Gas kinetic flux solver based finite volume weighted essentially non-oscillatory scheme for inviscid compressible flows

A high-order gas kinetic flux solver(GKFS)is presented for simulating inviscid compressible flows.The weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)scheme on a uniform mesh in the finite volume formulation is combined with the circular function-based GKFS(C-GKFS)to capture more details of the flow fields with fewer grids.Different from most of the current GKFSs,which are constructed based on the Maxwellian distribution function or its equivalent form,the C-GKFS simplifies the Maxwellian distribution function into the circular function,which ensures that the Euler or Navier-Stokes equations can be recovered correctly.This improves the efficiency of the GKFS and reduces its complexity to facilitate the practical application of engineering.Several benchmark cases are simulated,and good agreement can be obtained in comparison with the references,which demonstrates that the high-order C-GKFS can achieve the desired accuracy.

Sparse-Grid Implementation of Fixed-Point Fast Sweeping WENO Schemes for Eikonal Equations

Fixed-point fast sweeping methods are a class of explicit iterative methods developed in the literature to efficiently solve steady-state solutions of hyperbolic partial differential equations(PDEs).As other types of fast sweeping schemes,fixed-point fast sweeping methods use the Gauss-Seidel iterations and alternating sweeping strategy to cover characteristics of hyperbolic PDEs in a certain direction simultaneously in each sweeping order.The resulting iterative schemes have a fast convergence rate to steady-state solutions.Moreover,an advantage of fixed-point fast sweeping methods over other types of fast sweeping methods is that they are explicit and do not involve the inverse operation of any nonlinear local system.Hence,they are robust and flexible,and have been combined with high-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes to solve various hyperbolic PDEs in the literature.For multidimensional nonlinear problems,high-order fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods still require quite a large amount of computational costs.In this technical note,we apply sparse-grid techniques,an effective approximation tool for multidimensional problems,to fixed-point fast sweeping WENO methods for reducing their computational costs.Here,we focus on fixed-point fast sweeping WENO schemes with third-order accuracy(Zhang et al.2006[41]),for solving Eikonal equations,an important class of static Hamilton-Jacobi(H-J)equations.Numerical experiments on solving multidimensional Eikonal equations and a more general static H-J equation are performed to show that the sparse-grid computations of the fixed-point fast sweeping WENO schemes achieve large savings of CPU times on refined meshes,and at the same time maintain comparable accuracy and resolution with those on corresponding regular single grids.

Interface flux reconstruction method based on optimized weight essentially non-oscillatory scheme

Aimed at the computational aeroacoustics multi-scale problem of complex configurations discretized with multi-size mesh, the flux reconstruction method based on modified Weight Essentially Non-Oscillatory（WENO） scheme is proposed at the interfaces of multi-block grids.With the idea of Dispersion-Relation-Preserving（DRP） scheme, different weight coefficients are obtained by optimization, so that it is in WENO schemes with various characteristics of dispersion and dissipation. On the basis, hybrid flux vector splitting method is utilized to intelligently judge the amplitude of the gap between grid interfaces. After the simulation and analysis of 1D convection equation with different initial conditions, modified WENO scheme is proved to be able to independently distinguish the gap amplitude and generate corresponding dissipation according to the grid resolution. Using the idea of flux reconstruction at grid interfaces, modified WENO scheme with increasing dissipation is applied at grid points, while DRP scheme with low dispersion and dissipation is applied at the inner part of grids. Moreover, Gauss impulse spread and periodic point sound source flow among three cylinders with multi-scale grids are carried out. The results show that the flux reconstruction method at grid interfaces is capable of dealing with Computational Aero Acoustics（CAA） multi-scale problems.

Hypersonic Shock Wave/Boundary Layer Interactions by a Third-Order Optimized Symmetric WENO Scheme

A novel third-order optimized symmetric weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO-OS3)scheme is used to simulate the hypersonic shock wave/boundary layer interactions.Firstly,the scheme is presented with the achievement of low dissipation in smooth region and robust shock-capturing capabilities in discontinuities.The Maxwell slip boundary conditions are employed to consider the rarefied effect near the surface.Secondly,several validating tests are given to show the good resolution of the WENO-OS3 scheme and the feasibility of the Maxwell slip boundary conditions.Finally,hypersonic flows around the hollow cylinder truncated flare(HCTF)and the25°/55°sharp double cone are studied.Discussions are made on the characteristics of the hypersonic shock wave/boundary layer interactions with and without the consideration of the slip effect.The results indicate that the scheme has a good capability in predicting heat transfer with a high resolution for describing fluid structures.With the slip boundary conditions,the separation region at the corner is smaller and the prediction is more accurate than that with no-slip boundary conditions.

