A wide hybrid zone mediated by precipitation contributed to confused geographical structure of Scutiger boulengeri

Confused geographical structure of a population and mitonuclear discordance are shaped by a combination of rapid changes in population demographics and shifts in ecology.In this study,we generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of Scutiger boulengeri,an endemic Xizang alpine toad occurring in mountain streams on the Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet)Plateau(QTP).Based on three mitochondrial DNA(mt DNA)genes,eight clades were assigned to three deeply divergent lineages.Analysis of nuclear DNA(nu DNA)genes revealed three distinct clusters without geographic structure,indicating significantly high rates of gene flow.Coalescent theory framework analysis(approximate Bayesian computation model DIYABC and Migrate-N)suggested that divergence of the main intraspecific clusters was the result of hybridization after secondary contact in the Holocene around 0.59 million years ago(Ma).The ratio of mt DNA FST(fixation index)to nu DNA FST was 2.3,thus failing to show male-biased dispersal.Geographic cline analysis showed that a wide hybrid zone was initially established in southwestern China,without significant reproductive isolation but with strong introgression in S.boulengeri,suggesting high hybrid fitness.Furthermore,mt DNA genes exhibited isolation by distance(IBD)while nu DNA genes exhibited significant isolation by environment(IBE).Results suggested that mitonuclear discordance may have initially been caused by geographic isolation,followed by precipitation-mediated hybridization,producing a wide hybrid zone and geographic structure confusion of nu DNA genes in S.boulengeri.This study indicated that complicated historical processes may have led to specific genetic patterns,with a specific climate factor facilitating gene flow in the system.

Spatiotemporal dynamics in butterfly hybrid zones

Evaluating whether hybrid zones are stable or mobile can provide novelinsights for evolution and conservation biology. Butterflies exhibit high sensitivity to envi-ronmental changes and represent an important model system for the study of hybrid zoneorigins and maintenance. Here, we review the literature exploring butterfly hybrid zones,with a special focus on their spatiotemporal dynamics and the potential mechanisms thatcould lead to their movement or stability. We then compare different lines of evidenceused to investigate hybrid zone dynamics and discuss the strengths and weaknesses ofeach approach. Our goal with this review is to reveal general conditions associated withthe stability or mobility of butterfly hybrid zones by synthesizing evidence obtained us-ing different types of data sampled across multiple regions and spatial scales. Finally, wediscuss spatiotemporal dynamics in the context of a speciation/divergence continuum, therelevance of hybrid zones for conservation biology, and recommend key topics for futureinvestigation.

Cryptic diversity and rampant hybridization in annual gentians on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau revealed by population genomic analysis

Understanding the evolutionary and ecological processes involved in population differentiation and speciation provides critical insights into biodiversity formation. In this study, we employed 29,865 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) and complete plastomes to examine genomic divergence and hybridization in Gentiana aristata, which is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP) region. Genetic clustering revealed that G. aristata is characterized by geographic genetic structures with five clusters(West, East, Central, South and North). The West cluster has a specific morphological character(i.e., blue corolla) and higher values of FSTcompared to the remaining clusters, likely the result of the geological barrier formed by the Yangtze River. The West cluster diverged from the other clusters in the Early Pliocene;these remaining clusters diverged from one another in the Early Quaternary. Phylogenetic reconstructions based on SNPs and plastid data revealed substantial cyto-nuclear conflicts. Genetic clustering and D-statistics demonstrated rampant hybridization between the Central and North clusters,along the Bayankala Mountains, which form the geological barrier between the Central and North clusters. Species distribution modeling demonstrated the range of G. aristata expanded since the Last Interglacial period. Our findings provide genetic and morphological evidence of cryptic diversity in G. aristata, and identified rampant hybridization between genetic clusters along a geological barrier.These findings suggest that geological barriers and climatic fluctuations have an important role in triggering diversification as well as hybridization, indicating that cryptic diversity and hybridization are essential factors in biodiversity formation within the QTP region.

