Review of the Configuration and Transient Stability of Large-scale Renewable Energy Generation through Hybrid DC Transmission

Based on the complementary advantages of Line Commutated Converter(LCC)and Modular Multilevel Converter(MMC)in power grid applications,there are two types of hybrid DC system topologies:one is the parallel connection of LCC converter stations and MMC converter stations,and the other is the series connection of LCC and MMC converter stations within a single station.The hybrid DC transmission system faces broad application prospects and development potential in large-scale clean energy integration across regions and the construction of a new power system dominated by new energy sources in China.This paper first analyzes the system forms and topological characteristics of hybrid DC transmission,introducing the forms and topological characteristics of converter-level hybrid DC transmission systems and system-level hybrid DC transmission systems.Next,it analyzes the operating characteristics of LCC and MMC inverter-level hybrid DC transmission systems,provides insights into the transient stability of hybrid DC transmission systems,and typical fault ride-through control strategies.Finally,it summarizes the networking characteristics of the LCC-MMC series within the converter station hybrid DC transmission system,studies the transient characteristics and fault ridethrough control strategies under different fault types for the LCC-MMC series in the receiving-end converter station,and investigates the transient characteristics and fault ride-through control strategies under different fault types for the LCC-MMC series in the sending-end converter station.

MMC-MTDC Transmission System with Partially Hybrid Branches

This paper proposes a hybrid submodule modular multilevel converter(MMC)topology which is suitable for multi terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission systems.Each arm of the proposed MMC topology consists of a half-bridge submodule(HBSM)branch and two parallel full-bridge submodule(FBSM)branches.Comparing with the conventional MTDC transmission system,the proposed topology can selectively block the DC fault current and isolate the corresponding fault line without expensive DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Thus,the influence range of the DC fault can be reduced and the reliability of the power supply can be improved as well.The corresponding modulation and voltage balancing strategies are developed for the proposed hybrid MMC topology.The feasibility of the proposed topology and control strategy is verified in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

混合级联型HVDC系统的后续换相失败预判方法

白鹤滩—江苏±800k V特高压直流输电工程于2022年7月1日在中国投运,在世界上首次创造性地研发应用了特高压混合级联直流输电新技术方案。基于此系统背景对逆变侧电网换相换流器(line commutated converter,LCC)进行具有一定时间裕度的后续换相失败预判。分析了LCC控制器对电气量的控制作用和模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converters,MMC)对LCC的电压支撑作用,明确了混合级联直流输电系统逆变侧LCC发生后续换相失败的机理。推导了逆变侧LCC在首次换相失败后恢复过程末期关断角与故障后线路传输功率最小值的关系,定义了阈值功率的概念。然后建立了关断角与阈值功率的定量关系,提出一种故障后直流传输功率最小值与功率阈值相比较的后续换相失败预判方法。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建了相应的仿真模型,验证了理论分析和预测方法的准确性。

三电平双有源混合全桥DC-DC变换器最小回流功率控制

三电平双有源混合全桥(H-TLFB)DC-DC变换器通过引入三电平桥臂提高输入电压范围.针对该变换器在传统双重移相控制下具有较大的功率回流、较高的电流应力等问题,提出一种最小回流功率控制策略.首先分析H-TLFB DC-DC变换器功率传输特性,比较变换器在两种不同工作模式下回流功率值的大小,并根据回流功率与电压比、移相比、传输功率的数学关系,计算出回流功率达到最小时对应的最优移相比,并设计相应优化控制策略.与传统双重移相控制策略相比,最小回流功率控制策略下的回流功率可以在全功率传输范围内达到最小值,并且在一定的电压比范围内,回流功率、电流应力可以同时得到优化.最后,通过实验验证设计控制策略的正确性和可行性.

