Proposal of a Deuterium-Deuterium Fusion/PWR Fission Hybrid Reactor

This article proposes to associate a Deuterium-Deuterium (D-D) fusion reactor with a PWR (fission Pressurized Water Reactor) in a hybrid reactor. Even if the mechanical gain (Q factor) of the D-D fusion reactor is below the unity and consequently consumes more energy than it supplies, due to the high energy amplification factor of the PWR fission reactor, the global yield is widely superior to 1. As the energy supplied by the fusion reactor is relatively low and as the neutrons supplied are mainly issued from D-D fusions (at 2.45 MeV), the problems of heat flux and neutrons damage connected with materials, as with D-T fusion reactors are reduced. Of course, there is no need to produce Tritium with this D-D fusion reactor. This type of reactor is able to incinerate any mixture of natural Uranium, natural Thorium and depleted Uranium (waste issued from enrichment plants), with natural Thorium being the best choice. No enriched fuel is needed. So, this type of reactor could constitute a source of energy for several thousands of years because it is about 90 more efficient than a standard fission reactor, such as a PWR or a Candu one, by extracting almost completely the energy from the fertile materials U238 and Th232. For the fission part, PWR technology is mature. For the fusion part, it is based on a reasonable hypothesis done on present Stellarators projects. The working of this reactor is continuous, 24 hours a day. In this paper, it will be targeted a reactor able to provide net electric power of about 1400 MWe, as a big fission power plant.

Waste Transmutation and Nuclear Energy Generation Using a Tokamak Fusion-Fission Hybrid Reactor

A tokamak fusion-fission hybrid reactor is proposed as one of candidates for disposal of the long-lived actinides and fission product wastes and supply of future energy. To assess the feasibility of transmutation of long-lived radiowastes using fusion-fission hybrid reactors, a fusion core design is presented and several possible conceptual blankets are studied, for, respectively, actinides transmutation and fission product transmutation. The results show that actinides and fission products may be effectively transmuted using the presented hybrid reactors.

Neural-fuzzy control system application for monitoring process response and control of anaerobic hybrid reactor in wastewater treatment and biogas production

Based on the developed neural-fuzzy control system for anaerobic hybrid reactor （AHR） in wastewater treatment and biogas production, the neural network with backpropagation algorithm for prediction of the variables pH, alkalinity （Alk） and total volatile acids （TVA） at present day time t was used as input data for the fuzzy logic to calculate the influent feed flow rate that was applied to control and monitor the process response at different operations in the initial, overload influent feeding and the recovery phases. In all three phases, this neural-fuzzy control system showed great potential to control AHR in high stability and performance and quick response. Although in the overloading operation phase II with two fold calculating influent flow rate together with a two fold organic loading rate （OLR）, this control system had rapid response and was sensitive to the intended overload. When the influent feeding rate was followed by the calculation of control system in the initial operation phase I and the recovery operation phase III, it was found that the neural-fuzzy control system application was capable of controlling the AHR in a good manner with the pH close to 7, TVA/Alk 〈 0.4 and COD removal 〉 80% with biogas and methane yields at 0.45 and 0.30 m^3/kg COD removed.

Wastewater Treatment in a Hybrid Biological Reactor (HBR): Nitrification Characteristics

Objective To investigate the nitrifying characteristics of both suspended- and attached- biomass in a hybrid bioreactor. Methods The hybrid biological reactor was developed by introducing porous ceramic particles into the reactor to provide the surface for biomass attachment. Microorganisms immobilized on the ceramics were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All chemical analyses were performed in accordance with standard methods. Results The suspended- and attached-biomass had approximately the same nitrification activity. The nitrifying kinetic was independent of the initial biomass concentration, and the attached-biomass had a stronger ability to resist the nitrification inhibitor. Conclusion The attached biomass is superior to suspended-biomass for nitrifying wastewater, especially that containing toxic organic compounds. The hybrid biological reactor consisting of suspended- and attached-biomass is advantageous in such cases.

Experimental Research on Coke Wastewater Treatment by Hybrid Biological Reactor

Phase hybrid biological reactor （HBR） was used in treating coke wastewater by adding submerging fiber-ball fillers in suspended growth activated sludge. The optimum operation parameters for the highest performance were determined. It was found that the hybrid biological reactor worked well for the coke wastewater treatment in terms of Chemical Oxygen Demand （COD）, NH4＋ -N and other refractory organic compounds removal efficiencies. Compared with conventional activated sludge system, the removal rate of COD and NH4＋ -N and the nitrating rate were higher and more stable in the hybrid biological reactor. COD of effluent was less than 75 mg/L and the removal rate of COD and NH4＋ -N could be up to 95.0% and 92.5% when COD of influent and NH4＋ -N were less than 700 mg/L and 300 rag/L, respectively. In this way, the quality of effluent concentration could reach the first class of integrated wastewater discharge standard （GB8978-1996） （COD ≤100 mg/L）.