Efficient Sparse-Grid Implementation of a Fifth-Order Multi-resolution WENO Scheme for Hyperbolic Equations

High-order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes are a class of broadly applied numerical methods for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations(PDEs).Due to highly nonlinear property of the WENO algorithm,large amount of computational costs are required for solving multidimensional problems.In our previous work(Lu et al.in Pure Appl Math Q 14:57–86,2018;Zhu and Zhang in J Sci Comput 87:44,2021),sparse-grid techniques were applied to the classical finite difference WENO schemes in solving multidimensional hyperbolic equations,and it was shown that significant CPU times were saved,while both accuracy and stability of the classical WENO schemes were maintained for computations on sparse grids.In this technical note,we apply the approach to recently developed finite difference multi-resolution WENO scheme specifically the fifth-order scheme,which has very interesting properties such as its simplicity in linear weights’construction over a classical WENO scheme.Numerical experiments on solving high dimensional hyperbolic equations including Vlasov based kinetic problems are performed to demonstrate that the sparse-grid computations achieve large savings of CPU times,and at the same time preserve comparable accuracy and resolution with those on corresponding regular single grids.

New High-Order Numerical Methods for Hyperbolic Systems of Nonlinear PDEs with Uncertainties

In this paper,we develop new high-order numerical methods for hyperbolic systems of nonlinear partial differential equations(PDEs)with uncertainties.The new approach is realized in the semi-discrete finite-volume framework and is based on fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)interpolations in(multidimensional)random space combined with second-order piecewise linear reconstruction in physical space.Compared with spectral approximations in the random space,the presented methods are essentially non-oscillatory as they do not suffer from the Gibbs phenomenon while still achieving high-order accuracy.The new methods are tested on a number of numerical examples for both the Euler equations of gas dynamics and the Saint-Venant system of shallow-water equations.In the latter case,the methods are also proven to be well-balanced and positivity-preserving.

同向双涡合并过程声波研究

为了对常见不稳定流中声波产生过程的基本物理现象进行研究,基于大涡模拟方法与高阶精度加权本质无振荡混合格式,对剪切流中同向双涡合并过程的动力学流场及其声场进行了数值模拟。结果描述了同向旋转双涡合并过程,揭示了双涡合并产生旋转四极子声源的机理,且与相关研究相符。对剪切层的气动声场进行了数值模拟,揭示了剪切层中双涡旋转合并过程,发现涡合并过程产生的声波在整个剪切层声场中占主导作用,且合并在半个周期内完成。

A High Resolution Low Dissipation Hybrid Scheme for Compressible Flows

In this paper, an efficient hybrid shock capturing scheme is proposed to obtain accurate results both in the smooth region and around discontinuities for compressible flows. The hybrid algorithm is based on a fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory （WENO） scheme in the finite volume form to solve the smooth part of the flow field, which is coupled with a characteristic-based monotone upstream-centered scheme for conservation laws （MUSCL） to capture discontinuities. The hybrid scheme is intended to combine high resolution of MUSCL scheme and low dissipation of WENO scheme. The two ingredients in this hybrid scheme are switched with an indicator. Three typical indicators are chosen and compared. MUSCL and WENO are both shock capturing schemes making the choice of the indicator parameter less crucial. Several test cases are carried out to investigate hybrid scheme with different indicators in terms of accuracy and efficiency. Numerical results demonstrate that the hybrid scheme in the present work performs well in a broad range of problems.

High-Order Bound-Preserving Finite Difference Methods for Multispecies and Multireaction Detonations

In this paper,we apply high-order finite difference(FD)schemes for multispecies and multireaction detonations(MMD).In MMD,the density and pressure are positive and the mass fraction of the ith species in the chemical reaction,say zi,is between 0 and 1,withΣz_(i)=1.Due to the lack of maximum-principle,most of the previous bound-preserving technique cannot be applied directly.To preserve those bounds,we will use the positivity-preserving technique to all the zi'is and enforceΣz_(i)=1 by constructing conservative schemes,thanks to conservative time integrations and consistent numerical fluxes in the system.Moreover,detonation is an extreme singular mode of flame propagation in premixed gas,and the model contains a significant stiff source.It is well known that for hyperbolic equations with stiff source,the transition points in the numerical approximations near the shocks may trigger spurious shock speed,leading to wrong shock position.Intuitively,the high-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)scheme,which can suppress oscillations near the discontinuities,would be a good choice for spatial discretization.However,with the nonlinear weights,the numerical fluxes are no longer“consistent”,leading to nonconservative numerical schemes and the bound-preserving technique does not work.Numerical experiments demonstrate that,without further numerical techniques such as subcell resolutions,the conservative FD method with linear weights can yield better numerical approximations than the nonconservative WENO scheme.

