Practice and Prospect of AC/DC Hybrid Power Grid in Southern China

China Southern Power Grid is a unique EHV AC/DC hybrid transmission network that operates in China. In its service area, the distribution of energy resources and the development of economy are extremely unbalanced, so long-distance and bulk power transmission are needed; besides, the geography and climate conditions are serious, rains, fogs, lightning and typhoon as well as high temperature are common all the year round. Facing these challenges, the power grid enhanced stability control, improved the equipment and strengthen the network structure. In the future, the power grid plans to optimize the disposition of power sources and build digitalized power system.

Hybrid Power System Options for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Northern Kenya

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya’s dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

Design and Development of an Intelligent Energy Management System for a Smart Grid to Enhance the Power Quality

MigroGrid(MG)has emerged to resolve the growing demand for energy.But because of its inconsistent output,it can result in various power quality(PQ)issues.PQ is a problem that is becoming more and more important for the reliability of power systems that use renewable energy sources.Similarly,the employment of nonlinear loads will introduce harmonics into the system and,as a result,cause distortions in the current and voltage waveforms as well as low power quality issues in the supply system.Thus,this research focuses on power quality enhancement in the MG using hybrid shunt filters.However,the performance of the filter mainly depends upon the design,and stability of the controller.The efficiency of the proposed filter is enhanced by incorporating an enhanced adaptive fuzzy neural network(AFNN)controller.The performance of the proposed topology is examined in a MATLAB/Simulink environment,and experimental findings are provided to validate the effectiveness of this approach.Further,the results of the proposed controller are compared with Adaptive Fuzzy Back-Stepping(AFBS)and Adaptive Fuzzy Sliding(AFS)to prove its superiority over power quality improvement in MG.From the analysis,it can be observed that the proposed system reduces the total harmonic distortion by about 1.8%,which is less than the acceptable limit standard.

Towards Implementation of Smart Grid: An Updated Review on Electrical Energy Storage Systems

A smart grid will require, to greater or lesser degrees, advanced tools for planning and operation, broadly accepted communications platforms, smart sensors and controls, and real-time pricing. The smart grid has been described as something of an ecosystem with constantly communication, proactive, and virtually self-aware. The use of smart grid has a lot of economical and environmental advantages;however it has a downside of instability and unpredictability introduced by distributed generation (DG) from renewable energy into the public electric systems. Variable energies such as solar and wind power have a lack of stability and to avoid short-term fluctuations in power supplied to the grid, a local storage subsystem could be used to provide higher quality and stability in the fed energy. Energy storage systems (ESSs) would be a facilitator of smart grid deployment and a “small amount” of storage would have a “great impact” on the future power grid. The smart grid, with its various superior communications and control features, would make it possible to integrate the potential application of widely dispersed battery storage systems as well other ESSs. This work deals with a detailed updated review on available ESSs applications in future smart power grids. It also highlights latest projects carried out on different ESSs throughout all around the world.

Pure Jatropha Oil for Power Generation on Floreana IslandlGalapagos： Four Years Experience on Engine Operation and Fuel Quality

In the small country of Ecuador, all environmental risks of the production and consumption of fossil fuels can be observed by damages through oil exploration in the amazonite rainforest and two tank ship accidents close by Galapagos Islands causing death of 10,000 marine iguanas and other species. Now Ecuador plans to replace all environmentally dangerous diesel generators from all four inhabited Galapagos Islands by a hybrid system using 100% renewable energy for electricity production. Since 2010 a hybrid system of two Jatropha oil generators with an electrical power of 69 kW （kWel） and a photovoltaic plant with an electrical peak power of 21 kW （kWpeak） is successfully providing electricity from renewable energy for inhabitants and tourists of Floreana Island. After more than 15.000 engine operation hours of each engine there is no engine defect. For fuel supply, the so-called ＂Living Fence＂ concept collecting Jatropha seeds by farmers and families from already existing 6,000 km hedges on Ecuadorian mainland was chosen to comply with highest biofuel sustainability standards. The Jatropha oil is produced in a decentralized so-called CompacTropha oil mill container following the ambitious German fuel quality standard DIN51605. Since 2010 Floreana project successfully demonstrates that it is possible to replace diesel gen sets by generators fueled with pure Jatropha oil from decentralized sustainable production.