±800 kV混合直流输电工程用DC 80 kV SF_(6)/N_(2)等离子体喷射触发间隙研制

白鹤滩—江苏±800 kV混合直流输电工程在交流侧故障穿越过程中,为了限制柔直母线上过电压吸收冗余能量需要加装可控自恢复消能装置。为了实现可控自恢复消能装置的1 ms快速投入,需要研制DC 80 kV SF_(6)/N_(2)等离子体喷射触发间隙。根据工程需求,分析了工程应用条件,明确触发间隙关键技术要求。针对高性能触发的要求,提出了高压脉冲型等离子体双级接续触发方法,设计了同轴层压式产品化触发腔,搭建触发特性试验平台,开展触发性能试验研究,并提出通过监测触发过程中储能电容电压变化在线监测触发性能的方法,研究结果表明,最低可触发电压为50 kV,触发时延在0.3 ms以内,空载触发寿命为1800次。针对大直流通流及快速绝缘恢复的要求,依据横磁电极旋弧原理,完成自旋弧主电极设计,开展电场及旋弧仿真,设计搭建了通流及绝缘恢复试验回路开展试验研究,拍摄电弧运动。结果表明,电弧能够沿主电极边缘高速旋转,实现30kA/50ms通流后0.1s恢复耐受1.5倍额定电压、通流寿命50次。基于上述关键问题的解决,完成了双冗余等离子体喷射触发间隙本体及高电位测控的成套装置结构设计,研制了样机并通过了第三方性能试验验证,绝缘、触发和通流关键技术指标全面满足白江工程要求并将工程应用。

考虑VSC-HVDC作用的LCC-HVDC系统短路比实用计算

准确量化LCC-HVDC(电网换相换流器型高压直流输电)及VSC-HVDC(电压源换流器型高压直流输电)多馈入系统的传输极限和电网强度是保障新型电力系统稳定运行的关键之一。通过改进传统LCCHVDC交直流系统的电网强度量化方法,提出了量化混合直流馈入系统电网强度的短路比指标,以此分析交直流系统的传输极限。首先,根据潮流方程建立混合直流馈入系统的准稳态模型;其次,通过分析雅克比矩阵奇异性与直流馈入系统功率传输极限的关系,得到用于评估混合直流馈入系统中LCC-HVDC传输极限的短路比指标,并分析指标临界值与VSC-HVDC运行方式的灵敏度关系;最后,通过PSCAD/EMTDC及MATLAB平台验证了短路比指标的有效性。分析结果表明:VSC-HVDC在受端定电压控制方式下具有更好的电压支撑能力,同时VSC-HVDC的运行方式对LCC-HVDC传输极限的影响较小,可通过所提指标进行定量分析。

A Double-Ended Protection Principle for an LCC-VSC-MTDC System with Strong Anti-Interference Ability

The DC grid technology of multi-power supply and multi-drop-point power reception is an effective solution for large-scale renewable energy integration into the power grid.Line-commutated converter-Voltage source converter(LCC-VSC)power grids are one of the more important developmental directions of the future power grid that have occured in recent years.But the multi-terminal high voltage direct current system has the problems of inconsistent boundary characteristics,inconsistent control,and fault response characteristics,which puts higher requirements on the protection scheme.Thus,a completely new protection principle is proposed in this paper.Firstly,the fault characteristics of distributed capacitance current are analyzed.The reactive power calculated by the distribution parameters of different frequencies is different.Subsequently,the fault characteristics of DC reactive power are analyzed,and a DC reactive power extraction algorithm is proposed.The polarity of the multi-band DC reactive power is used to construct the protection scheme.Finally,the LCC-VSC power grid model verifies the correctness and superiority of the proposed protection scheme.The proposed scheme uses DC reactive power instead of fault current to solve the long delay problem caused by distributed capacitance.Compared with the prior art,the proposed solution is not affected by distributed capacitance and has a stronger anti-interference ability(600Ω+10 dB+1 ms).

A Single-Ended Protection Principle for LCC-VSC-MTDC System with High Resistance Fault Tolerance

Line-commutated converter-voltage source converter(LCC-VSC)power transmission technology does not have the problem of communication failure very usually.It therefore can support the long-distance,long-capacity transmission of electric energy.However,factors such as topology,control strategy,and short-circuit capacities make the traditional protection principles not fully applicable to LCC-VSC hybrid transmission systems.To enhance the reliability of hybrid DC systems,a single-ended principle based on transmission coefficients is proposed and produced.First,the equivalent circuit of the LCC-VSC hybrid DC system is analyzed and the expression of the first traveling wave is deduced accordingly.Then,the concept of multi-frequency transmission coefficients is proposed by analyzing the amplitude-frequency,and the characteristics of each element.Finally,the LCC-VSCDC system model is built to verify the reliability and superiority of the principle itself.Theoretical analysis and experimental verification show that the principle has strong interference resistance.

