We propose a fully enclosed hybrid nanogenerator consisting of five elec- tromagnetic generators （EMGs） and four triboelectric nanogenerators （TENGs）. Under a vibration frequency of 15.5 Hz, one TENG can deliver a...We propose a fully enclosed hybrid nanogenerator consisting of five elec- tromagnetic generators （EMGs） and four triboelectric nanogenerators （TENGs）. Under a vibration frequency of 15.5 Hz, one TENG can deliver a high output voltage of approximately 24 V and a low output current of approximately 24 μA, whereas one EMG can deliver a low output voltage of approximately 0.8 V and a high output current of approximately 0.5 mA. By integrating five rectified EMGs in series and four rectified TENGs in parallel, the hybrid nanogenerator can be used to charge a home-made Li-ion battery from 1 to 1.9 V in 6.3 h. By using the hybrid nanogenerator to scavenge the vibrational energy produced by human hands, a temperature-humidity sensor can be sustainably powered by the nanogenerator, which is capable of charging the 200 ~F system power capacitor from 0 to 2 V in 15 s, and sustainably power the sensor in 29 s.展开更多
Since the time step of the traditional finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method is limited by the small grid size, it is inefficient when dealing with the electromagnetic problems of multi-scale structures.Therefore...Since the time step of the traditional finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method is limited by the small grid size, it is inefficient when dealing with the electromagnetic problems of multi-scale structures.Therefore, the explicit and unconditionally stable FDTD(US-FDTD) approach has been developed to break through the limitation of Courant–Friedrich–Levy(CFL) condition.However, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system matrix must be calculated before the time iteration in the explicit US-FDTD.Moreover, the eigenvalue decomposition is also time consuming, especially for complex electromagnetic problems in practical application.In addition, compared with the traditional FDTD method, the explicit US-FDTD method is more difficult to introduce the absorbing boundary and plane wave.To solve the drawbacks of the traditional FDTD and the explicit US-FDTD, a new hybrid FDTD algorithm is proposed in this paper.This combines the explicit US-FDTD with the traditional FDTD, which not only overcomes the limitation of CFL condition but also reduces the system matrix dimension, and introduces the plane wave and the perfectly matched layer(PML) absorption boundary conveniently.With the hybrid algorithm, the calculation of the eigenvalues is only required in the fine mesh region and adjacent coarse mesh region.Therefore, the calculation efficiency is greatly enhanced.Furthermore, the plane wave and the absorption boundary introduction of the traditional FDTD method can be directly utilized.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness, accuracy, stability, and convenience of this hybrid algorithm.展开更多
Progress has been developed in harvesting lowfrequency and irregular blue energy using a triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator in recent years. However,the design of the high-efficiency, mechanically durable...Progress has been developed in harvesting lowfrequency and irregular blue energy using a triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator in recent years. However,the design of the high-efficiency, mechanically durable hybrid structure is still challenging. In this study, we report a fully packaged triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator(TEHG), in which magnets were utilized as the trigger to drive contact–separation-mode triboelectric nanogenerators(CS-TENGs) and coupled with copper coils to operate rotary freestanding-mode electromagnetic generators(RF-EMGs). The magnet pairs that produce attraction were used to transfer the external mechanical energy to the CS-TENGs, and packaging of the CS-TENGpart was achieved to protect it from the ambient environment. Under a rotatory speed of 100 rpm, the CS-TENGs enabled the TEHG to deliver an output voltage, current,and average power of 315.8 V, 44.6 μA, and ~ 90.7 μW,and the output of the RF-EMGs was 0.59 V, 1.78 m A, and 79.6 μW, respectively. The cylinder-like structure made the TEHG more easily driven by water flow and demonstrated to work as a practical power source to charge commercial capacitors. It can charge a 33μF capacitor from 0 to 2.1 V in 84 s, and the stored energy in the capacitor can drive an electronic thermometer and form a self-powered water-temperature sensing system.展开更多