Microbiological Characteristics of Anaerobic Granular Sludge in Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor

Anaerobic granular sludge is of key importance for highly effective operation of hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor(HABR).An observation and analysis on the composition of anaerobic granular sludge in each separation compartment of HABR was conducted by using scanning electron microscope(SEM)and molecular biotechnology,and specific methanogenic activity(SMA)and coenzyme F420 content were determined.It was indicated that the disparity of microbial composition was significant among these separation compartments of HABR,and the HABR encouraged phase separation.The results show the understanding of microbiological characteristics of anaerobic granular sludge in HABR is helpful for cultivating granular sludge,which ensures the effective operation of the reactor.

聚变能源研究态势及展望

聚变能源开发有望重塑未来能源发展格局,正处于突破工程能量“得失相当”的关键阶段,机遇与挑战并存。本文总结了聚变能源研究的主要进展,凝练了能量平衡尚未实现、氚自持尚未得到验证、实现高可利用率难度极高、耐辐照材料开发进展缓慢、使用经济性普遍较差等发展挑战。在梳理国际热核聚变实验堆(ITER)计划的共性基础技术突破、成员国配套研究的基础上,归纳了我国磁约束聚变研究的整体规划、自主项目部署、技术路线跟踪等方面的进展。进一步,围绕我国自主提出的Z箍缩聚变裂变混合堆(Z-FFR)概念,阐述了基本原理、应用优势、系列进展,提出了面向2040年实现商业化供能目标的发展规划,涵盖关键技术攻关、工程演示、商业发电推广等阶段的任务目标。为了全面推进我国聚变能源开发进程,建议在磁约束聚变方面深入参与ITER计划和相关国际合作,攻克商用聚变堆关键物理与工程技术,开展中国聚变工程实验堆(CFETR)主机关键部件研发并适时建设和运营CFETR;在Z-FFR方面,加快“电磁驱动大科学装置”建设,开展聚变能源关键技术攻关,推进Z-FFR工程演示和商业应用。

混合直流系统中基于平波电抗器与限流电抗器参数优化的限流策略

直流线路正常运行过程中,平波电抗器可以减小电流纹波。当直流线路发生故障时,限流电抗器的快速投入可以抑制故障电流的上升速度。因此,考虑限流电抗器与平波电抗器的协同,不仅可以抑制故障电流的上升速度,而且能够降低直流断路器的切断容量。然而,受到投资成本和系统动态特性的制约,平波电抗器与限流电抗器的电感容量需要保持在合理的范围内。因此,对直流输电系统中平波电抗器和限流电抗器的容量进行优化配置,在保证限流能力的同时降低投资是十分有意义的。首先,建立了交直流混联系统的故障等效模型,并分析直流线路发生双极性短路时两端故障电流的特性。其次,建立了平波电抗器和限流电抗器的优化配置数学模型。最后,基于MATLAB仿真试验对所提限流策略进行了验证。

Gas-cooled thorium reactor at various fuel loadings and its modification by a plasma source of extra neutrons

This work presents the results of computer simulation of neutronic processes in a high-temperature gas-cooled thorium reactor for 30 different options of core loading.To guarantee stable and long-term reactor operation(7-10 years),the quantity of fuel compact dispersion phase and starting fuel composition was selected.It is demonstrated that it is possible in principle to substitute the near-axial recirculation zone of the reactor core by a long magnetic trap with a high-temperature plasma column for generating thermonuclear neutrons.The distribution of neutron yield along the length of the plasma source is also presented.Such a thorium reactor,with a near-axial source of extra neutrons,can be applied for researching thermophysical and neutronic characteristics of dispersion thorium fuel to improve its properties.The results of the work are of great interest from the perspective of future advancement of the thermonuclear power industry,by means of creation of a hybrid installation based on a thorium reactor with a long plasma column as a source of additional neutrons.