基于二极管整流器的双极型复合式海上换流站及其控制策略

为提高海上换流站的紧凑型性并降低换流站一次性投入成本,西门子公司提出了基于二极管整流器(diode rectifier,DR)的高压直流输电技术,在此基础上,国内外学者对其控制策略及各种串并联拓扑进行了研究,但仍存在结构复杂、可行性差、运行灵活性低等问题。为此,提出了基于二极管整流器的双极型复合式海上换流站拓扑,正负极分别采用模块化多电平换流器(modularmultilevelconverter,MMC)和DR,以充分利用MMC灵活可控和DR体积小、成本低、可靠性高的优点。为降低直流电缆输电损耗,提出了复合式换流站正负极功率平衡控制,将接地极电流控制在零附近,提高了输电效率,可将高压直流电缆所产生的损耗降低67.7%。设计了限功率控制,在发生直流非对称故障期间通过低速通信,可主动对风电场发出功率进行限制,防止了换流站过电流风险,提高了系统可靠性。最后通过PSCAD/EMTDC仿真分析对所提拓扑及其控制策略进行了可行性验证。

基于暂态电流行波突变的LCC-MMC混合双极直流输电纵联方向保护

在直流线路中行波保护作为主保护应用广泛,但行波保护作为单端量的保护具有误动性较高且耐过渡电阻能力较差的缺点。在分析了行波在直流输电系统中传播特性的基础上,根据区内和区外故障时暂态电流行波变化方向的不同提出了一种基于暂态电流行波突变的LCC-MMC混合双极直流输电系统纵联方向保护。若故障时两侧暂态电流行波突变方向相同,则为区内故障,否则为区外故障。通过PSCAD和MATLAB的仿真结果表明,该保护能快速准确地识别故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障发生位置距离的影响,因此具有一定的实用性。

基于FSC和TCSC混合复用的交直流混联线路潜供电弧特性

为提高系统运行稳定性,高补偿度串补装置广泛投入使用,但线路故障后潜供电流存在高幅值的低频分量,潜供电弧难以自熄。针对此问题,基于交直流混联输电线路,研究了不同布置方式下串补度对潜供电流与恢复电压幅值影响,提出了一种固定串补(fixed series compensation,FSC)和可控串补(thyristor controlled series compensation,TCSC)混合复用抑制潜供电弧的方法。此外,为满足线路对高补偿度的需求,设计FSC和TCSC混合复用串补度最佳配置方案。结果表明,交直流混联线路采用串补度40%的双平台分散布置方式,潜供电流与恢复电压幅值达到最小,燃弧时间最短。高补偿度串补线路TCSC采用串补度10%、20%的配置方案更利于熄弧,提高重合闸成功率。

一种适用于混合双极直流输电的纵联方向保护方法

直流输电线路通常是以大电感和直流滤波器作为边界,故障行波在边界发生折射和反射时,其行波能量也会因为电感和滤波器的存在而被吸收,导致区内、外高频行波能量产生差异.当故障发生为正方向故障时,其高频前行波能量小于高频反行波能量;当故障发生为反方向故障时,其高频前行波能量大于高频反行波能量.由此特征提出了一种基于前、反行波高频能量差异的纵联方向保护,该保护采用小波包变换提取行波的高频能量,利用前行波与反行波在区内故障和区外故障时的高频能量差异判别故障.仿真结果表明,该保护能快速准确地识别故障,并且不受故障类型、过渡电阻以及故障发生位置距离和噪声的影响,具有一定的实用性.

改进巴氏距离算法下混合级联直流输电纵联阻抗保护优化

为提高纵联保护在LCC-MMC混合级联高压直流输电系统中的鲁棒性,提出一种基于纵联阻抗和改进巴氏距离算法的高压直流输电纵联保护方案。该方案将巴氏距离算法与纵联阻抗保护相结合,对被保护线路首末两端电气量的差异进行量化,并通过量化后的数据,进行区内外故障的判定,然后基于能量函数构建了故障选极判据,保证了保护的可靠性;在此基础上,通过分形维数构建了改进的自适应滑窗,提高了保护的速动性。最后,基于Matlab与PSCAD/EMTDC平台建立了“白江工程”±800 kV LCC-MMC混合级联高压直流输电系统模型,并对所提改进后的保护方案进行验证。仿真结果表明所提保护方案能够快速可靠地判别区内外故障并正确完成故障选极,且有着较好的耐受过渡电阻能力。

基于电压-电流采样轨迹的混合直流输电线路纵联保护方法

为提高混合直流输电系统线路保护的抗干扰能力和适用范围,提出一种基于电压-电流采样轨迹的直流输电线路保护方案。首先,从理论上分析了直流线路故障时测量电压与测量电流之间的关系,揭示了区内/外故障时的电压-电流线性度差异。然后,以区外故障时电压-电流所服从的线性模型作为假设模型,将实测数据得到的采样轨迹与假设模型对应的直线进行比对,引入拟合优度指标作为特征量来量化并放大实测数据与假设模型的差异,并进一步给出直流输电线路保护方案。最后,在PSCAD/EMTDC中建模并仿真分析了多种因素对所提保护方案的影响,结果表明所提保护方案能够可靠、快速地识别直流输电线路故障,在高阻和强噪声的场景下仍可适用,且无需提取特征频带,无需双端数据严格同步,对于保护装置的采样率要求较低,易实现工程应用。

