Improvement of uniformity in cultivation environment and crop growth rate by hybrid control of air flow devices

A complete control type plant factory has high efficiency in terms of cultivation area by constructing vertical multiple layered cultivation beds.However,it has a problem of irregular crop growth due to temperature deviation at upper and lower beds and increases in energy consumption by a prolonged cultivation period.In this work,air flow rate inside a facility was improved by a hybrid control of air flow devices like air conditioning and air circulation fan with an established wireless sensor network to minimize temperature deviations between upper and lower beds and to promote crop growth.The performance of proposed system was verified with an experimental environment or Case A wherein air conditioning device was operated without a control algorithm and Case B wherein air conditioning and circulation fans were alternatively operated based on the hybrid control algorithm.After planting leafy vegetables under each experimental condition,crops were cultivated for 21 days.As a result,Case B wherein AC(air conditioning) and ACF(air-circulation fan) were alternatively operated based on the hybrid control algorithm showed that fresh mass,number of leaves,and leaf length for the crops grown were increased by 40.6%,41.1%,and 11.1%,respectively,compared to Case A.

A Novel Polymorphic Topology with Hybrid Control Strategy Based LLC Resonant Converter for Ultra-Wide Input Voltage Range Applications

To realize effective utilization of renewable energy sources,a novel polymorphic topology with hybrid control strategy based LLC resonant converter was analyzed and designed in this paper.By combining the merits of a full bridge LLC resonant converter,three-level half bridge LLC resonant converter,and variable frequency control mode,the converter realizes an intelligent estimation of input voltage by automatically changing its internal cir-cuit topology.Under this control strategy,different input voltages determine different operation modes.This is achieved in full bridge LLC mode when the input voltage is low.If the input voltage rises to a certain level,it operates in three-level half bridge LLC mode.These switches are digital and entirely carried out by the DSP(Digi-tal Signal Processor),which means that an auxiliary circuit is unnecessary,where a simple strategy of software modification can be utilized.Experimental results of a 500W prototype with 100V~600V input voltage and full load efficiency of up to 92%are developed to verify feasibility and practicability.This type of converter is suitable for applications with an ultra-wide input voltage range,such as wind turbines,photovoltaic generators,bioenergy,and other renewable energy sources.

Hybrid Control Strategy for Matrix Converter Fed Wind Energy Conversion System

In this paper, a hybrid control strategy for a matrix converter fed wind energy conversion system is presented. Since the wind speed may vary, output parameters like power, frequency and voltage may fluctuate. Hence it is necessary to design a system that regulates output parameters, such as voltage and frequency, and thereby provides a constant voltage and frequency output from the wind energy conversion system. Matrix converter is used in the proposed solution as the main power conditioner as a more efficient alternative when compared to traditional back-back converter structure. To control the output voltage, a vector modulation based refined control structure is used. A power tracker is included to maximize the mechanical output power of the turbine. Over current protection and clamp circuit input protection have been introduced to protect the system from over current. It reduces the spikes generated at the output of the converter. The designed system is capable of supplying an output voltage of constant frequency and amplitude within the expected ranges of input during the operation. The matrix converter control using direct modulation method, modified Venturini modulation method and vector modulation method was simulated, the results were compared and it was inferred that vector modulation method was superior to the other two methods. With the proposed technique, voltage transfer ratio and harmonic profile have been improved compared to the other two modulation techniques. The behaviour of the system is corroborated by MATLAB Simulink, and hardware is realized using an FPGA controller. Experimental results are found to be matching with the simulation results.

Fuzzy Hybrid Control of Vibration Attitude of Full Car via Magneto-rheological Suspensions

A magneto-rheological(MR) semi-active suspension system with the controllable damping forces has received more attention in reducing the vibration of a vehicle. However, many control strategies only discussed one or two vibration states of the vehicle based on a quarter-car model or a half vehicle model via MR suspensions. They cannot provide a satisfying whole-vehicle performance on a road test. Hence, a full car vibration model via an MR suspension system is proposed. To reduce the heave, pitch and roll motion of the vehicle body and the vertical vibration of four wheels, a fuzzy hybrid controller for vibration attitude of full car via MR suspensions is proposed. First, a skyhook-fuzzy control scheme is designed to reduce the heave, roll and pitch motion of the vehicle body. Second, a revised ground hook control strategy is adopted to decrease the vertical vibration of the wheels. Finally, a hybrid control scheme based on a fuzzy reasoning method is proposed to tune the hybrid damping parameter, which is suitable for coordination the attitude of the vehicle body and the wheels. A test and control system for the vibration attitude of full car is set up. It is implemented on a car equipped with four MR suspensions. The results on random highway and rough road indicate that the fuzzy hybrid controller can decrease the vibration accelerations of the vehicle body and the wheels to 65%–80% and 80%–90%, respectively. It reduces the automotive vibrations of heave, roll and pitch more effectively than a passive suspension and an MR suspension with a traditional hybrid control scheme so that it achieves better ride comfort and road holding concurrently. This paper proposes a new fuzzy hybrid control(FHC) method for reducing vibration attitude of full car via MR suspensions and develops a road test to evaluate the FHC.