Treatment of Practical Dye Wastewater Using a Double Dielectric Barrier Discharge System Combined with a Sequencing Batch Reactor System

Synthetic dyes are substances that are relatively stable and difficult to degrade in wastewater treatment plants using normal physical,chemical or / and biological treatment. The present work explored the synergistic effect of non-thermal plasma( NTP) and biological wastewater treatment technologies on practical dye wastewater degradation by establishing a double dielectric barrier discharge( DDBD) system combined with a sequencing batch reactor( SBR) system. The biodegradation and degradation efficiency of the DDBD-SBR system was investigated. The investigation results indicated that the DDBD technology was effective in treating the practical dye wastewater as a pre-treatment process. After a 10-min treatment,although the total organic carbon( TOC) removal efficiency was not so significant, the decolouration and the biodegradation were improved greatly. The microbial toxicity test revealed that the sample after degradation became less toxic than the original dye,which demonstrated the treatment had a significant effect on the reduction of toxicity. In addition,the SBR technology remedied the defects of DDBD treatment and improved TOC removal efficiency noticeably. The hybrid DDBD-SBR system made full use of the advantages of the individual technologies and exhibited an efficient capability for practical dye wastewater treatment.

Simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen using a novel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane aerated biofilm reactor is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor （CMABR） has been developed, to remove carbon organics and nitrogen simultaneously from one reactor. The results showed that CMABR has a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and nitrogen removal efficiency, as it is operated with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 20 h, and it also showed a perfect performance, even if the HRT was shortened to 12 h. In this period, the removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） reached 86%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and TN declined rapidly as the HRT was shortened to 8 h. This is because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber and very high organic loading rate. The fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were mainly distributed in the inner layer of the biofilm. The coexistence of AOB and eubacteria in one biofilm can enhance the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen.

基于耦合电抗器的阻容型混合直流断路器拓扑结构研究

直流断路器是中压直流配电系统的重要设备。为满足大容量高速分断的迫切需求,该文提出一种基于耦合电抗器的阻容型混合直流断路器拓扑结构并分析了其工作过程,将耦合电抗器一、二次绕组分别串联于主支路和真空开关支路实现加速电弧电流转移,阻容元件串联于固态开关支路以便限制故障电流。通过Matlab/Simulink构建了基于耦合电抗器的阻容型混合直流断路器仿真模型,仿真分析了耦合电抗器和阻容元件参数对电流转移时间、限流效果、整机开断时间的影响规律,并进行了小电流开断的初步实验验证。研究表明:耦合电抗器一、二次绕组分别为300μH、50μH,阻容元件参数为0.1?、50μF,电流转移时间由1.5ms缩短至0.5ms,截断电流峰值降低了47.1%,整机关断时间缩短了1.9ms,初步验证了新拓扑结构在限流和快速开断方面的可行性,为研制高性能混合直流断路器提供参考依据。

特高压换流阀桥臂电抗器包封参数的混合约束设计方法

随着交直流输电工程的混联规模不断扩大,桥臂电抗器的工况日益复杂。现有设计方法不能满足复杂工况的需求,单一的设计约束难以实现综合性能优化,在工程需求多样化的发展趋势下,需要兼顾各项性能指标。提出交直流复合工况下的等效电磁模型,以工频下得到的结构参数为准,在此基础上求解其他频次的包封电流,并在计算时考虑到实际的过负荷、谐波工况;提出基于权系数的混合约束设计方法,形成包封电流密度、电阻电压和温升混合的约束条件,提出权系数调整策略,并建立目标函数量化比较不同设计算例,在此基础上,面向严苛的电抗器实际需求,另构建3种目标函数,明确优化流程,利用梯度下降法对包封结构进一步优化。针对±800kV桥臂电抗器实例,采用混合约束设计在各项指标中取了“折中”,通过样机的系列测试验证了设计方法的有效性。

Z箍缩驱动聚变-裂变混合堆总体概念研究进展

Z箍缩驱动聚变-裂变混合能源堆(Z-FFR)在核安全、经济、持久和环境友好等方面具有优良的品质,有望成为有效应对未来能源危机和环境、气候问题的新能源。从Z箍缩驱动聚变方案与聚变靶设计、重复频率驱动器、次临界包层及产氚包层设计、燃料循环等关键问题方面,对Z-FFR工程概念总体研究情况进行了介绍。

次临界能源堆物理设计进展

聚变-裂变混合能源堆包括聚变中子源和次临界能源堆,主要目标是生产电能。回顾了国内外混合堆的发展历史,给出混合能源堆设计的边界条件和约束条件,说明次临界能源堆以铀锆合金为燃料、水为冷却剂的设计思想。利用输运燃耗耦合程序MCORGS计算了混合能源的燃耗,给出了中子有效增殖因数、能量放大倍数和氚增殖比等物理量随时间的变化。通过分析能谱和重要核素随燃耗时间的变化,说明混合能源堆与核燃料增殖、核废料嬗变混合堆的不同特点。论述了混合堆的热工设计并进行了安全分析。对于燃耗数值模拟程序,通过多家对算,保证其计算结果的可信性。针对次临界能源堆的特点,利用贫铀球壳建立了贫铀聚乙烯装置和贫铀LiH装置,并且专门设计加工了天然铀装置,开展铀裂变率、造钚率、产氚率等中子学积分实验,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。