离网型风光发电联合制氢系统的协调运行策略与容量配置优化

离网型风光发电制氢是降低风光发电对电网冲击、促进可再生能源消纳的重要手段,然而风光资源的波动性也对制氢系统高效稳定运行带来了负面影响。为提高离网型风光制氢系统运行稳定性,结合风力/光伏发电、碱性电解槽(alkaline electrolyzer,AE)和储能设备,提出电解槽模式分配与储能日前规划的协调制氢策略,并在计及单位制氢成本与弃风弃光率的基础上,采用改进的非支配排序遗传算法(non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II,NSGA-II)进行容量配置优化。结合案例分析表明,与单一电解槽分配策略相比,协同策略的单位制氢成本和弃风弃光率分别降低了11.9%和55.6%。同时该策略有效平抑了电解槽的频繁波动,启停次数降低了44.3%,实现了风光制氢系统的高效运行。研究成果将为开发高效可再生制氢系统提供有益参考。

基于注意力机制的CNN-LSTM-XGBoost台风暴雨电力气象混合预测模型

极端台风暴雨灾害具有非线性、极差大以及多峰值等特点。为使电网及时获取预警信息,提出一种基于注意力机制的CNN-LSTM-XGBoost台风暴雨电力气象混合预测模型。首先,利用基于注意力机制的卷积神经网络(CNN)辨识关键台风暴雨灾害特征;然后,利用长短期记忆网络(LSTM)训练时间序列预测模型以挖掘台风暴雨时序特征,使用极限梯度提升算法替换模型输出层以缓解过拟合问题;最后,以2023年台风泰利为例验证所提方法的有效性。算例分析表明,所提模型具有较高的准确性,对预测精度的提升可达40.84%以上。

一种双电容换流型混合式直流断路器

混合式直流断路器可以快速、准确隔离线路故障,在直流电网故障清除难题中发挥重要作用。为解决直流断路器开断能力要求高、限流能力弱、制造成本大、故障隔离速度慢等问题,提出一种双电容换流型混合式直流断路器(Double capacitor commutated hybrid DC circuit breaker,D-C-DCCB)拓扑。构建断路器时,巧妙利用自充电通路实现电容预充电及反向充电后电容能量的耗散。通过电容反向充电与阻感限流支路降低故障电流上升速率及峰值,利用限流电阻与二极管组实现限流电感,完成限流工作后被短路及储存能量耗散,加快故障隔离速度的同时,有效减少了避雷器吸收能量。对所提断路器的拓扑结构及工作原理进行分析及推导,在PSCAD/EMTDC中对所提断路器拓扑进行了四端直流电网仿真验证,与现有的直流电网故障清除拓扑在性能及经济性方面进行了对比,证明了所提断路器具有性能好、经济性高的优点。

考虑车网互动的园区电网动态双层能量管理策略

为解决大量接入的清洁能源出力波动和充电场内汽车数量的随机变化给电网能量管理带来的困难,提出一种园区电网双层优化控制策略.上层基于模型预测控制技术建立风光储集成动态优化模型,综合应用园区电池储能系统和电动汽车(EV)电池储能系统参与电网能量平衡.下层则考虑同时满足EV车主对EV的充电需求和上层能量调度的车网互动管理需求,制定园区电网内停车场的EV有序充放电策略.仿真算例验证表明:所提策略能将分散园区各处的EV储能集成为统一虚拟储能,扩展园区电网储能系统,增加可再生分布式电源的消纳与园区电网的经济效益.

含多类型直流的交直流混联电网潮流计算方法适用性分析

作为电网发展的新阶段,交直流混联电网呈现多类型直流参与、大规模交直流互联的特点,而关于统一迭代和交替迭代2种潮流计算方法的适用性尚未得到深入分析。为此基于含多类型直流的交直流混联电网对2种潮流计算方法的运算性能进行对比研究。推导了含常规直流、柔性直流、混合直流的交直流混联电网潮流模型,进而提出了相应的统一迭代法和交替迭代法。通过3个交直流混联电网测试系统和南方电网实际系统数据验证了潮流模型的有效性和潮流算法的准确性,结合系统负荷水平、系统强度、直流嵌入规模等因素对2种潮流计算方法的收敛性能和计算速度进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在含多类型直流的交直流混联电网中进行潮流计算时,统一迭代法的计算效率比交替迭代法高。

