FORCE FEEDBACK MODEL OF ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC SERVO TELE-OPERATION ROBOT BASED ON VELOCITY CONTROL

The tele-operation robotic system which consists of an excavator as the construction robot, and two joysticks for operating the robot from a safe place are useful for performing restoration in damaged areas. In order to accomplish a precise task, the operator needs to feel a realistic sense of task force brought about from a feedback force between the fork glove of slave robot and unfamiliar environment. A novel force feedback model is proposed based on velocity control of cylinder to determine environment force acting on fork glove. Namely, the feedback force is formed by the error of displacement of joystick with velocity and driving force of piston, and the gain is calculated by the driving force and threshold of driving force of hydraulic cylinder. Moreover, the variable gain improved algorithm is developed to overcome the defect for grasping soft object. Experimental results for fork glove freedom of robotic system are provided to demonstrate the developed algorithm is available for grasping soft object.

Compliant landing of a trotting quadruped robot based on hybrid motion/force robust control

A compliant landing strategy for a trotting quadruped robot on unknown rough terrains based on contact force control is presented. Firstly, in order to lower the disturbance caused by the landing impact force, a landing phase is added between the swing phase and the stance phase, where the desired contact force is set as a small positive constant. Secondly, the joint torque optimization of the stance legs is formulated as a quadratic programming(QP) problem subject to equality and inequality/bound constraints. And a primal-dual dynamical system solver based on linear variational inequalities(LVI) is applied to solve this QP problem. Furthermore, based on the optimization results, a hybrid motion/force robust controller is designed to realize the tracking of the contact force, while the constraints of the stance feet landing angles are fulfilled simultaneously. Finally, the experiments are performed to validate the proposed methods.

Hybrid force control of astronaut rehabilitative training robot under active loading mode

In order to mitigate the effects of space adaptation syndrome(SAS) and improve the training efficiency of the astronauts, a novel astronaut rehabilitative training robot(ART) was proposed. ART can help the astronauts to carry out the bench press training in the microgravity environment. Firstly, a dynamic model of cable driven unit(CDU) was established whose accuracy was verified through the model identification. Secondly, to improve the accuracy and the speed of the active loading, an active loading hybrid force controller was proposed on the basis of the dynamic model of the CDU. Finally, the actual effect of the hybrid force controller was tested by simulations and experiments. The results suggest that the hybrid force controller can significantly improve the precision and the dynamic performance of the active loading with the maximum phase lag of the active loading being 9° and the maximum amplitude error being 2% at the frequency range of 10 Hz. The controller can meet the design requirements.

Collision avoidance for a mobile robot based on radial basis function hybrid force control technique

Collision avoidance is always difficult in the planning path for a mobile robot. In this paper, the virtual force field between a mobile robot and an obstacle is formed and regulated to maintain a desired distance by hybrid force control algorithm. Since uncertainties from robot dynamics and obstacle degrade the performance of a collision avoidance task, intelligent control is used to compensate for the uncertainties. A radial basis function （RBF） neural network is used to regulate the force field of an accurate distance between a robot and an obstacle in this paper and then simulation studies are conducted to confirm that the proposed algorithm is effective.

Application of Artificial Neural Network in Robotic Hybrid Position/Force Control

A hybrid position/force controller is designed for the joint 2 and the joint 3 of thePUMA 560 robot.The hybrid controller includes a multilayered neural network,which canidentify the dynamics of the contacted environment and can optimize the parameters of PIDcontroller.The experimental results show that after having been trained,the robot has sta-ble response to the training patterns and strong adaptive ability to the situation between thepatterns.

