Analysis on the Durability of Hybrid Polymer Composites for Power FGD System

The corrosion condition of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment for the coal-fired power plant was defined as the strong corrosion grade. The lining system of hybrid polymer composite was used in internal cylinder of steel chimney, and a corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant protective layer was formed on the metal surface. The corrosion-resistant and ageing-resistant properties of hybrid polymer composite prepared at low temperature after four years of practical use were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and measurement of gravimetric variation, contact angle, abrasion resistance, bonding strength and tensile strength. The properties of hybrid polymer composites prepared at 25℃ and –15℃ were comparatively analyzed in the paper.

Preparation of Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Polymer Emulsions with High Silicon Content and Sol-gel-derived Thin Films

A novel polymer/SiO2 hybrid emulsion(PAES)was prepared by directly mixing colloidal silica with polyacrylate emulsion(PAE)modified by a saline coupling agent.The sol-gel-derived thin films were obtained by addition of co-solvents into the PAES.The effects ofγ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane(KH-570)content and co-solvent on the properties of PAES films were investigated.Dynamic laser scattering(DLS)data indicate that the average diameter of PAES(96 nm)is slightly larger than that of PAE(89 nm).Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)photo discloses that colloidal silica particles are dispersed uniformly around polyacrylate particles and some of the colloidal silica particles are adsorbed on the surface of PAE particles.The crosslinking degree data and Fourier transform infrared(FT-IR)spectra confirm that the chemical structure of the PAES is changed to form Si-O-Si-polymer crosslinking networks during the film formation.Atomic force microscope(AFM)photos show the solvent induced sol-gel process of colloidal silica and the Si-based polymer distribution on the film surface of the dried PAES.Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)curves demonstrate that the PAES films display much better thermal stability than PAE.

Fatigue behavior of basalt-aramid and basalt-carbon hybrid fiber reinforced polymer sheets

In order to study the fatigue failure mode and fatigue life laws of basalt-aramid and basalt-carbon hybrid fiber reinforced polymer （ FRP ） sheets, fatigue experiments are carried out, considering two hybrid ratios of 1 ： 1 and 2：1 under different stress levels from 0.6 to 0.95. The results show that fractures occur first in carbon fibers or aramid fibers for the specimens with hybrid ratio of 1： 1, namely B1A1 and B1C1, while a fracture occurs first in basalt fibers for the specimens with a hybrid ratio of 2： 1, namely B2A1 and B2C1. The fatigue lives of the hybrid FRP sheets increase with the improvement of the content of carbon fibers or aramid fibers, and the influence of the carbon fibers content improvement to fatigue life is more significant. The fatigue performance of B2A1 is relatively worse, while the fatigue performance of B1C1 and B2C1 is relatively better. Finally, a new fatigue stiffness degradation model with dual variables and double inflection points is presented, which is applicable to both hybrid and normal FRP sheets.

Preparation of Titanium-silphenylene-siloxane Hybrid Polymers with High Refractive Index,Transmittance,and Thermal Stability

Vinyl-containingtitanium-silphenylene-sioxane oligomers(O1,O2,O3,andO4)withdifferent molar ratios of titanium to silicon were successfully synthesized in high yields by nonhydrolytic sol-gel reaction,and the obtained four oligomers were further crosslinked with methylphenyl hydro-silicone oil(4)to form corresponding polymers(P1,P2,P3,and P4)by hydrosilylation reaction.Their structures were characterized with spectroscopic characterization techniques including FTIR,1H-NMR,and Raman spectroscopy.The effect of titanium element on crosslinking behavior,thermal resistance,refractive index,transparency,thermal aging stability,glass transition temperature,and surface properties of the polymers were studied.Compared with titanium-free polymer P1,the thermal resistance,refractive index,and thermal aging stability of titanium-silphenylene-siloxane polymers(P2,P3,and P4)were significantly improved.The titanium-silphenylene-siloxane polymers achieved a high refractive index(n=1.580-1.584)and thermostability(Tsd>500℃).In thermal aging,the polymers exhibited superior performances with high optical transparency(~90%at 450 nm)and exhibited high thermal stability(~84%at 450 nm after thermal aging at 150℃for 120 h).These data indicate that the polymers have potential application in optical materials such as LED encapsulants.

Preparation and properties of a POSS-containing organic-inorganic hybrid crosslinked polymer

A novel POSS-containing organic-inorganic hybrid crosslinked polymer was prepared by hydrosilylation reaction of octahydridosilsesquioxane （TsHs） with 4,4＇-bis（4-altyloxybenzoyloxy）phenyl （diene A）. Its structure and property was characterized by FFIR, 29Si NMR, TGA and ellipsometer, respectively. The results show that the hybrid polymer possesses high thermal stability and low dielectric constant of 1.97 at optical frequencies.

An Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polymer Cocatalyst for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation with Dual Functions of Accelerating Kinetics and Improving Charge Transfer

Oxygen evolution cocatalysts(OECs)play important roles in improving the efficiency of photocatalysts in solar water splitting.Inorganic–organic hybrid polymers(IOHPs),which have good electrolyte accessibility and evenly distributed active sites,are expected to be promising OECs.Here,a novel IOHP[Co(Bpn)_(2)(SCN)_(2)]n(1,Bpn=2,6-bis(4-pyridyl)-naphthalene,SCN=thiocyanate ion)exhibited a two-dimensional(2D)layer structure with(4,4)topology,was constructed by Bpn ligands connecting Co(II)ions,and was decorated on BiVO_(4) photoanodes for photoelectrochemical(PEC)water oxidation.The 1/BiVO_(4) hybrid electrode showed significantly negative onset potential and approximately 3.7 times higher photocurrent density at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode(RHE)compared with the bare BiVO_(4).The mechanisms for the improved PEC efficiency were investigated and mainly ascribed to enhanced water oxidation kinetics and increased charge separation and transfer properties.This work provides a promising OEC candidate for PEC water oxidation and sheds light on the attractive application prospect of IOHPs for solar water splitting.

Dynamic and buckling analysis of polymer hybrid composite beam with variable thickness

This work deals with a study of the dynamic and buckling analysis of polymer hybrid composite(PHC) beam. The beam has variable thickness and is reinforced by carbon nanotubes(CNTs) and nanoclay(NC) simultaneously. The governing equations are derived based on the first shear deformation theory(FSDT). A three-phase HalpinTsai approach is used to predict the mechanical properties of the PHC. We focus our attention on the effect of the simultaneous addition of NC and CNT on the vibration and buckling analysis of the PHC beam with variable thickness. Also a comparison study is done on the sensation of three impressive parameters including CNT, NC weight fractions, and the shape factor of fillers on the mechanical properties of PHC beams,as well as fundamental frequencies of free vibrations and critical buckling load. The results show that the increase of shape factor value, NC, and CNT weight fractions leads to considerable reinforcement in mechanical properties as well as increase of the dimensionless fundamental frequency and buckling load. The variation of CNT weight fraction on elastic modulus is more sensitive rather than shear modulus but the effect of NC weight fraction on elastic and shear moduli is fairly the same. The shape factor values more than the medium level do not affect the mechanical properties.

Functional micro‐concrete 3D hybrid structures f abricated by two‐photon polymerization

Arbitrary micro-scale three-dimensional(3D)structures fabrication is a dream to achieve many exciting goals that have been pursued for a long time.Among all these applications,the direct 3D printing to fabricate human organs and integrated photonic circuits are extraordinary attractive as they can promote the current technology to a new level.Among all the 3D printing methods available,two-photon polymerization(2PP)is very competitive as it is the unique method to achieve sub-micron resolution to make any desired tiny structures.For the conventional 2PP,the building block is the photoresist.However,the requirement for the building block is different for different purposes.It is very necessary to investigate and improve the photoresist properties according to different requirements.In this paper,we presented one hybrid method to modify the mechanical strength and light trapping efficiency of the photoresist,which transfers the photoresist into the micro-concretes.The micro-concrete structure can achieve±22%strength modification via a silica nano-particles doping.The structures doped with gold nano-particles show tunable plasmonic absorption.Dye doped hybrid structure shows great potential to fabricate 3D micro-chip laser.

Evaluation of Cisplatin-Loaded Polymeric Micelles and Hybrid Nanoparticles Containing Poly(Ethylene Oxide)-Block-Poly(Methacrylic Acid) on Tumor Delivery

Particulate carriers such as polymeric micelles (PMs) and liposomes have been investigated to increase drug accumulation in tumors and reduce distribution to healthy tissues. In this study, we prepared PM and hybrid nanoparticles (HNPs) with poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(methacrylic acid) (PEO-b-PMAA) for loading cisplatin, and evaluated cisplatin release, cytotoxicity, and biodistribution in mice. PM composed of PEO-b-PMAA and HNPs composed of egg phosphatidylcholine (EPC)/PEO-b-PMAA at molar ratios of 50/2.8 (HNP-P5) and 50/50 (HNP-P50), respectively, were prepared by a nanoprecipitation method. The sizes of PM, HNP-P5, and HNP-P50 after inclusion of cisplatin were approximately 200, 100, and 55 nm, respectively, and their entrapment efficiencies were approximately 44% - 66%. In the drug-release study, HNP-P5 and HNP-P50 showed reduced release of cisplatin compared with PM. Regarding the cytotoxic assay, HNP-P5 exhibited lower cytotoxicity for mouse Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and mouse colon carcinoma Colon 26 cells than PM and HNP-P50. In terms of biodistribution, PM could significantly improve blood circulation and tumor accumulation after intravenous injection into Colon 26 tumor-bearing mice compared with free cisplatin, but HNP-P5 and HNP-P50 did not. EPC in HNPs might be destabilized in the circulation, although it could reduce release of cisplatin in in vitro experiments. This study suggested that polymeric micelles composed of PEO-b-PMAA are a better carrier for cisplatin than hybrid nanoparticles composed of PEO-b-PMAA and EPC.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF STRUCTURALLY WELL-DEFINED POLYMER-INORGANIC HYBRID NANOPARTICLES VIA ATRP