Variation in morphological traits in a recent hybrid zone between closely related Quercus liaotungensis and Q.mongolica(Fagaceae)

Aims Hybridization usually leads to gene introgression between related spe-cies in hybrid zones,associated with complex patterns of morpho-logical variation.Nevertheless,previous studies have tended to ignore the effects of geographic variation in hybridization rates on species taxonomy.This study aims to investigate the variation of morphologi-cal traits between two sympatric and taxonomically confused oak spe-cies,Quercus liaotungensis and Q.mongolica,and reveal the effects of hybridization rates on morphological traits and the taxonomic boundary.Methods We used seven microsatellite loci to evaluate species status and measured 15 morphological traits in 26 trees in the recent hybrid zone between Q.liaotungensis and Q.mongolica,and we char-acterized the differences between the two oak species and their hybrids for the investigated traits.Important Findingsmolecular analyses indicated that 74%of 78 sampled maternal trees were hybrids between Q.liaotungensis and Q.mongolica although the observed morphological variation suggested that they had remained distinct species.across all of the differentiated leaf and reproductive traits,the hybrids expressed patterns similar to Q.liaotungensis,which may suggest dominant expression of paren-tal characters.These results are consistent with our expectation that hybrids will be difficult to distinguish from parental species in a recent hybrid zone.

Discrimination of conspecifics from heterospecifics in a hybrid zone: Behavioral and chemical cues in ants

Species and nestmate recognition in social insects occurs mostly through cuticular hydrocarbons acting as chemical cues. These compounds generate a colony-specific odor profile depending on genetic and environmental factors. Species and nestmate recognition results in specific behavioral responses, regulating the level of aggression toward other individuals during an interaction. Although species discrimination and recognition cues have been poorly studied in the context of interspecific hybridization, such systems offer an opportunity to further investigate the influence of heritable and environmental factors on recognition. We explored the strength of discrimination in a hybrid zone between two ant species—Tetramorium immigrans and T. caespitum—by comparing cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and measuring intra- and interspecific worker aggression in both areas of sympatry and areas of allopatry among species. Species cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were well-differentiated and interspecific aggression was high, revealing highly discriminating species recognition cues. Hybrids’ cuticular hydrocarbon profiles consisted of a mixture of the parental bouquets, but also exhibited hybrid-specific patterns. Behavioral assays showed that T. immigrans is as aggressive toward hybrids as toward heterospecifics. Finally, aggression between heterospecific workers was lower when interacting individuals came from areas of sympatry among species than from areas of allopatry. Taken as a whole, these findings paint a particularly complex picture of the recognition system in T. immigrans, T. caespitum, and their hybrids, and highlight that hybrid zones afford a still underexplored opportunity for investigating recognition mechanisms and discrimination between species.

Does divergence from normal patterns of integration increase as chromosomal fusions increase in number?A test on a house mouse hybrid zone

Chromosomal evolution is widely considered an important driver of speciation because it can promote the establishment of reproductive barriers.Karyotypic reorganization is also expected to affect the mea n phe no type,as well as its developme nt and patter ns of phenotypic in tegrati on,through processes such as variation in genetic linkage between quantitative trait loci or between regulatory regions and their targets.Here we explore the relationship between chromosomal evolution and phenotypic integration by analyzing a well-known house mouse parapatric contact zone between a highly derived Robertsonian(Rb)race(2n=22)and populations with standard karyotype(2n=40).Populations with hybrid karyotypes are scattered throughout the hybrid zone connecting the two parental races.Using mandible shape data and geometric morphometries,we test the hypothesis that patter ns of in tegration progressively diverge from the"normal"integration pattern observed in the standard race as they accumulate Rb fusions.We find that the main pattern of integration observed between the posterior and anterior part of the mandible can be largely attributed to allometry.We find no support for a gradual increase in divergence from normal patterns of integration as fusions accumulate.Surprisingly,however,we find that the derived Rb race(2n=22)has a distinct allometric trajectory compared with the standard race.Our results suggest that either individual fusions disproportionately affect patterns of integration or that there are mechanisms which"purge"extreme variants in hybrids(e.g.reduced fitness of hybrid shape).