NOVEL 6-DOF WEARABLE EXOSKELETON ARM WITH PNEUMATIC FORCE-FEEDBACK FOR BILATERAL TELEOPERATION

A particular emphasis is put on a novel wearable exoskeleton arm, ZJUESA, with 6 degrees of freedom, which is used for the robot teleoperation with the force-feedback in the unknown environment. In this external structure mechanism, the 3-revolution-prismatic-spherical （3RPS） parallel mechanism is devised from the concept of the human upper-limb anatomy and applied for the shoulder 3-DOF joint. Meanwhile, the orthogonal experiment design method is introduced for its optimal design. Aiming at enhancing the performance of teleoperation, the force feedback is employed by the pneumatic system on ZJUESA to produce the vivid feeling in addition to the soft control interface. Due to the compressibility and nonlinearity of the pneumatic force feedback system, a novel hybrid fuzzy controller for the precise force control is proposed and realized based on the Mega8 microcontroller units as the units of the distributed control system on ZJUESA. With the results of several experiments for master-slave control with force feedback, the feasibility of ZJUESA system and the effect of its hybrid fuzzy controller are verified.

两相式混合步进电机速度和位移控制案例设计

步进电机在电脉冲信号的控制下能实现一定的角位移或线位移,掌握步进电机的控制技术非常重要。以两相混合式步进电机为控制对象,以单片机AT89C52和可编程计数器/定时器8253为主对电机进行速度和位移控制设计,对某一具体案例采用Proteus软件进行设计与仿真,包括控制电路和程序的设计。仿真和实验结果表明:该系统结构简单、容易实现、成本低,可用于其他步进电机的控制,并为教学或工程应用提供了参考。

An enhanced eco-driving strategy based on reinforcement learning for connected electric vehicles:cooperative velocity and lane-changing control

Purpose–This study aims to propose an enhanced eco-driving strategy based on reinforcement learning(RL)to alleviate the mileage anxiety of electric vehicles(EVs)in the connected environment.Design/methodology/approach–In this paper,an enhanced eco-driving control strategy based on an advanced RL algorithm in hybrid action space(EEDC-HRL)is proposed for connected EVs.The EEDC-HRL simultaneously controls longitudinal velocity and lateral lane-changing maneuvers to achieve more potential eco-driving.Moreover,this study redesigns an all-purpose and efficient-training reward function with the aim to achieve energy-saving on the premise of ensuring other driving performance.Findings–To illustrate the performance for the EEDC-HRL,the controlled EV was trained and tested in various traffic flow states.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed technique can effectively improve energy efficiency,without sacrificing travel efficiency,comfort,safety and lane-changing performance in different traffic flow states.Originality/value–In light of the aforementioned discussion,the contributions of this paper are two-fold.An enhanced eco-driving strategy based an advanced RL algorithm in hybrid action space(EEDC-HRL)is proposed to jointly optimize longitudinal velocity and lateral lane-changing for connected EVs.A full-scale reward function consisting of multiple sub-rewards with a safety control constraint is redesigned to achieve eco-driving while ensuring other driving performance.

面向复杂曲面力控抛光的变阻抗控制研究

针对复杂曲面的力控抛光任务中同时控制刀具进给速度与接触力困难的问题,分析了在刀具期望进给速度与接触力方向时变场景下基于经典力位混合方法的柔顺控制算法难以控制的原因,提出了一种新的基于时变力位混合框架及自适应导纳控制的柔顺控制算法。使用工件轮廓曲率实时修正力位混合框架,减小进给速度与接触力控制之间的耦合影响,并使用接触力误差与力位混合框架修正速度来自适应调整导纳控制的阻尼参数。仿真验证了所提算法可解决传统算法在时变力位跟踪时的接触力不收敛问题,且所提自适应策略可进一步降低超过80%的接触力跟踪误差。

基于力觉伺服轨迹规划的磨抛工业机器人曲面跟踪控制研究

为进一步提升工业机器人磨抛自由曲面时的轨迹跟踪控制技术,设计一种自由曲面磨抛轨迹自动生成方法。生成工件的STL模型,利用Bezier三角曲面拟合方法得到工件的拟合曲面,基于螺旋式磨抛轨迹实现自由曲面轨迹规划;利用等参数法和轨迹偏置的方法生成全部的轨迹,根据曲线路径曲率的变化,自适应调节控制点的间距,避免了曲线偏置时的干涉问题;在工业机器人腕处安装6D力传感器,利用力/位置混合控制方法对工业机器人进行运动轨迹跟踪控制。通过实验平台测试,验证该方法能够有效地进行曲面跟踪控制。