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using cuprous chloride/2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) was applied to graft polymerization of styrene on the surface of silica nanoparticles to synthesize polymer-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles, 2-(4Chloromethylphenyl) ethyltriethoxysilane (CTES) was immobilized on the surface of silica nanoparticles through condensation reaction of the silanol groups on silica with triethoxysilane group of CTES. Then ATRP of St was initiated by this surface-modified silica nanoparticles bearing benzyl chloride groups, and formed PSt graft chains on the surface of silica nanoparticles. The thickness of the graft chains increased with reaction time. End group analysis confirmed the occurrence of ATRP. Thermal analysis indicated that thermal stabilization of these resulting hybrid nanoparticles also increases with polymerization conversion. The results above show that this 'grafting from' reaction could be used for the preparation of polymer-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles with controlled structure of the polymer's end groups.

PAC-P(AM-BA)杂化高分子絮凝剂制备及絮凝效能评价

针对油田化学驱污水难处理问题,采用水溶液自由基胶束聚合法,以聚合氯化铝(PAC)为无机组分,丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)为有机单体,合成一种新型无机-有机杂化高分子絮凝剂(PAC-P(AM-BA))。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、热重分析仪(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面积分析仪(BET)对絮凝剂进行表征。结果表明,BA以化学键连接在聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)长链中,无机组分与有机组分之间以离子键连接。PAC-P(AM-BA)热分解温度为233.93℃,比表面积为30.351m^(2)·g^(-1)。絮凝实验结果表明,PAC-P(AM-BA)最佳投加量为20 mg·L^(-1),沉降时间为10 h,其絮体分形维数为1.733。在絮凝效能对比实验中,PAC-P(AM-BA)的平均除油率为90.3%,较阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)和复配型絮凝剂(PAC+PAM)分别高出16.4%和29.0%。

SYNTHESIS OF HYBRID MESOPOROUS POLYSTYRENE-SILICA MATERIALS WITH NON-SURFACTANT CITRIC ACID AS TEMPLATE VIA SOL-GEL PROCESS

Hybrid mesoporous polystyrene-silica materials were successfully prepared through HCl-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and triethoxysilyl-functionalized polystyrene obtained via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene, in the presence of citric acid (CA) as non-surfactant template or pore-forming agent and followed by ethanol extraction to remove template molecules. The materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy OR), N-2 adsorption-desorption measurements, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicate that the materials prepared with 50 wt%-60 wt% template contents have average pore sizes of 2-3 nm and large surface areas (ca. 886 m(2)/g) as well as high pore volumes (ca. 0.53 cm(3)/g). The mesoporosity arises from interconnected channels and pores with disordered arrangements. The pore diameters and pore volumes increase as the template content is increased. The pore diameters show a little change upon heating at 200degreesC overnight. However, the materials do not have good hydrothermal stability.

Modelling and Characterization of Basalt/Vinyl Ester/SiC Micro-and Nano-hybrid Biocomposites Properties Using Novel ANN–GA Approach

Basalt fiber reinforcement in polymer matrix composites is becoming more and more popular because of its environmental friendliness and mechanical qualities that are comparable to those of synthetic fibers.Basalt fiber strengthened vinyl ester matrix polymeric composite with filler addition of nano-and micro-sized silicon carbide(SiC)element spanning from 2 weight percent to 10 weight percent was studied for its mechanical and wear properties.The application of Artificial Neural Network(ANN)to correlate the filler addition composition for optimum mechanical properties is required due to the non-linear mechanical and tribological features of composites.The stuffing blend and composition of the composite are optimized using the hybrid model and Genetic Algorithm(GA)to maximize the mechanical and wear-resistant properties.The predicted and tested ANN–GA optimal values obtained for the composite combination had a tensile,flexural,impact resilience,hardness and wear properties of 202.93 MPa,501.67 MPa,3.460 J/s,43 HV and 0.196 g,respectively,for its optimum combination of filler and reinforcement.It can be noted that the nano-sized SiC filler particle enhances most of the properties of the composite which diversifies its applications.The predicted mechanical and wear values of the developed ANN–GA model were in closer agreement with the experimental values which validate the model.