GA and PSO culled hybrid technique for economic dispatch problem with prohibited operating zones

This paper presents an efficient and reliable genetic algorithm (GA) based particle swarm optimization (PSO) tech- nique (hybrid GAPSO) for solving the economic dispatch (ED) problem in power systems. The non-linear characteristics of the generators, such as prohibited operating zones, ramp rate limits and non-smooth cost functions of the practical generator operation are considered. The proposed hybrid algorithm is demonstrated for three different systems and the performance is compared with the GA and PSO in terms of solution quality and computation efficiency. Comparison of results proved that the proposed algo- rithm can obtain higher quality solutions efficiently in ED problems. A comprehensive software package is developed using MATLAB.

Influences of Root Zone Restriction and Nitrogen Nutrition on Hybrid Wheat Growth

To study the physiological effects of small root zonel plants of a hybrid wheat variety (Triticum aestivnmL.cv. Meiyou 4) were grown in small pots (1 litre) or large pots (8 litre) with 1ow nitrogen (50 mg kg-1 soil)and high nitrogen (200 mg kg-1 soil). Restricting root zone decreased dry weight of plants at the stages ofstem elongation and flowering, compared to those of control plants grown in the large pots (P<0.01). Sprayingof 6-benzylaminopurine (50 μmol L-1) increased dry weight of plants and chlorop hyll concentration in leaves.Restriction of root zone decreased the concentrations of total nitrogen, chlorophyll and soluble protein in thefiag leaf and acce1erated senescence of the leaves. Supply of high nitrogen delayed senescence of the fiag leafThe results suggested that the shortage of nutrients, especially nitrogen deficiency was the primary reasonfor the decreased growth of plant in the treatment of root zone restriction.

Suitable growing zone and yield potential for late-maturity type of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrid rice in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China

Late-maturity type of Yongyou japonica/indica hybrids series （LMYS） have shown great yield potential, and are being widely planted in the lower reaches of Yangtze River, China. Knowledge about suitable growing zone and evaluation of yield advantage is of practicall importance for LMYS in this region. Fifteen LMYS, two high-yielding inbred japonica check varieties （CK-J） and two high-yielding hybrid indica check varieties （CK-I） were grown at Xinghua （119.57°E, 33.05°N） of Lixiahe region, Yangzhou （119.25°E, 32.30°N）of Yanjiang region, Changshu （120.46°E, 31.41°N）of Taihu Lake region, and Ningbo （121.31°E, 29.45°N） of Ningshao Plain in 2013 and 2014. The results showed that maturity dates of the 15 were later than the secure maturity date at Xinghua and 6, 14 and 15 LMYS were mature before the secure maturity date at Yangzhou, Changshu and Ningbo, respectively. One variety was identified as high-yielding variety among LMYS （HYYS） at Yangzhou, 8 HYYS in 201：3 and 9 HYYS in 2014 at Changshu, 9 HYYS at Ningbo. HYYS here referred to the variety among LMYS that was mature before the secure maturity date and had at least 8% higher grain yield than both CK-J and CK-I at each experimental site. Grain yield of HYYS at each experimental site was about 12.0 t ha-1 or higher, and was significantly higher than CK varieties. High yield of HYYS was mainly attributed to larger sink size due to more spikelets per panicle. Plant height of HYYS was about 140 cm, and was significantly higher than check varieties. Significant positive correlations were recorded between duration from heading to maturity stage and grain yield, and also between whole growth periods and grain yield. HYYS had obvious advantage over check varieties in biomass accumulation and leaf area duration from heading to maturity stage. Comprehensive consideration about safe matudty and yield performance of LMYS at each experimental site, Taihu Lake region （representative site Changshu） and Ningshao Plain （representative site Ningbo） were thought suitable growing zones for LMYS in the lower reaches of Yangtze River. The main factors underlying high yield ofHYYS were larger sink size, higher plant height, longer duration from heading to maturity stage and whole growth periods, and higher biomass accumulation and leaf area duration during grain filling stage.