Observer-based hybrid control algorithm for semi-active suspension systems

In order to improve ride comfort and handling performance of the vehicle, an adaptive hybrid control algorithm is proposed for semi-active suspension systems. The virtues of sky-hook is combined with ground-hook control strategies and a more suitable compromise for the suspension systems is chosen. The hybrid coefficient is tuned according to the longitudinal and lateral acceleration so as to improve the vehicle stability especially in high speed conditions. Damping continuous adjustable absorber is used to continuously control the damping force so as to eliminate the damping force jerk instead of traditional on-off control policy. Based on suspension stroke measured by sensors, unscented Kalman filter is designed to estimate the suspension states in real-time for the realization of hybrid control, which improves the robustness of the control strategy and is adaptive to different types of road profiles. Finally, the proposed control algorithm is validated under the following two typical road profiles: half-sine speed bump road and the random road. The simulation results indicate that the hybrid control algorithm could offer a good coordination between ride comfort and handling of the vehicle.

Hybrid control based on inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model for magnetic shape memory alloy actuator

The hysteresis characteristic is the major deficiency in the positioning control of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. A Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was developed to characterize the hysteresis of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. Based on the proposed Prandtl-Ishlinskii model, the inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was established as a feedforward controller to compensate the hysteresis of the magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. For further improving of the positioning precision of the magnetic shape memory alloy actuator, a hybrid control method with hysteresis nonlinear model in feedforward loop was proposed. The control method is separated into two parts: a feedforward loop with inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model and a feedback loop with neural network controller. To validate the validity of the proposed control method, a series of simulations and experiments were researched. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the maximum error rate of open loop controller based on inverse PI model is 1.72%, the maximum error rate of the hybrid controller based on inverse PI model is 1.37%.

Hierarchical Decision Maker in Hybrid Control Systems

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Test and numerical simulation of a new type of hybrid control technique

In this paper, a new hybrid control technique, based on a combination of base-isolation and semi-active variable stiffness/damping in a superstructure, is presented. To illustrate the efficiency of the proposed control system, model tests on a mini-electromagnetic shaking table and a numerical simulation were performed. The test and numerical calculation results indicate that this new hybrid control mode with additional damping and smaller additional stiffness can achieve a better control efficiency.

Hierarchical hybrid control network design based on LON and master-slave RS-422/485 protocol

Aiming at the weaknesses of LON bus, combining the coexistence of fieldbus and DCS (Distribu ted Control Systems) in control networks, the authors introduce a hierarchical hybrid control network design based on LON and master slave RS 422/485 protocol. This design adopts LON as the trunk, master slave RS 422/485 control networks are connected to LON as special subnets by dedicated gateways. It is an implementation method for isomerous control network integration. Data management is ranked according to real time requirements for different network data. The core components, such as control network nodes, router and gateway, are detailed in the paper. The design utilizes both communication advantage of LonWorks technology and the more powerful control ability of universal MCUs or PLCs, thus it greatly increases system response speed and performance cost ratio.

Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Control into an Equivalent Minimization Strategy for Adaptive Energy Management of A Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

As government agencies continue to tighten emissions regulations due to the continued increase in greenhouse gas production, automotive industries are seeking to produce increasingly efficient vehicle technology. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been introduced to mitigate problems while improving fuel economy. HEVs have led to the demand of creating more advanced controls software to consider multiple components for propulsive power in a vehicle. A large section in the software development process is the implementation of an optimal energy management strategy meant to improve the overall fuel efficiency of the vehicle. Optimal strategies can be implemented when driving conditions are known a prior. The Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) is an optimal control strategy that uses an equivalence factor to equate electrical to mechanical power when performing torque split determination between the internal combustion engine and electric motor for propulsive and regenerative torque. This equivalence factor is determined from offline vehicle simulations using a sensitivity analysis to provide optimal fuel economy results while maintaining predetermined high voltage battery state of charge (SOC) constraints. When the control hierarchy is modified or different driving styles are applied, the analysis must be redone to update the equivalence factor. The goal of this work is to implement a fuzzy logic controller that dynamically updates the equivalence factor to improve fuel economy, maintain a strict charge sustaining window of operation for the high voltage battery, and reduce computational time required during algorithm development. The adaptive algorithm is validated against global optimum fuel economy and charge sustaining results from a sensitivity analysis performed for multiple drive cycles. Results show a maximum fuel economy improvement of 9.82% when using a mild driving style and a 95% success rate when maintaining an ending SOC within 5% of the desired SOC regardless of starting SOC.

