Experimental investigation and development of new correlation for influences of temperature and concentration on dynamic viscosity of MWCNT-SiO2(20-80)/20W50 hybrid nano-lubricant

In current research, MWCNT-SiO2/oil hybrid nano-lubricant viscosity is experimentally examined. By dispersing 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1% volume of MWCNTs and SiO2 nanopartide into the engine oil SAE 20W50, the temperature and solid volume fraction consequences were studied. At 40 to 100 ℃ temperature, the viscosities were assessed. The results indicated Newtonian behavior for the hybrid nano-lubricant. Moreover, solid volume fraction augmentation and temperature enhanced the viscosity enhancement of hybrid nano-lubricant. At highest solid volume fraction and temperature, nano-lubricant viscosity was 171% greater compared to pure 20W50. Existed models lack the ability to predict the hybrid nano-lubricant viscosity. Thus, a new correlation regarding solid volume fraction and temperature was suggested with R-squared of 0.9943.

Novel Analysis of Two Kinds Hybrid Models in Ferro Martial Inserting Variable Lorentz Force Past a Heated Disk:An Implementation of Finite Element Method

In this article,the rheology of Ferro-fluid over an axisymmetric heated disc with a variable magnetic field by considering the dispersion of hybrid nanoparticles is considered.The flow is assumed to be produced by the stretching of a rotating heated disc.The contribution of variable thermophysical properties is taken to explore themomentum,mass and thermal transportation.The concept of boundary layermechanismis engaged to reduce the complex problem into a simpler one in the form of coupled partial differential equations system.The complex coupled PDEs are converted into highly nonlinear coupled ordinary differential equations system(ODEs)and the resulting nonlinear flow problem is handled numerically.The solution is obtained via finite element procedure(FEP)and convergence is established by conducting the grid-independent survey.The solution of converted dimensionless problem containing fluid velocity,temperature and concentration field is plotted against numerous involved emerging parameters and their impact is noted.From the obtained solution,it is monitored that higher values of magnetic parameter retard the fluid flow and escalating values of Eckert number results in to enhance temperature profile.Ferro-fluid flow and heat energy for the case of the Yamada Ota hybrid model are higher than for the case of the Hamilton Crosser hybrid model.Developing a model is applicable to the printing process,electronic devices,temperature measurements,engineering process and food-making process.The amount of mass species is reduced vs.incline impacts of chemical reaction and Schmidt parameter.

Male Parent Plays More Important Role in Heat Tolerance in Three-Line Hybrid Rice

Ten F1 combinations with their male and female parents were employed to evaluate their heat tolerance during the flowering and early grain filling stages. The rice plants were subjected to heat stress（39 °C–43 °C） for 1–15 d during flowering. Based on the heat stress index, heat tolerance was only observed in the F1 combinations H2（K22A × R207）, H3（Bobai A × R207） and H4（Bobai A × Minghui 63）, whereas the others received above 0.5000 of heat stress index. Both parents of the tolerant combination（heat-tolerant × heat-tolerant） possessed heat tolerance, whereas the susceptible combinations were crossed by heat-tolerant（sterile lines） × heat-susceptible（restorer lines）, heat-susceptible × heat-tolerant, or heat-susceptible × heat-susceptible parents. This result indicated that heat tolerance in rice was controlled by recessive genes. Thus, both parents should possess high temperature tolerance to develop heat-tolerant F1 combinations. Furthermore, the heat stress index of F1 combinations was significantly correlated with the heat stress index of restorer lines but not with the heat stress index of maintainer lines. This result suggested that male parents play a more important role in heat-tolerant combinations than female parents. Therefore, the heat susceptibility of the hybrid rice in China is mainly due to the wide application of low-heat-tolerant restorer lines with high yield in three-line hybrid rice breeding.

Relationship Between Plant Type and Grain Quality of Japonica Hybrid Rice in Northern China

Plant type and grain quality are two major aspects in rice breeding. Using canonical correlation analysis and canonical redundancy analysis, the relationship between plant type traits and rice grain quality traits was studied with 100 crosses derived from 10 sterile lines × 10 restorer lines. There was a complex relationship between parts of the traits of the two aspects. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top and single panicle weight played important roles in plant type system and amylose content and grain length in grain quality system. The angle of the 2nd leaf from the top, plant height and single panicle weight had a great effect on grain quality traits, and amylose content, brown rice rate and translucency were easily influenced by plant type traits. Selection index model indicated that japonica hybrid rice in Northern China with good quality was characterized by broad flag leaf and 2nd leaf from the top, narrow and short 3rd leaf from the top, low plant height, short culm, long and more panicles and low single panicle weight.