受限机器人系统的力与关节的 Hybrid 控制

使用矩阵代数理论研究了受限机器人系统的力与关节的ｈｙｂｒｉｄ控制问题，导出了一种新的力与关节的鲁棒自适应控制器设计方案．

Position/Force Hybrid Control System for High Precision Aligning of Small Gripper to Ring Object

A position/force hybrid control system based on impedance control scheme is designed to align a small gripper to a special ring object. The vision information provided by microscope vision system is used as the feedback to indicate the position relationship between the gripper and the ring object. Multiple image features of the gripper and the ring object are extracted to estimate the relative positions between them. The end-effector of the gripper is tracked using the extracted features to keep the gripper moving in the field of view. The force information from the force sensor serves as the feedback to ensure that the contact force between the gripper and the ring object is limited in a small safe range. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Flexible substructure online hybrid test system using conventional testing devices

This paper presents a substructure online hybrid test system that is extensible for geographically distributed tests. This system consists of a set of devices conventionally used for cyclic tests to load the tested substructures onto the target displacement or the target force. Due to their robustness and portability, individual sets of conventional loading devices can be transported and reconfigured to realize physical loading in geographically remote laboratories. Another appealing feature is the flexible displacement-force mixed control that is particularly suitable for specimens having large disparities in stiffness during various performance stages. To conduct a substructure online hybrid test, an extensible framework is developed, which is equipped with a generalized interface to encapsulate each substructure. Multiple tested substructures and analyzed substructures using various structural program codes can be accommodated within the single framework, simply interfaced with the boundary displacements and forces. A coordinator program is developed to keep the boundaries among all substructures compatible and equilibrated. An Interuet-based data exchange scheme is also devised to transfer data among computers equipped with different software environments. A series of online hybrid tests are introduced, and the portability, flexibility, and extensibility of the online hybrid test system are demonstrated.

Mechanical Design and Drive Control of a Novel Dexterous Hand for On-Orbit Servicing

In order to meet the requirements of on-orbit servicing outside the cabin, a flexible, dexterous hand with easy grasping ability and strong loading capacity is designed. The dexterous hand is comprised of three fingers. Each finger is driven by a set of four linkages. Furthermore, two fingers have a set of axial rotational degrees of freedom. In order to achieve the position control and keep griping stability, the dexterous hand adopts a mechanism of hybrid force/position control. In the end, experimental results demonstrates that the on-orbit servicing dexterous hand has great adaptability and operational capability.

Design,analysis and control for an antarctic modular manipulator

Antarctic scientific expedition has important strategic significance. It is an inevitable trend to apply robots to assist researchers during the Antarctic expedition. However, the robot manipula- tors at present have a series of problems and unable to meet the requirements of the Antarctic expe- dition. In this paper, a novel Antarctic modular robot manipulator is proposed, which has a compact structure with modular joints. The robot manipulator has high reliability, and quick assembling-and- disassembling ability. Through well wires arranging and thermal controlling, the manipulator can better adapt to the Antarctic environment. In addition, the work space of the manipulator is serious- ly analyzed, and a new hybrid position/force control method is adopted to make the manipulator per- form better. Simulation results validate the control method and show that the robot manipulator has a good performance to meet the requirements of Antarctic expedition.

Study on the Robot Robust Adaptive Control Based on Neural Networks

Force control based on neural networks is presented. Under the framework of hybrid control, an RBF neural network is used to compensate for all the uncertainties from robot dynamics and unknown environment first. The technique will improve the adaptability to environment stiffness when the end-effector is in contact with the environment, and does not require any a priori knowledge on the upper bound of syste uncertainties. Moreover, it need not compute the inverse of inertia matrix. Learning algorithms for neural networks to minimize the force error directly are designed. Simulation results have shown a better force/position tracking when neural network is used.