Fault Ride-through Hybrid Controller for MMC-HVDC Transmission System via Switching Control Units Based on Bang-bang Funnel Controller

This paper proposes a fault ride-through hybrid controller(FRTHC)for modular multi-level converter based high-voltage direct current(MMC-HVDC)transmission systems.The FRTHC comprises four loops of cascading switching control units(SCUs).Each SCU switches between a bang-bang funnel controller(BBFC)and proportional-integral(PI)control loop according to a state-dependent switching law.The BBFC can utilize the full control capability of each control loop using three-value control signals with the maximum available magnitude.A state-dependent switching law is designed for each SCU to guarantee its structural stability.Simulation studies are conducted to verify the superior fault ride-through capability of the MMC-HVDC transmission system controlled by FRTHC,in comparison to that controlled by a vector controller(VC)and a VC with DC voltage droop control(VDRC).

Group Hybrid Coordination Control of Multi-Agent Systems With Time-Delays and Additive Noises

A new kind of group coordination control problemgroup hybrid coordination control is investigated in this paper.The group hybrid coordination control means that in a whole multi-agent system(MAS)that consists of two subgroups with communications between them,agents in the two subgroups achieve consensus and containment,respectively.For MASs with both time-delays and additive noises,two group control protocols are proposed to solve this problem for the containment-oriented case and consensus-oriented case,respectively.By developing a new analysis idea,some sufficient conditions and necessary conditions related to the communication intensity betw een the two subgroups are obtained for the following two types of group hybrid coordination behavior:1)Agents in one subgroup and in another subgroup achieve weak consensus and containment,respectively;2)Agents in one subgroup and in another subgroup achieve strong consensus and containment,respectively.It is revealed that the decay of the communication impact betw een the two subgroups is necessary for the consensus-oriented case.Finally,the validity of the group control results is verified by several simulation examples.

Hybrid Control of Delay Induced Hopf Bifurcation of Dynamical Small-World Network

In this paper, we focus on the Hopf bifurcation control of a small-world network model with time-delay.With emphasis on the relationship between the Hopf bifurcation and the time-delay, we investigate the effect of time-delay by choosing it as the bifurcation parameter. By using tools from control and bifurcation theory, it is proved that there exists a critical value of time-delay for the stability of the model. When the time-delay passes through the critical value, the model loses its stability and a Hopf bifurcation occurs. To enhance the stability of the model, we propose an improved hybrid control strategy in which state feedback and parameter perturbation are used. Through linear stability analysis, we show that by adjusting the control parameter properly, the onset of Hopf bifurcation of the controlled model can be delayed or eliminated without changing the equilibrium point of the model. Finally, numerical simulations are given to verify the theoretical analysis.

A new hybrid control technique for operation of DC microgrid under islanded operating mode

This study proposes a novel combined primary and secondary control approach for direct current microgrids,specifi-cally in islanded mode.In primary control,this approach establishes an appropriate load power sharing between the distributed energy resources based on their rated power.Simultaneously,it considers the load voltage deviation and provides satisfactory voltage regulation in the secondary control loop.The proposed primary control is based on an efficient droop mechanism that only deploys the local variable measurements,so as to overcome the side effects caused by communication delays.In the case of secondary control,two different methods are devised.In the first,low bandwidth communication links are used to establish the minimum required data transfer between the converters.The effect of communication delay is further explored.The second method excludes any communication link and only uses local variables.Accordingly,a self-sufficient control loop is devised without any communication require-ment.The proposed control notions are investigated in MATLAB/Simulink platform to highlight system performance.The results demonstrate that both proposed approaches can effectively compensate for the voltage deviation due to the primary control task.Detailed comparisons of the two methods are also provided.

Improved Hybrid Robust Control Method for the Electromechanical Actuator in Aircrafts

In the flight process of aircrafts, their electromechanical actuators(EMA) must have the ability of enduring uncertainties caused by factors such as load disturbance, the variation of work temperature and the EMA’s nonlinearity. At present, in order to increase the EMA’s robustness on the uncertainties, the H∞ control method has been applied in aircrafts. The major problems with standard H∞ control lie in the large overshoot of step response and the high orders of the controller. For the purpose of addressing the two problems, this paper investigates several kinds of robust control strategies of the EMA. A mathematical model of the EMA is first built, and then with MATLAB software a H∞ controller and an improved hybrid robust controller composed of a reduced order H∞ controller and a lead compensator are designed. In order to make a scientific comparison of the control effects of H∞ controller, hybrid controller and classic proportion-integral-differential(PID) controller, a simulation research is made in respect of the open loop frequency response and the closed loop step response of the three controllers. For comparing the robustness of the three controllers, the load torque is entered as a disturbance and the disturbance response of error and control input are thus obtained. The experiments with the three controllers are also conducted. Through giving the EMA a command and a disturbance torque successively, the transient response and disturbing process of EMA are recorded. The simulation and experiment results show that with the help of the hybrid controller, the EMA not only guarantees good dynamic characteristics, but also has strong robustness of disturbance rejection. Therefore, the excogitated H∞ hybrid control method effectively solves the problem of large overshoot in dynamic response, and moderately meets the requirement of overcoming the uncertainties in the EMA of aircrafts.