多类型地震仪器联合采集技术在复杂区的应用与展望

近年来,随着油气勘探程度的不断深入,国内各探区开展了一系列针对复杂地表、复杂地下地质目标的技术攻关,而以“两宽一高”为特征的大道数高精度物探技术是重要手段之一。在实际勘探作业过程中,由于实时带道能力、复杂地表适应性差等方面的限制,传统有线地震仪器已无法满足大道数、高效率和高质量地震数据采集的需求。新近出现的无缆式地震仪器采用的自主采集、数据本地存储工作方式可不受实时采集道数的限制,且能够很好地解决复杂地表区的排列布设难度大的问题,但无法实现采集数据的现场实时下载和质控,数据交付相对滞后。为突破传统使用单一类型地震仪器带来的效率和质量瓶颈,本文给出基于卫星授时的多类型地震仪器联合采集技术的工作原理、作业流程和技术关键点,并以渤海湾盆地冀中坳陷探区的某项目为例阐述该勘探作业新方式的技术优势和应用效果。最后,结合地震勘探需求对多类型地震仪器联合采集技术的应用前景进行了讨论和总结。

基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件的特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护研究

将保护装置安装在T区两侧,基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件,提出一种特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护方法。分析特高压三端混合直流输电系统整流侧、T区以及线路末端逆变侧三端边界频率特性,发现T区边界对故障电流暂态信号中低频分量有一定的衰减作用、整流侧边界和线路末端逆变侧边界对故障电流暂态信号高频分量有明显衰减作用。利用小波分解,根据T区两侧线路暂态电流中低频能量差判断故障方向,并提出故障方向判据。当T区左侧发生故障时,利用线路L1末端所检测到的高频暂态电流能量与低频暂态电流能量的比值来判别整流侧区内、外故障;当T区右侧发生故障时,利用线路L2首端所检测到的高频暂态电流能量与低频暂态电流能量的比值来判别线路末端逆变侧区内、外故障;T区发生故障时,判定为线路区外故障。给出基于T区中低频衰减特性构成方向元件的特高压三端混合直流输电线路单端方向保护方案,最后在PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台搭建昆柳龙特高压三端混合直流输电系统模型并对所提保护方法进行验证,仿真表明该文所提保护方法能实现特高压三端混合直流输电线路全线速动保护。

基于混合相位的多平面全息显示

在计算全息术中,基于层析法实现多平面全息显示是最常用的方法之一。针对层析法中多个平面之间存在串扰的问题,本文结合随机相位和二次相位的优点,提出了一种基于混合相位的多平面全息显示方法。首先,选择合适的权重因子生成混合相位代替随机相位作为初始相位。利用迭代傅里叶变换算法进行迭代后,将获得的每个子全息图与具有不同重建距离的菲涅尔波带片叠加,接着将每个全息图以复振幅叠加,获取相位后得到纯相位全息图,从而将分层图像重构于指定的平面上。利用硅基液晶空间光调制器搭建多平面全息显示系统开展了相关的光学实验。实验结果表明,与基于随机相位的方法相比,本文方法提高了结构相似性参数(最高可达4.6%),减弱了多个全息重构平面之间的串扰,提高了多平面全息显示的再现质量。

移动式固体氧化物燃料电池系统集成技术研究现状与进展

固体氧化物燃料电池(Solid Oxide Fuel Cell,SOFC)是一种能量转换装置,可以通过电化学反应将燃料中的化学能直接转换为电能。目前,SOFC大多被视为固定式发电技术,然而因其具有燃料灵活性、高效率和高能量密度等特点,在移动式发电领域如辅助动力、无人机动力、远程电源等也具有广阔应用前景。与固定式SOFC应用相比,移动式SOFC研究进展起步相对较晚,技术较不完善。移动式SOFC系统通常包括电堆、重整器、供气装置、尾燃器、换热器和储能组件等核心组件。开发SOFC移动系统需要考虑系统的鲁棒性、易用性以及发电能力等,而移动式SOFC系统部件相对较复杂,这些部件的耦合匹配特性又会显著影响系统的紧凑性、启动特性及体积/质量功率密度。从热特性、启动策略及高功率密度混合动力系统集成等方面对国内外移动式SOFC系统集成技术的研究进展进行综述。最后,基于对现有研究成果的总结提出了未来移动式SOFC系统集成中存在的挑战,及在材料与工艺的改进、新型启动策略和混合系统设计与优化等方面的发展方向。