With the improvement of vehicles electrical equipment, the existing silicon rectification generator and permanent magnet generator cannot meet the requirement of the electric power consumption of the modern vehicles e...With the improvement of vehicles electrical equipment, the existing silicon rectification generator and permanent magnet generator cannot meet the requirement of the electric power consumption of the modern vehicles electrical equipment. It is di cult to adjust the air gap magnetic field of the permanent magnet generator. Consequently, the output voltage is not stable. The silicon rectifying generator has the problems of low e ciency and high failure rate.In order to solve these problems, a new type of hybrid excitation generator is developed in this paper. The developed hybrid excitation generator has a double-radial permanent magnet, a salient-pole electromagnetic combined rotor,and a fractional slot winding stator, where each rotor pole corresponds to 4.5 stator teeth. The equivalent magnetic circuit diagram of permanent magnet rotor and magnetic rotor is established. Magnetic field finite element analysis(FEA) software is used to conduct the modeling and simulation analysis on double-radial permanent magnet magnetic field, salient-pole electro-magnetic magnetic field and hybrid magnetic field. The magnetic flux density mold value diagram and vector diagram are obtained. The diagrams are used to verify the feasibility of this design. The designed electromagnetic coupling regulator controller can ensure the stable voltage export by changing the magnitude and direction of the excitation current to adjust the size of the air gap magnetic field. Therefore, the problem of output voltage instability in the wide speed range and wide load range of the hybrid excitation generator is solved.展开更多
高压直流输电系统嵌入大型交流系统,将进一步增加换相失败、直流闭锁等故障对系统安全稳定的影响,交流系统与直流系统的交互作用,将使系统动态更加复杂。针对电网不同运行方式下大扰动后系统复杂动态响应特性分析难题,文中提出一种基于...高压直流输电系统嵌入大型交流系统,将进一步增加换相失败、直流闭锁等故障对系统安全稳定的影响,交流系统与直流系统的交互作用,将使系统动态更加复杂。针对电网不同运行方式下大扰动后系统复杂动态响应特性分析难题,文中提出一种基于机电-电磁混合仿真与机器学习的智能分析方法。该方法基于主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)降维、基于密度的噪声应用空间聚类(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,DBSCAN)、K-means等算法建立二阶段聚类模型,可针对直流落点近区严重故障后大量混合仿真动态曲线在高维空间中自动聚类,并给出相应标识与严重程度;提取交直流系统在不同故障下的典型动态模式,自动标注并识别各模式下主导安全稳定问题。文中所提方法的有效性在2025年华东电网运行方式中得以验证,仿真结果表明,所提方法可有效提取不同故障下系统动态模式,将有效支撑后续复杂故障下的交直流系统动态机理分析。展开更多
基金This work was supported by Beijing Natural Science Foundation （No. 2154059）, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation （No. 2015M570988）, the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Nos. 51472055 and 61404034）, External Cooperation Program of BIC, Chinese Academy of Sdences （No. 121411KYS820150028）, the 2015 Annual Beijing Talents Fund, and the ＂thousands talents＂ program for the pioneer researcher and his innovation team, China.
文摘We propose a fully enclosed hybrid nanogenerator consisting of five elec- tromagnetic generators （EMGs） and four triboelectric nanogenerators （TENGs）. Under a vibration frequency of 15.5 Hz, one TENG can deliver a high output voltage of approximately 24 V and a low output current of approximately 24 μA, whereas one EMG can deliver a low output voltage of approximately 0.8 V and a high output current of approximately 0.5 mA. By integrating five rectified EMGs in series and four rectified TENGs in parallel, the hybrid nanogenerator can be used to charge a home-made Li-ion battery from 1 to 1.9 V in 6.3 h. By using the hybrid nanogenerator to scavenge the vibrational energy produced by human hands, a temperature-humidity sensor can be sustainably powered by the nanogenerator, which is capable of charging the 200 ~F system power capacitor from 0 to 2 V in 15 s, and sustainably power the sensor in 29 s.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61571348)the Equipment Pre-Research Foundation of China(Grant No.61405180202)
文摘Since the time step of the traditional finite-difference time-domain(FDTD) method is limited by the small grid size, it is inefficient when dealing with the electromagnetic problems of multi-scale structures.Therefore, the explicit and unconditionally stable FDTD(US-FDTD) approach has been developed to break through the limitation of Courant–Friedrich–Levy(CFL) condition.However, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the system matrix must be calculated before the time iteration in the explicit US-FDTD.Moreover, the eigenvalue decomposition is also time consuming, especially for complex electromagnetic problems in practical application.In addition, compared with the traditional FDTD method, the explicit US-FDTD method is more difficult to introduce the absorbing boundary and plane wave.To solve the drawbacks of the traditional FDTD and the explicit US-FDTD, a new hybrid FDTD algorithm is proposed in this paper.This combines the explicit US-FDTD with the traditional FDTD, which not only overcomes the limitation of CFL condition but also reduces the system matrix dimension, and introduces the plane wave and the perfectly matched layer(PML) absorption boundary conveniently.With the hybrid algorithm, the calculation of the eigenvalues is only required in the fine mesh region and adjacent coarse mesh region.Therefore, the calculation efficiency is greatly enhanced.Furthermore, the plane wave and the absorption boundary introduction of the traditional FDTD method can be directly utilized.Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness, accuracy, stability, and convenience of this hybrid algorithm.