构网型和跟网型电力电子装备混联系统惯量响应的匹配问题综述

构网型和跟网型电力电子装备具有异质化调频特性,导致2类装备交直流混联系统惯量响应阶段的动态交互作用机理复杂,传统的惯量参数匹配原则难以优化系统频率响应的问题。阐述了电力电子装备系统的惯量响应匹配问题,并对现有电压源型变流器的调频控制方法进行了概述。从功频响应分析方法、调频功率分配原则和频率响应特性3个方面对电力电子装备系统惯量配置问题的研究现状展开梳理。对电力电子装备混联系统的统一建模及惯量响应匹配问题提出了研究思路,旨在通过惯量支撑功率的匹配控制提升低惯量电力系统的频率稳定性,从系统层面为高比例电力电子装备友好并网提供基础理论和关键技术支撑。

考虑新能源高阶不确定性的交直流混联电网静态电压稳定裕度计算

随着大量新能源场站接入交直流混联电网,系统的静态电压稳定裕度(static voltage stability margin,SVSM)水平具有很大的不确定性,需要研究考虑新能源场站高阶不确定性的交直流混联电网SVSM计算方法。针对此问题,首先建立了交直流混联电网SVSM计算模型,模型中考虑了直流换流站控制方式随负荷增长的切换;采用概率盒模型描述风速与光照强度的随机波动,提出了改进区间半不变量法以获得更准确的SVSM概率盒,该方法通过K-means++聚类算法将随机变量样本划分为多个波动范围较小的样本集,以降低半不变量的线性化计算带来的误差;并结合Gram-Charlier级数展开和概率加权和计算得到考虑新能源场站高阶不确定性的系统SVSM概率盒。通过对修改的IEEE-39节点交直流系统和南方电网两个算例的分析,并与区间半不变量法和双层蒙特卡洛法比较,验证了所提出方法获得的SVSM概率盒具有较高的计算精度和效率。

基于云边协同的交直流混联电网线路过负荷协调控制方法

针对交直流混联电网线路过负荷影响因素较多导致线路运行特征难捕捉、难以实现精准控制的问题,提出基于云边协同的过负荷协调控制方法。建立过负荷状态数学模型,采用解耦算法求解不同程度过负荷情况下电力参数增量值并进行特征提取,将其作为云边协同算法的云计算参照值,获得同时符合功率最佳、能耗最小以及避免切负荷要求的协调控制参数,实现协调控制。实验结果表明:云边协同方法在盲区约束下可以准确检测盲区以外的所有节点,未出现漏检现象;光伏、风电出力的节点功率变化明显高于正常节点,节点过负荷控制效果较好。

大电网调控人机混合增强智能:概念内涵、应用框架、关键技术以及系统验证

伴随深度学习等人工智能技术的飞速发展,通过数字化赋能电力来实现电网的信息化、数字化和智能化成为未来新型电力系统发展的必然趋势。人工智能技术在电网调控应用研究广泛,但是实际应用过程中,由于电网不确定性、开放性和脆弱性造成的模型可信性和可解释性等问题,使得单纯的人工智能技术应用于电网调控领域难以满足安全可靠应用的需求。为了解决上述问题,需要引入人类的监督与互动,融合调控人员的智能与机器智能,实现电网调控人机智能的混合增强。该文首先介绍混合增强智能技术的概念和内涵以及在不同领域的研究现状。随后,针对电网调控业务特点,从人工智能和调控应用两个维度,提出电网调控人机混合增强智能的应用框架以及电网调控人机交互协同的目标和基本原则。在此基础上,分析和讨论电网调控人机混合增强智能所涉及的关键技术,并研发大电网调控人机混合紧急控制决策支持验证系统,用于省级规模电网的热稳调整、频率控制等多种电网调控场景应用验证,为人机混合增强智能技术在电网调控领域的应用提供参考和借鉴。

新型电力系统标准算例(一):功角稳定CSEE-RAS

含高比例新能源交直流混联电网的稳定特性已发生深刻变化,功角稳定依然是威胁系统安全运行的关键问题,相关研究对标准算例的真实性、合理性及代表性提出更高的要求。该文根据实际电网拓扑和数据,构建适用于功角稳定特性研究的功角稳定机电暂态仿真算例(Chinese society for electricalengineering-rotoranglestability,CSEE-RAS),该系统以500kV为主网架,包含2个区域、1个交流通道、1个直流通道。提供2种运行方式,分别对应动态、暂态功角稳定场景,上述场景新能源出力占比均在50%以上。考虑新能源出力占比、机组接入位置和控制策略等因素,量化不同因素对稳定水平的影响。敏感性分析结果表明,该算例较为全面地反映了机电暂态尺度下的不同功角稳定特性,且具有灵活的拓展能力,可为功角稳定分析与控制的相关研究提供基础平台,有助于不同结论的横向比较和研究人员科研效率的提升。