生物脱氮新技术在垃圾渗滤液工程化处理中的应用

针对渗滤液中高浓度氨氮的处理问题,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)和复合生物膜(HBR)组合工艺对广州市大田山垃圾渗滤液生物处理系统进行改造.具体分析了工程改造后厌氧折流板反应器和复合生物膜反应器的氨氮处理效果及其微生物的状况.现场采用ABR-HBR组合生物脱氮工艺,通过合理控制HBR的溶解氧浓度,并将HBR出水以大比例回流到ABR,以促进部分硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程的发生.结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度高达336.24～685.09mg/L的条件下,启动60d后,ABR反应器成功地培养了厌氧颗粒污泥和厌氧氨氧化细菌,其平均氨氮去除率为34.9%.ABR反应器稳定运行30d后,HBR反应器中氨氧化细菌的数量(MPN)高达6.4×107个/mL,其平均氨氮去除率为95.1%.经组合工艺整体处理后,系统出水氨氮浓度稳定在25mg/L以下,总氮的去除率也高达80%以上.

复合生物反应器低溶解氧同步脱氮除磷

利用复合生物反应器(HBR)中同时存在的活性污泥和悬浮生物膜混合生物体系,进行了同步脱氮除磷的试验研究.结果表明,溶解氧浓度和进水COD/TN对系统脱氮除磷效果有重要影响.当曝气量(Qair)控制在0.07 m3/h时,系统的同步脱氮除磷效果较好,最大释磷率(释磷结束时溶液中PO43--P浓度与初始PO43--P浓度百分比)为249%,TN平均去除率为80.0%,PO43--P去除率为92.2%.曝气量升高或降低,TN、PO43--P去除率均降低.随着COD/TN的升高,系统TN、PO43--P去除率也逐渐升高,COD/TN从3.2升高至10.5,系统TN平均去除率从70.3%升高至84.9%,PO43--P平均去除率从82.2%高至96.0%.整个试验过程中污泥体积指数(SVI)均小于90 mL/g,污泥的沉降性能良好.实验采用复合反应器进水后未经过传统脱氮、除磷理论认为所必须的缺氧、厌氧段而直接曝气,仍然取得较高的TN、PO43--P去除率.

复合生物反应器的同步硝化反硝化研究

以实际生活污水为处理对象,利用有效容积为12 L的间歇式复合生物反应器(填料填充率:30%,运行方式:瞬间进水—曝气660 min—沉淀40 min—排水20 min),研究了DO、COD/TN值、MLSS对同步硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明:当溶解氧浓度从4 mg/L降到0.5 mg/L时,对总氮的去除率从48.9%升至74.2%;当污泥浓度从1 000 mg/L提高至6 000 mg/L时,对总氮的去除率从63.4%升至81.6%;当COD/TN值从3升至15.6时,对总氮的去除率从59%提高至82.5%,但当COD/TN值>8后,对总氮的去除率提高得并不明显。整个试验过程中SVI<105mL/g,污泥的沉降性能良好。复合生物反应器易于实现稳定的同步硝化反硝化,并可通过控制DO、MLSS等参数来有效提高对总氮的去除率。

聚变裂变混合发电堆水冷包层中子学设计分析

主要针对聚变裂变混合发电堆FDS-EM水冷包层的能量倍增因子M和氚增殖率TBR等中子学参数进行优化计算。FDS—EM包层主要设计目标是在氚自持的基础上获得约1GW的电功率，并且尽可能长时间连续运行不换料。通过初步设计分析给出一个使用核废料（压水堆卸出的废料钚、锕系加上贫铀）作为裂变燃料，能够实现氚自持、能量倍增因子约为90等设计目标，且连续运行至少10年不换料的中子学方案。

污水复合式厌氧水解酸化预处理试验研究

针对现有污水水解酸化预处理工艺运行效率低等问题,提出了一种复合式污水水解酸化处理工艺.自下至上依次经过悬浮污泥区、泥水分离区、生物膜强化出水区.通过处理配制啤酒废水试验表明,进水ρ(COD)在0.6～1.0 g/L时,ρ(COD)去除率大于50%,ρ(SS)去除率大于70%,ρ(BOD_5)/ρ(COD)升高0.25.试验还研究了悬浮污泥段污泥浓度、水力停留时间、进水有机物负荷对水解酸化效果的影响以及污泥减量化特性.该工艺耐有机负荷冲击能力强、对有机物去除率高、剩余污泥产量小、水解酸化效率高、占地面积小、便于一体化施工管理.