基金funded by Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. U1432249)the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant 2017YFA0205002)+5 种基金the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (PAPD)supported by Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technologythe support from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M610346)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China (BK20170343)Nantong Municipal Science and Technology Programthe support from Jiangsu University National Science Research Program (16KJB110021)
文摘Progress has been developed in harvesting lowfrequency and irregular blue energy using a triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator in recent years. However,the design of the high-efficiency, mechanically durable hybrid structure is still challenging. In this study, we report a fully packaged triboelectric–electromagnetic hybrid generator(TEHG), in which magnets were utilized as the trigger to drive contact–separation-mode triboelectric nanogenerators(CS-TENGs) and coupled with copper coils to operate rotary freestanding-mode electromagnetic generators(RF-EMGs). The magnet pairs that produce attraction were used to transfer the external mechanical energy to the CS-TENGs, and packaging of the CS-TENGpart was achieved to protect it from the ambient environment. Under a rotatory speed of 100 rpm, the CS-TENGs enabled the TEHG to deliver an output voltage, current,and average power of 315.8 V, 44.6 μA, and ~ 90.7 μW,and the output of the RF-EMGs was 0.59 V, 1.78 m A, and 79.6 μW, respectively. The cylinder-like structure made the TEHG more easily driven by water flow and demonstrated to work as a practical power source to charge commercial capacitors. It can charge a 33μF capacitor from 0 to 2.1 V in 84 s, and the stored energy in the capacitor can drive an electronic thermometer and form a self-powered water-temperature sensing system.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51507096)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.ZR2014JL035)
文摘With the improvement of vehicles electrical equipment, the existing silicon rectification generator and permanent magnet generator cannot meet the requirement of the electric power consumption of the modern vehicles electrical equipment. It is di cult to adjust the air gap magnetic field of the permanent magnet generator. Consequently, the output voltage is not stable. The silicon rectifying generator has the problems of low e ciency and high failure rate.In order to solve these problems, a new type of hybrid excitation generator is developed in this paper. The developed hybrid excitation generator has a double-radial permanent magnet, a salient-pole electromagnetic combined rotor,and a fractional slot winding stator, where each rotor pole corresponds to 4.5 stator teeth. The equivalent magnetic circuit diagram of permanent magnet rotor and magnetic rotor is established. Magnetic field finite element analysis(FEA) software is used to conduct the modeling and simulation analysis on double-radial permanent magnet magnetic field, salient-pole electro-magnetic magnetic field and hybrid magnetic field. The magnetic flux density mold value diagram and vector diagram are obtained. The diagrams are used to verify the feasibility of this design. The designed electromagnetic coupling regulator controller can ensure the stable voltage export by changing the magnitude and direction of the excitation current to adjust the size of the air gap magnetic field. Therefore, the problem of output voltage instability in the wide speed range and wide load range of the hybrid excitation generator is solved.
文摘高压直流输电系统嵌入大型交流系统,将进一步增加换相失败、直流闭锁等故障对系统安全稳定的影响,交流系统与直流系统的交互作用,将使系统动态更加复杂。针对电网不同运行方式下大扰动后系统复杂动态响应特性分析难题,文中提出一种基于机电-电磁混合仿真与机器学习的智能分析方法。该方法基于主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)降维、基于密度的噪声应用空间聚类(density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise,DBSCAN)、K-means等算法建立二阶段聚类模型,可针对直流落点近区严重故障后大量混合仿真动态曲线在高维空间中自动聚类,并给出相应标识与严重程度;提取交直流系统在不同故障下的典型动态模式,自动标注并识别各模式下主导安全稳定问题。文中所提方法的有效性在2025年华东电网运行方式中得以验证,仿真结果表明,所提方法可有效提取不同故障下系统动态模式,将有效支撑后续复杂故障下的交直流系统动态机理分析。