福建两系杂交稻制种安全高产的精细气候适宜性区划

利用福建省67个国家气象观测站1971-2020年气象资料以及地理信息资料、两系杂交稻制种基地调查资料,构建了两系杂交稻制种育性转换敏感期气候风险模型与风险等级指标、扬花授粉期天气综合危害指数模型与等级指标两个安全期气候区划指标,选择不育系育性转换起点温度23℃开展研究,基于两系杂交稻制种气候适宜性分区等级标准,采用多层复合方法,开展基于GIS的福建省两系杂交稻制种安全高产精细气候适宜性区划。结果表明:育性敏感期安排在7月上旬-下旬、7月中旬-8月上旬,扬花授粉期安排在8月上旬-中旬,适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔300m以下的区域,次适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔300-500m的区域;育性敏感期安排在7月下旬-8月中旬、8月上旬-下旬,扬花授粉期8月下旬-9月上旬,适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔400m以下的区域,次适宜区分布在福建北部、西南部等县市海拔400-500m的区域;育性敏感期安排在7月上旬-8月下旬,扬花授粉期安排在8月上旬-9月上旬,低适宜区分布在海拔500-1000m的区域,不适宜区分布在海拔1000m以上区域。

草地贪夜蛾迁飞气象预报方法探索及应用

为了准确预报害虫的迁飞轨迹,将天气预报技术应用于迁飞性害虫的预测预报,基于天气预报平台,利用欧洲中心中短期气象数值预报产品以及大气环流形势及低层风动力对草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)的迁飞路径、迁入时间(包括首见日及高峰日)、落区等进行预报,并基于2021年草地贪夜蛾迁飞的2次典型预报案,分析2021年草地贪夜蛾春季北迁至湖北(首见日)以及秋季南迁回湖北(高峰日)的典型天气过程以及迁飞层气象要素场,运用HYSPLIT轨迹模型模拟迁飞后向轨迹,再利用草地贪夜蛾田间监测数据、测报灯监测数据以及迁飞轨迹对预报结论进行验证。结果显示,2次典型预报案例的预报结论与草地贪夜蛾田间监测数据及测报灯监测数据以及轨迹模拟的情景吻合度较好,草地贪夜蛾迁入时间、落区及路径预报基本正确。研究表明,将天气预报技术应用于迁飞性害虫的预报具有实际可行性。

Genomic insights into hybridization in a localized region of sympatry between pewee sister species(Contopus sordidulus × C. virens) and their chromosomal patterns of differentiation

Background: The Great Plains of the United States includes a large number of hybrid and contact zones between bird species. The amount of gene flow between sister species in these zones ranges from very rare hybridization events to widespread and prevalent introgression. Some of these avian systems have been studied extensively, while others have been indeterminate of whether hybridization exists in areas of sympatry. Using genomic-level approaches allows investigation of genomic patterns of hybridization and gene flow between species—or lack thereof.Methods: We investigated a narrow zone of sympatry in Nebraska, USA between pewee species(Contopus sordidulus and C. virens), for which no hybridization has been confirmed. We used thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms to identify potential hybridization and investigate genomic patterns of differentiation between these two species.Results: We found evidence of multiple hybrid individuals in the contact zone. Little genomic variation was fixed between species, but a large proportion had differentiated allele frequencies between species. There was a positive relationship between genetic differentiation and chromosome size.Conclusions: We provided the first conclusive evidence of hybridization between C. sordidulus and C. virens, in a region where secondary contact likely occurred due to human disturbance and habitat modification. The genomic patterns of differentiation affirm that these species split in the relatively recent past. Finally, the relationship of chromosome size and genetic differentiation may have resulted from differential rates of chromosomal recombination in songbirds and genetic differentiation between species largely due to genetic drift(possibly in concert with selection).

