技术方案。基于此系统背景对逆变侧电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)进行具有一定时间裕度的后续换相失败预判。分析了LCC控制器对电气量的控制作用和模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converters,MMC)对LCC的电压支撑作用,明确了混合级联直流输电系统逆变侧LCC发生后续换相失败的机理。推导了逆变侧LCC在首次换相失败后恢复过程末期关断角与故障后线路传输功率最小值的关系,定义了阈值功率的概念。然后建立了关断角与阈值功率的定量关系,提出一种故障后直流传输功率最小值与功率阈值相比较的后续换相失败预判方法。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了相应的仿真模型,验证了理论分析和预测方法的准确性。

Practice and Prospect of AC/DC Hybrid Power Grid in Southern China

China Southern Power Grid is a unique EHV AC/DC hybrid transmission network that operates in China. In its service area, the distribution of energy resources and the development of economy are extremely unbalanced, so long-distance and bulk power transmission are needed; besides, the geography and climate conditions are serious, rains, fogs, lightning and typhoon as well as high temperature are common all the year round. Facing these challenges, the power grid enhanced stability control, improved the equipment and strengthen the network structure. In the future, the power grid plans to optimize the disposition of power sources and build digitalized power system.

Performance of PSS to Damp Power Oscillations Caused by an HVDC Link in AC-DC Power System

HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) systems are increasingly being applied to improve power system operation and controllability. However, inappropriate setting of HVDC controller may have a detriment effect on the system performance. Generally, PSS (Power System Stabilizer) is known as a simple concept, easy to perform, and computationally effective to enhance damping of power system oscillations through excitation control of synchronous generator. This paper examines the effectiveness of the PSS to enhance the dynamic performance of AC-DC power systems and to compensate the negative damping of HVDC system. The dynamic performance is evaluated by examining the system response to various disturbances. In order to ensure the reliability of the simulation test results as well as the performance of the PSS, detailed HVDC modeling is adopted using SimPowerSystems toolbox in the MATLAB, and some important conclusions are drawn.

双向DC/DC变换器在混合动力汽车中的应用

随着用户对混合动力汽车的动力性能和油耗追求越来越高,搭载双向直流转直流(DC/DC)变换器成为满足用户要求的可能方向之一。文章针对双向DC/DC变换器在混合动力汽车中的应用,分别分析了本田动力控制单元(PCU)系统、不同的拓扑结构选型、双路交错拓扑收益等,并分析双向DC/DC变换器在混动系统中可能遇到技术难点,为混合动力汽车采用双向DC/DC变换器选择提供意见。

Two-stage Optimal Dispatching of AC/DC Hybrid Active Distribution Systems Considering Network Flexibility

The increasing flexibility of active distribution systems(ADSs)coupled with the high penetration of renewable distributed generators(RDGs)leads to the increase of the complexity.It is of practical significance to achieve the largest amount of RDG penetration in ADSs and maintain the optimal operation.This study establishes an alternating current(AC)/direct current(DC)hybrid ADS model that considers the dynamic thermal rating,soft open point,and distribution network reconfiguration(DNR).Moreover,it transforms the optimal dispatching into a second-order cone programming problem.Considering the different control time scales of dispatchable resources,the following two-stage dispatching framework is proposed.d dispatch uses hourly input data with the goal(1)The day-ahea of minimizing the grid loss and RDG dropout.It obtains the optimal 24-hour schedule to determine the dispatching plans for DNR and the energy storage system.(2)The intraday dispatch uses 15-min input data for 1-hour rolling-plan dispatch but only executes the first 15 min of dispatching.To eliminate error between the actual operation and dispatching plan,the first 15 min is divided into three 5-min step-by-step executions.The goal of each step is to trace the tie-line power of the intraday rolling-plan dispatch to the greatest extent at the minimum cost.The measured data are used as feedback input for the rolling-plan dispatch after each step is executed.A case study shows that the comprehensive cooperative ADS model can release the line capacity,reduce losses,and improve the penetration rate of RDGs.Further,the two-stage dispatching framework can handle source-load fluctuations and enhance system stability.

基于切换模型的双向AC-DC变换器控制策略

双向AC-DC变换器作为交直流混合微电网的重要组成部分,对系统的稳定运行和功率的协调分配有着重要作用。本文基于切换系统理论,提出一种双向AC-DC切换控制方法。该方法首先建立双向AC-DC切换动态模型,选取系统的储能函数作为共同Lyapunov函数。基于此,设计了系统最优切换律并分析了该切换律条件下系统在切换平衡点处的稳定性。为了便于控制器数字化实现,建立了切换系统单步预测模型并对切换策略离散化。仿真和实验结果验证了本文所采用的建模方法和控制策略的有效性。

AC/DC混合输电系统分散协调控制

针对电压源型高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)在应用中带来的AC/DC交直流输电系统的协调控制问题,建立了AC/DC数学模型,并对AC/DC提出了一种新的分散最优协调控制模式。在该模式中,逆系统线性化理论被应用于直流输电系统的控制。文中为了与交流电网相配合,将标幺制引入了直流输电系统,并以Lyapunov间接法证明了该闭环非线性系统的稳定性。AC/DC混合输电系统的数值仿真结果表明了该控制策略的有效性和鲁棒性。

基于双向DC/AC变换器的混合储能系统动态控制策略

针对风电和光伏并网发电系统的功率波动问题,研究了一种基于双向DC/AC变换器的混合储能系统的动态控制策略。对含有超级电容器与蓄电池组的混合储能系统,通过双闭环控制器对变换器内部的电压电流进行控制,把波动变化较快的电流分量分配给超级电容器,由蓄电池来响应波动变化较慢的电流分量。同时,控制系统将超级电容器的电压稳定在预设范围内。基于扩展卡尔曼滤波(Extended Kalman Filter,EKF)对蓄电池的荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)进行控制,使其SOC值稳定在安全范围内并延长了蓄电池的使用寿命。通过仿真实验,验证了控制方法的有效性。

基于微分代数模型的AC/DC系统非线性控制器设计

针对电力系统实际负荷以及直流系统本身的非线性特性,在微分代数模型的基础上,将M导数、M括号以及MIMO微分代数系统反馈线性化技术运用到交直流并联系统非线性控制器设计中。在系统的M关系度小于系统阶数及其满足一定的条件时,可得到微分代数系统模型的Bronovsky标准形式,并对交直流混合(AC/DC)系统中发电机励磁控制和直流系统整流侧定电流控制律进行了深入研究。针对一个含有AC/DC的单机无穷大系统(SMIBs)进行实例仿真,研究结果表明所设计的非线性控制器与传统的PID控制器相比具有较好的阻尼特性,能进一步提高系统的动态稳定性。该控制器的设计方法可以很方便地应用于多机交直流并联系统的稳定性控制。

交流干扰下新的阴极保护准则I_(ac)/I_(dc)的研究

文中探讨了交流杂散电流干扰下埋地管线钢新的阴极保护电位准则,即交直流比准则。利用PS-268A电化学测试仪,采用恒电位极化法测量试样保护电流密度,从而说明不同交直流比情况下的阴极保护效果。结果表明:在-850～-1 000 mV直流保护电位范围内,当交直流比值为5的情况下,实验中得到的保护电流密度最小,小于其他比值情况下103个数量级。在此保护电位范围内交直流比为5的情况下,对交流干扰下的埋地管线阴极保护效果最佳。