Predictive control for mechanical system with backlash based on hybrid model

The mechanical system with backlash is distinguished between a"backlash mode"and a"contact mode".The inherent switching between the two operating modes makes the system a prime example of hybrid system.For eliminating the bad effect of backlash, a piecewise affine(PWA) model of the mechanical servo system with backlash is built.The optimal control of constrained PWA system is obtained by taking advantage of model predictive control(MPC) method, and the explicit solution of MPC in a look-up table form is figured out by combining the dynamic programming and multi-parametric quadratic programming, thereby establishing an explicit hybrid model predictive controller.Furthermore, a piecewise quadratic(PWQ) function for guaranteeing the stability of closed-loop control is found by formulating the search of PWQ function as a semi-definite programming problem.In the tracking experiments, it is demonstrated that the explicit hybrid model predictive controller has a good traction control effect on the mechanical system with backlash.The error meets the demands of real system.Further, compared to the direct on-line computation, the computation burden is reduced by the explicit solution, thereby being suitable for real-time control of system with short sampling time.

Hybrid Predictive Control with Simple Linear Control Based Circulating Current Suppression for Modular Multilevel Converters

The modular multilevel converter(MMC)has become a promising topology for widespread power converter applications.However,an evident circulating current flowing between the phases will increase system losses and complicate the heatsink design.This paper proposes a novel hybrid model predictive control method for MMCs.This method utilizes an indirect structure MPC and a sorting algorithm to implement current tracking and capacitor voltages balancing,considerably resulting in reduced calculation burden.In addition,different from the conventional MPC solutions,we add a simple proportional-integral(PI)controller to suppress circulating current through modifying the submodule(SM)inserted number,which is parallel to the MPC loop.This hybrid control solution combines both advantages of MPC and linear control,evidently resulting in improved performance of circulating current.Finally,the MATLAB/Simulink results of an 11-level MMC system verify the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

A New Hybrid Control Scheme for an Integrated Helicopter and Engine System

A new hybrid control scheme is presented with a robust multiple model fusion control(RMMFC) law for a UH-60 helicopter and an active disturbance rejection control(ADRC) controller for its engines.This scheme is a control design method with every subsystem designed separately but fully considering the couplings between them.With three subspaces with respect to forward flight velocity,a RMMFC is proposed to devise a four-loop reference signal tracing control for the helicopter,which escapes the closed-loop system from unstable state due to the extreme complexity of this integrated nonlinear system.The engines are controlled by the proposed ADRC decoupling controller,which fully takes advantage of a good compensation ability for unmodeled dynamics and extra disturbances,so as to compensate torque disturbance in power turbine speed loop.By simulating a forward acceleration flight task,the RMMFC for the helicopter is validated.It is apparent that the integrated helicopter and engine system(IHES) has much better dynamic performance under the new control scheme.Especially in the switching process,the large transient is significantly weakened,and smooth transition among candidate controllers is achieved.Over the entire simulation task,the droop of power turbine speed with the proposed ADRC controller is significantly slighter than with the conventional PID controller,and the response time of the former is much faster than the latter.By simulating a rapid climb and descent flight task,the results also show the feasibility for the application of the proposed multiple model fusion control.Although there is aggressive power demand in this maneuver,the droop of power turbine speed with an ADRC controller is smaller than using a PID controller.The control performance for helicopter and engine is enhanced by adopting this hybrid control scheme,and simulation results in other envelope state give proofs of robustness for this new scheme.

Convergence performance comparisons of PID, MRAC, and PID ＋ MRAC hybrid controller

这研究由联合 proportional-integral-derivative (PID ) 控制和一个模型建议一个混合控制器引用适应控制(MRAC ) ，它是说出 PID + MRAC 控制器。PID 控制， MRAC，和混合 PID + MRAC 的集中表演也被比较。通过在 Matlab 的模拟，结果证明 MRAC 和 PID + MRAC 控制器的集中速度和表演比 PID 控制器的那些好。另外，混合控制的集中性能比 MRAC 控制的好。