面向低碳园区供需平衡的混杂负荷系统聚合和控制模型构建

随着“双碳”目标的持续推进,园区系统的低碳转型受到了广泛关注。低碳园区具备高比例的清洁能源,其间歇性和波动性问题给园区的安全稳定运行带来了挑战,传统增加储能设备的手段成本高且灵活性低。为此,该文提出了利用园区内丰富的可调节负荷资源,经过有效的聚合管控充分挖掘负荷调节潜力,提供功率转移容量以实现园区自身供需平衡。以园区内各种可调负荷组成的聚合系统为控制对象,针对负荷物理参数的异质混杂特性,提出包括设备嵌入控制、异质聚合控制、系统辨识控制以及混杂协同控制的分层控制算法,由设备嵌入控制自底而上形成稳定可控的异质集群,从混杂协同控制自上而下控制大量混杂负荷输出稳定收敛响应。在系统辨识控制层,构建基于径向基函数神经网络的系统参数辨识模型,辨识异质集群的聚合参数,从而构建稳定可控的异质聚合模型,能够适用于不同负荷种类的异质集群,具有通用性。在混杂协同控制层,构建异质集群协同管控模型,随机选取容量合适的集群参与清洁能源消纳。最后,通过提供清洁能源出力跟踪服务验证了方法的有效性。仿真结果表明,在该文的异质聚合模型下负荷聚合数量提高了11.2%,表明了该文的异质聚合方法能够有效提升负荷的聚合数量。此外,该文混杂负荷分层控制算法的跟踪误差在0.02%以内,验证了该文算法的准确性。

海南两系杂交稻制种关键发育期气候风险区划

为了对海南两系杂交稻制种关键发育期进行精细化气候风险区划,对海南两系杂交稻制种产业区域布局提供指导,利用2006—2020年海南岛南部8个市县144个区域气象站的资料,在数据质量控制的基础上,根据两系杂交稻制种的气候风险等级指标,制定海南岛两系杂交稻制种关键发育期气候风险区划。结果表明,不育临界温度22℃时,两系杂交稻制种综合气候低风险区分布于昌江、东方、乐东、三亚、保亭、陵水和万宁;不育临界温度23℃时,两系杂交稻制种综合气候低风险区分布于东方、乐东、三亚、保亭和陵水大部分地区;不育临界温度23.5℃时,两系杂交稻制种综合气候低风险区分布于乐东、三亚和陵水大部分地区;不育临界温度24℃时,两系杂交稻制种综合气候低风险区分布于乐东、三亚和陵水沿海地区。所构建的气候风险区划可为海南两系杂交稻制种种植规划提供有效借鉴,对南繁扩种具有一定的指导意义。

斜拉-悬索协作体系桥过渡区斜拉索和吊索布置形式研究

针对斜拉-悬索协作体系桥过渡区斜拉索和吊索共用梁上锚点的传统布置时易出现端吊索疲劳、边跨主梁恒活载弯矩大等问题,提出过渡区斜拉索和吊索纵向交错的新型布置形式。以某主跨1488 m的公铁两用斜拉-悬索协作体系桥为背景,分析过渡区斜拉索和吊索采用传统布置形式与新型布置形式时主梁竖向位移、斜拉索索力、吊索索力、刚度过渡匀顺性、主梁与桥塔活载弯矩等方面的差异。结果表明:新型布置形式对结构竖向刚度的影响较小,但显著改善了斜拉索和吊索的受力状态,提高了承载效率,且解决了端吊索的疲劳问题,改善了主梁的匀顺性,减小了主梁和桥塔的活载弯矩。

基于固有模态能量熵的多端混合直流线路方向暂态保护研究

特高压多端混合直流输电线路首端整流侧边界、线路末端逆变侧边界不对称,T区边界不明显,线路保护故障区间的准确判别是目前亟需解决的重要问题。该文以昆柳龙特高压三端混合直流输电系统为研究对象,将保护元件安装于T区左右两侧,提出一种基于固有模态能量熵的多端混合直流线路方向暂态保护方法。论文分析特高压多端混合直流输电线路首端整流侧边界、线路末端逆变侧边界频率特性。根据T区两侧保护元件检测到的故障电流暂态能量的正负特性,提出T区左右两侧故障方向判据。利用互补集合经验模态分解(complementaryensembleempiricalmode decomposition,CEEMD)对故障暂态电流进行不同尺度分解,根据固有模态能量熵提出线路首端整流侧及线路末端逆变侧区内、外故障判据,解决了提取单一信号频带检测故障的局限性。分析和仿真结果表明,该保护方案仅利用T区左右两侧的保护元件就能实现特高压多端混合直流输电线路全线速动保护,且具有较好的耐受过渡电阻能力。