兼容跟网和构网远海风场送出的送端DRU+MMC混合换流器控制策略

为兼容当下跟网型和未来构网型远海风场的送出需求,提出一种送端采用由二极管整流器(diode rectifier unit,DRU)和小容量电压源型辅助换流器交流侧单端并联组成混合换流器的低成本直流送出方案。新方案利用常规小容量电压源换流器结合耗能单元和若干快速开关,通过直流海缆复用和快速开关倒闸拓扑重构,在不影响风能向外传输的基础上实现了海上风场黑启动。针对跟网型风场的运行要求,提出一种由辅助换流器同时控制其交流侧和直流侧电压的构网策略,解决了海上交流电网构建、调控和无功平衡等问题;为适应未来构网型风场,提出一种辅助换流器构网-跟网控制模式切换策略,无需进行方案拓扑改造。最后,通过算例仿真,验证了所提方案和控制策略的有效性。

基于干扰观测器的MMC-PET交直流混合微电网并网/离网切换控制策略

针对模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)-电力电子变压器(power electronic transformers,PET)交直流混合微网在并网和离网两种模式下开关切换过程中存在瞬态过流和过压问题,从而影响输电质量并增加设备损耗,为此提出了一种基于扰动观测器(disturbance observer,DO)的并/离网切换控制策略。在该策略中,通过采用DO观测器对并离网切换引起的突变电流跟踪,并将实际电流与理论电流的差值作为等效干扰量,再将其输入到电流内环控制器进行补偿,从而可实现对突变电流的抑制。最后在Matlab/Simulink软件上搭建了MMC-PET交直流混合微网系统,并在并网-离网、离网-并网的两种切换工况下,通过把加入DO观测器与未加入DO观测器两种情况进行仿真对比,验证了所提的切换控制策略的有效性和可行性。

基于多类型换流设备的受端电网耦合鲁棒阻尼控制策略

针对混合级联直流馈入与柔性输电设备密集接入的受端电网,为增强其特定振荡模式的阻尼,利用不同换流设备控制回路间的相互作用,提出了一种基于多输入多输出系统模型的耦合鲁棒阻尼控制器设计方法。根据主模比指标选取振荡抑制效果最佳的反馈信号作为控制器输入信号;利用总体最小二乘-旋转不变技术识别系统的振荡模式并辨识系统降阶模型;采用混合H_(2)/H_(∞)方法设计耦合鲁棒控制阻尼器。控制器采用平衡截断法进行降阶,兼具鲁棒性能与实际工程应用。混合级联直流与受端江苏电网互联系统的时域仿真结果表明,相比于传统超前-滞后控制器,耦合鲁棒阻尼控制器在多种扰动和故障下均能有效抑制低频振荡,使系统快速恢复稳定运行。

SOC自适应调节的独立电网混合储能优化配置方法

针对高比例新能源接入独立电网后容易出现的频率稳定和功率波动问题,提出一种荷电状态自适应调节的混合储能优化配置方法。首先,基于对高比例新能源系统动态频率特性的分析,从频率稳定方面计算储能最小支援功率;然后,考虑系统对新能源出力波动的平抑需求,以经济性最低为目标函数,建立储能全寿命周期优化配置模型,并根据功率支援需求对荷电状态下限进行自适应调节;最后,以某高风电渗透率独立电网为例,验证所提策略的正确性和有效性。结果表明,所提方法兼顾系统频率稳定性与平滑新能源出力的需求,显著降低储能配置成本,具有更优的技术经济性。

考虑双重SOC的混合储能系统功率协调控制

为了降低直流微网系统中负载变化或者多源出力变化引起的功率波动,提出一种同时考虑蓄电池和超级电容荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的混合储能协调控制策略。首先,分析直流微网系统协调控制原理,在此基础上,通过低通滤波器对所需平抑功率进行分频,低频功率由蓄电池承担,高频功率及系统开关的高频纹波由超级电容承担,根据频率响应确定了滤波器的时间常数调整原则;然后,将超级电容和蓄电池各自的SOC实时状态作为反馈观测量,根据两者的SOC状态并结合实际功率需求,将系统划分成11个工作模式,分析了不同工作模式下的功率需求,依据不同工作模式下的功率需求进行功率调整,进而实现功率二次分配;最后,将所提策略在4种典型情况下进行仿真验证,实验结果验证了该策略的有效性。