高效率的特征型紧致WENO混合格式

特征型紧致加权基本无振荡(WENO)混合格式HCW-R结合了迎风紧致格式CS5-P和WENO格式,具有十分优异的分辨率特性。但在求解多维方程组时,HCW-R格式需要求解块状三对角方程组,因而计算代价十分高昂。采用迎风紧致格式CS5-F代替CS5-P,构造了一个新的特征型紧致WENO混合格式HCW-E。由于HCW-E的特殊形式,其可沿迎风方向、由边界处向内推进求解,避免了处理三对角或块状三对角方程组,从而其计算代价与显式格式无异。虽然就分辨率而言,HCW-E稍逊于HCW-R,但前者的计算效率要显著高于后者。因此,当花费相同的计算代价,HCW-E格式可以获得更好的数值结果。一系列求解Euler方程组的数值试验验证了HCW-E的高分辨率特性和相比HCW-R更高的计算效率。HCW-E格式的效率优势在求解高维问题时更为明显。

R-T instability model of magnetic fluid and its numerical simulations

The Rayleigh-Taylor(R-T) instability of ferrofluid has been the subject of recent research,because of its implications on the stability of stellar.By neglecting the viscosity and rotation of magnetic fluid,and assuming that the magnetic particles are irrotational and temperature insensitive,we obtain a simplified R-T instability model of magnetic fluid.For the interface tracing,we use five-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO) scheme to spatial direction and three-order TVD R-K method to time direction on the uniform mesh,respectively.If the direction of the external magnetic field is the same as that of gravity,the velocities of the interface will be increased.But if the direction of the external magnetic field is in opposition to the direction of gravity,the velocities of the interface will be decreased.When the direction of the external magnetic field is perpendicular to the direction of gravity,the symmetry of the interface will be destroyed.Because of the action which is produced by perpendicular external magnetic field,there are other bubbles at the boudaries which parallel the direction of gravity.When we increase the magnetic susceptibility of the magnetic fluids,the effects of external magnetic fields will be more distinct for the interface tracing.

Assessing the Performance of a Three Dimensional Hybrid Central-WENO Finite Difference Scheme with Computation of a Sonic Injector in Supersonic Cross Flow

A hybridization of a high order WENO-Z finite difference scheme and a high order central finite difference method for computation of the two-dimensional Euler equations first presented in[B.Costa and W.S.Don,J.Comput.Appl.Math.,204(2)(2007)]is extended to three-dimensions and for parallel computation.The Hybrid scheme switches dynamically from a WENO-Z scheme to a central scheme at any grid location and time instance if the flow is sufficiently smooth and vice versa if the flow is exhibiting sharp shock-type phenomena.The smoothness of the flow is determined by a high order multi-resolution analysis.The method is tested on a benchmark sonic flow injection in supersonic cross flow.Increase of the order of the method reduces the numerical dissipation of the underlying schemes,which is shown to improve the resolution of small dynamic vortical scales.Shocks are captured sharply in an essentially non-oscillatory manner via the high order shockcapturing WENO-Z scheme.Computations of the injector flow with a WENO-Z scheme only and with the Hybrid scheme are in very close agreement.Thirty percent of grid points require a computationally expensive WENO-Z scheme for highresolution capturing of shocks,whereas the remainder of grid points may be solved with the computationally more affordable central scheme.The computational cost of the Hybrid scheme can be up to a factor of one and a half lower as compared to computations with a WENO-Z scheme only for the sonic injector benchmark.

A CHARACTERISTIC-BASED FINITE VOLUME SCHEME FOR SHALLOW WATER EQUATIONS

We propose a new characteristic-based finite volume scheme combined with the method of Central Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory （CWENO） reconstruction and characteristics, to solve shallow water equations. We apply the scheme to simulate dam-break problems. A number of challenging test cases are considered, such as large depth differences even wet/dry bed. The numerical solutions well agree with the analytical solutions. The results demonstrate the desired accuracy, high-resolution and robustness of the presented scheme.

Third Order WENO Scheme on Three Dimensional Tetrahedral Meshes

We extend the weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes on two dimensional triangular meshes developed in[7]to three dimensions,and construct a third order finite volume WENO scheme on three dimensional tetrahedral meshes.We use the Lax-Friedrichs monotone flux as building blocks,third order reconstructions made from combinations of linear polynomials which are constructed on diversified small stencils of a tetrahedral mesh,and non-linear weights using smoothness indicators based on the derivatives of these linear polynomials.Numerical examples are given to demonstrate stability and accuracy of the scheme.