纳米TiO_(2)改性丙烯酸酯增透膜的研究

将丙烯酸酯共聚物与纳米TiO_(2)利用羟基之间的缩合反应形成有机-无机杂化材料,涂覆于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜表面后,可提高基体薄膜的透光率,最高可达93.0%,性能优于共混改性材料。此外,薄膜表面接触角也在涂覆后有明显上升。经过热重分析可知,纳米TiO_(2)缩合改性后的杂化材料热分解温度高于纯共聚物和共混改性材料。

Pickering乳液聚合法原位制备杂化乳胶粒子

有机-无机杂化乳胶粒子在涂料、电子、催化和医疗等领域具有广泛的用途。Pickering乳液聚合由固体粒子作为稳定剂稳定两相界面,不需要使用表面活性剂,可以用来制备有机-无机杂化乳胶粒子。本研究使用溶胶凝胶法制备了二氧化硅纳米粒子,并将其用作Pickering乳液聚合的稳定剂,制备有机-无机杂化乳胶粒子。将二氧化硅粒子分别以粉末体系和溶胶体系引入到无皂乳液聚合反应中,系统探讨了单体和引发剂类型、体系pH值等实验条件对杂化乳胶粒子形貌的影响。反应单体与水之间的界面张力对二氧化硅粒子的吸附具有明显影响,较大的界面张力更容易促进二氧化硅粒子在聚合物乳胶粒表面的吸附。本研究结果对于厘清Pickering乳液聚合机理以及无机粒子在两相界面上的吸附机制具有重要价值。

环氧-丙烯酸酯混杂光固化体系的研究

研究环氧 -丙烯酸酯混杂光固化体系中引发剂的协同作用 ,证实混杂光固化过程中自由基引发剂对阳离子引发剂二苯基碘盐的增感作用 .混杂光固化膜具有优良的机械性能 ,其抗冲击性能、抗弯曲性能及硬度优于单纯的阳离子体系固化膜 ,与自由基体系固化膜性能接近 ;混杂光固化膜的玻璃化转变温度高于自由基体系固化膜 ;它的耐溶剂性能优异 ,耐丙酮擦拭次数比自由基固化膜高 2 5倍以上 ,比阳离子固化膜高3 .5倍 .这可能是由于混杂光固化过程中形成的 IPN结构造成的 。

混杂光固化体系的原理及应用

混杂光固化或双重固化是指在同一体系中采用两种或两种以上不同类型的聚合反应来使体系固化的方法 ,它是原位改性高分子的一种新方法 .混杂光固化体系包括自由基 阳离子混杂光固化体系、自由基 缩聚混杂体系和自由基 自由基混杂体系等 .

六甲氧基甲基三聚氰胺-多元醇-丙烯酸酯混杂聚合体系的研究

六甲氧基甲基三聚氰胺 (HMMM) 多元醇 丙烯酸酯 酸催化剂混杂聚合体系在高温下同时进行缩聚和自由基聚合并表现出协同效应 .体系中的活泼亚甲基在HMMM的催化下被空气氧化成过氧化氢物 ;过氧化氢物在酸催化下分解成自由基进而引发自由基聚合反应 .研究结果表明 ,体系中存在固化加速的协同效应 ;同时体系中还存在热互补效应 ,丙烯酸酯的自由基聚合反应放出的热可以传递给缩聚反应 ,满足缩聚反应吸热的要求 .混杂聚合得到的高分子合金膜具有优良的机械性能和耐溶剂性能 ,这是由于在混杂聚合过程中形成了互穿聚合物网络 (IPN)结构 .使用潜酸催化剂作为酸的来源 ,可以提高体系的储存稳定性 ;交联 引发剂的使用可以拓宽它的使用范围 ;

溶胶-凝胶法合成聚(甲基丙烯酸乙酯-甲基丙烯酸环氧丙酯)/SiO_2杂化聚合物材料

通过溶胶 凝胶过程合成了一系列存在相间偶联键的杂化聚合物材料 .IR分析证实了在无机组份与有机组份间存在碳氮键 ,其特征吸收峰在 1 2 5 0cm-1.DSC的测试结果则表明无机组份含量的增加提高了材料的Tg 值 ,从而提高了杂化材料的使用温度 .利用小角X ray散射 (SAXS)和电镜 (TEM)分析了不同无机组份、不同酸度下体系的形态结构 ,结果表明当无机组份与有机组份的摩尔比为 1∶1且体系的酸度适当时相容性最好 .