基于初始电流行波相位的多端混合直流线路单端保护方案

为了解决LCC-MMC型多端混合直流系统线路保护存在的问题,提出一种基于初始电流行波相位的多端混合直流线路单端保护方案。首先基于多端混合直流输电线路发生不同位置和类型的故障工况,推导直流线路入射电压行波的解析式并计算其高频段相位。其次结合线路边界行波折反射原理和测量波阻抗特性,提出利用初始电压行波相位的区内外识别判据,并根据雷击和短路故障的入射行波低频相位特性构建雷击干扰判据。在PSCAD/EMTDC中搭建昆柳龙多端混合直流系统模型进行验证,证明所提方案仅利用单端量信息即可满足故障判断和选线要求,满足速度性的同时具备一定的抗过渡电阻能力(500Ω)。

风电场交直流混合输电并网中VSC-HVDC的控制

为提高风电场交直流混合输电并网的系统性能,提出一种更加灵活的电压源换流器高压直流(voltage source converter based high voltage direct current,VSC-HVDC)控制策略。对于风电场侧电压源换流器,设计了一种新的交流电压–功角控制方法。对于交直流混合输电模式,该方法通过调节风电场交流母线电压与电压源换流器输出电压间的功角来实现定有功功率控制。对于纯柔性直流输电模式,风电场交流母线电压自动被调节为具有恒幅恒频的交流电压,实现了对波动风电的同步输送。该方法中输电模式的变化无需切换控制;另外,通过附加电流高通滤波器增强了对系统谐振的阻尼作用。对电网侧电压源换流器,采用一种新的直接电流矢量控制,使直流电压稳定在参考值上。运用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真软件对分别接入笼型感应发电机(squirrel cage induction generator,SCIG)风电场和双馈感应发电机(doubly fed induction generator,DFIG)风电场的交直流混合输电系统建模仿真。一系列运行条件下的仿真结果验证了控制方法的有效性与可行性。

含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统状态估计

针对以电压源换流器(VSC)为基础的新一代高压直流输电(HVDC),对含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统进行静态状态估计。介绍了VSC-HVDC的稳态模型,通过确定交直流混合系统的量测函数、状态变量和雅可比矩阵,建立了含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合系统的状态估计模型;在基本加权最小二乘状态估计算法的基础上,提出了含VSC-HVDC的交直流混合状态估计同时迭代求解法;对经过修改的IEEE 14、IEEE30、IEEE 57节点系统算例进行仿真,从算法的估计误差、迭代次数和计算速度等方面验证了算法的有效性和实用性。

含VSC-HVDC交直流混合系统机电暂态仿真研究

对含基于电压源型变流器的高压直流输电(VSC-HVDC)交直流混合系统进行机电暂态仿真研究。VSC-HVDC系统的外环功率、电压控制器采用PI控制,以产生内环电流参考值。针对dq同步旋转坐标系下VSC-HVDC交流侧数学模型不能精确解耦的问题,建立基于αβ静止坐标系的VSC-HVDC数学模型,引入比例谐振(PR)控制改进了内环电流控制器,可以无静差跟踪内环电流信号。采用以上控制策略实现VSCHVDC系统的精确解耦控制,并采用双时步仿真方法对VSC-HVDC系统的动态响应进行准确模拟。通过在新英格兰系统上进行仿真实验,验证了所提VSC-HVDC机电暂态控制模型的正确性和双时步混合仿真方法的有效性。

VSC-HVDC中直流换流器的比例积分-准谐振-重复控制策略

为解决交流电网不平衡和畸变导致电压源换流器高压直流输电(voltage source converter based high voltage DC transmission,VSC-HVDC)的交直流侧电能质量恶化问题,提出单正序同步旋转坐标系下的d、q轴电流分量的比例积分-谐振控制-重复控制的混合控制策略。通过使有功功率的瞬时波动为零获得了网侧电流正负序分量参考值的表达式,进而利用比例积分控制器控制正序电流分量、谐振控制器控制负序电流分量,而利用重复控制用于抑制交流电网谐波的影响。进一步分析了采样频率与被控信号频率的比值为非整数时对重复控制的影响,进而提出基于线性插值的实际采样点对应的反馈信号的估计方法,以改善重复控制的性能。详细的仿真结果证明了所提出的混合控制策略的正确性和有效性。