A GENERAL HIGH-ORDER MULTI-DOMAIN HYBRID DG/WENO-FD METHOD FOR HYPERBOLIC CONSERVATION LAWS

In this paper, a general high-order multi-domain hybrid DG/WENO-FD method, which couples a p^th-order （p ≥ 3） DG method and a q^th-order （q ≥ 3） WENO-FD scheme, is developed. There are two possible coupling approaches at the domain interface, one is non-conservative, the other is conservative. The non-conservative coupling approach can preserve optimal order of accuracy and the local conservative error is proved to be upmost third order. As for the conservative coupling approach, accuracy analysis shows the forced conservation strategy at the coupling interface deteriorates the accuracy locally to first- order accuracy at the ＇coupling cell＇. A numerical experiments of numerical stability is also presented for the non-conservative and conservative coupling approaches. Several numerical results are presented to verify the theoretical analysis results and demonstrate the performance of the hybrid DG/WENO-FD solver.

Numerical solutions of a multi-class traffic flow model on an inhomogeneous highway using a high-resolution relaxed scheme

A high-resolution relaxed scheme which requires little information of the eigenstructure is presented for the multiclass Lighthill-Whitham-Richards （LWR） model on an inhomogeneous highway. The scheme needs only an estimate of the upper boundary of the maximum of absolute eigenvalues. It is based on incorporating an improved fifth-order weighted essentially non-oscillatory （WENO） reconstruction with relaxation approximation. The scheme benefits from the simplicity of relaxed schemes in that it requires no exact or approximate Riemann solvers and no projection along characteristic directions. The effectiveness of our method is demonstrated in several numerical examples.

HIGH ORDER STABLE MULTI-DOMAIN HYBRID RKDG AND WENO-FD METHODS

Recently, a kind of high order hybrid methods based on Runge-Kutta discontinu- ous Galerkin （RKDG） method and weighted essentially non-oscillatory finite difference （WENO-FD） scheme was proposed. Those methods are computationally efficient, however stable problems might sometimes be encountered in practical applications. In this work, we first analyze the linear stabilities of those methods based on the Heuristic theory. We find that the conservative hybrid method is linearly unstable if the numerical flux at the coupling interface is chosen to be ＇downstream＇. Then we introduce two ways of healing this defect. One is to choose the numerical flux at the coupling interface to be ＇upstream＇. The other is to employ a slope limiter function to enforce the hybrid method satisfying the local total variation diminishing （TVD） condition. In the end, numerical experiments are provided to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.

On the Order of Accuracy and Numerical Performance of Two Classes of Finite Volume WENO Schemes

In this paper we consider two commonly used classes of finite volume weighted essentially non-oscillatory(WENO)schemes in two dimensional Cartesian meshes.We compare them in terms of accuracy,performance for smooth and shocked solutions,and efficiency in CPU timing.For linear systems both schemes are high order accurate,however for nonlinear systems,analysis and numerical simulation results verify that one of them(Class A)is only second order accurate,while the other(Class B)is high order accurate.The WENO scheme in Class A is easier to implement and costs less than that in Class B.Numerical experiments indicate that the resolution for shocked problems is often comparable for schemes in both classes for the same building blocks and meshes,despite of the difference in their formal order of accuracy.The results in this paper may give some guidance in the application of high order finite volume schemes for simulating shocked flows.

On the Positivity of Linear Weights in WENO Approximations

High order accurate weighted essentially non-oscillatory （WENO） schemes have been used extensively in numerical solutions of hyperbolic partial differential equations and other convection dominated problems. However the WENO procedure can not be applied directly to obtain a stable scheme when negative linear weights are present. In this paper, we first briefly review the WENO framework and the role of linear weights, and then present a detailed study on the positivity of linear weights in a few typical WENO procedures, including WENO interpolation, WENO reconstruction and WENO approximation to first and second derivatives, and WENO integration. Explicit formulae for the linear weights are also given for these WENO procedures. The results of this paper should be useful for future design of WENO schemes involving interpolation, reconstruction, approximation to first and second derivatives, and integration procedures.

A Multi-Domain Hybrid DG and WENO Method for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws on Hybrid Meshes

In[SIAM J.Sci.Comput.,35(2)(2013),A1049–A1072],a class of multi-domain hybrid DG and WENO methods for conservation laws was introduced.Recent applications of this method showed that numerical instability may encounter if the DG flux with Lagrangian interpolation is applied as the interface flux during the moment of conservative coupling.In this continuation paper,we present a more robust approach in the construction of DG flux at the coupling interface by using WENO procedures of reconstruction.Based on this approach,such numerical instability is overcome very well.In addition,the procedure of coupling a DG method with a WENO-FD scheme on hybrid meshes is disclosed in detail.Typical testing cases are employed to demonstrate the accuracy of this approach and the stability underthe flexibility of using either WENO-FD flux or DG flux at the moment of requiring conservative coupling.