交直流混合微网接口变换器广义直流电动势控制策略

随着“双高”特征日趋明显,农村交直流混合微电网的源荷呈现多电力电子化,双向接口变换器(bidirectional interface converter,BIC)的低惯性和阻尼问题较为突出。针对此问题,该研究提出一种基于广义直流电动势(generalized direct current electromotive force,G-DCEMF)的BIC控制策略。采用虚拟电阻对直流和交流子网间有功功率的缺额或盈余状态进行判定,根据判定结果通过BIC对功率进行分配控制,在多BIC并联运行时也更易实现功率分配。通过虚拟电感来提高惯性,以减少交流母线频率或交直流子网电压波动的影响,有效地提高了交直流混合微电网的抗干扰特性和动态性能。分析虚拟电阻和虚拟电感的取值,讨论电阻和电感参数影响控制效果的规律。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真研究验证了所提出的G-DCEMF控制策略的有效性,混合微电网初始状态:直流母线电压为0.75 kV,交流母线频率为50 Hz,系统在额定状态下运行。在运行时间t=1.5 s时,投入0.1 MW的交流负载。分别取虚拟电感为0、0.02、0.05 H,但随着虚拟电感增大,BIC的抗扰动能力增强,结果证明了G-DCEMF控制在可以实现BIC的功率双向流动的同时,提高系统惯性,改善动态响应和抗扰性能,提高微电网的稳定性。

Intelligent Control of Multi-fingered Robot Hand

The dynamics properties of a kind of multi-fingered robot hand is analyzed. It is pointed out that the dynamics property of this kind of multifingered robot hand in the approaching process is quite different from that in the grasping process and,different control algorithm should be taken in the two process. A position-force hybrid control algorithm is proposed which is applied to the control system of the University of Science and Technology Beijing double-thumb robot hand successfully.

机械臂与环境交互的位置/力切换抑制振动方法

当机械臂执行位置/力的混合跟踪任务时,位置控制一般用于机械臂的自由运动阶段,力控制一般用于约束运动阶段。这种位置/力切换的控制结构既能实现与环境接触前对机械臂位置的精确控制,也能保证接触后对期望控制力的准确跟踪。由于开关系统本身存在的切换不稳定性,机械臂在以一定的速度与环境接触时,机械臂执行器会在环境表面振动甚至弹跳。针对此问题,提出了一种半主动阻尼阻抗学习方法,该方法主要包含两部分:基于位置/力切换控制的半主动阻尼控制器;基于一种逆秩拟牛顿法(broyden fletcher goldfarb shanno,简称BFGS)的阻抗学习算法,根据学习到的环境参数调节半主动阻尼,实现机械臂在接触面的振动抑制和平稳过渡。在仿真及实验中,应用提出的方法让机械臂与不同环境交互,结果表明:该方法能很好地抑制接触过渡阶段的超调力,并防止机械臂在切换过程中的振动,实现了柔顺接触和平稳过渡。

3RPS-SPS并联机构的力位混合冗余驱动控制

为了提升冗余并联机构的运动精度和承载能力,以新型3RPS-SPS冗余并联机构为对象,研究并联机构的驱动控制策略。首先,对该并联机构运动学进行研究,根据螺旋理论分析了机构自由度;其次,运用解析法获得并联机构位置反解和位置正解的解析表达式;第三,根据位置反解表达式,求导得到速度、加速度模型,并通过拉格朗日法建立并联机构的动力学模型;最后,提出冗余驱动控制方式下的驱动力分配方法,设计了力位混合控制策略,并搭建了基于Simulink的联合仿真系统进行仿真实验。研究结果表明:该机构具有2个转动自由度和1个移动自由度,在2个转动自由度上,机构旋转运动的角度最大误差分别为5.66×10^(-4)rad与3.45×10^(-4)rad,在移动自由度机构平移运动的位移最大误差为4.01×10^(-2)mm;所提出的力位混合控制策略的最大驱动力(66 N)小于传统位置控制策略的最大驱动力(190 N),并且机构驱动支链驱动力在力位混合控制策略下的分配更均衡。设计的控制策略使3RPS-SPS并联机构具有了较高的运动精度和较强的承载能力。