Covalent Bond Based Android Malware Detection Using Permission and System Call Pairs

The prevalence of smartphones is deeply embedded in modern society,impacting various aspects of our lives.Their versatility and functionalities have fundamentally changed how we communicate,work,seek entertainment,and access information.Among the many smartphones available,those operating on the Android platform dominate,being the most widely used type.This widespread adoption of the Android OS has significantly contributed to increased malware attacks targeting the Android ecosystem in recent years.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop new methods for detecting Android malware.The literature contains numerous works related to Android malware detection.As far as our understanding extends,we are the first ones to identify dangerous combinations of permissions and system calls to uncover malicious behavior in Android applications.We introduce a novel methodology that pairs permissions and system calls to distinguish between benign and malicious samples.This approach combines the advantages of static and dynamic analysis,offering a more comprehensive understanding of an application’s behavior.We establish covalent bonds between permissions and system calls to assess their combined impact.We introduce a novel technique to determine these pairs’Covalent Bond Strength Score.Each pair is assigned two scores,one for malicious behavior and another for benign behavior.These scores serve as the basis for classifying applications as benign or malicious.By correlating permissions with system calls,the study enables a detailed examination of how an app utilizes its requested permissions,aiding in differentiating legitimate and potentially harmful actions.This comprehensive analysis provides a robust framework for Android malware detection,marking a significant contribution to the field.The results of our experiments demonstrate a remarkable overall accuracy of 97.5%,surpassing various state-of-the-art detection techniques proposed in the current literature.

Hybrid Analysis Approach for Stochastic Response of Offshore Jacket Platforms

The dynamic response of offshore platforms is more serious in hostile sea environment than in shallow sea. In this paper, a hybrid solution combined with analytical and numerical method is proposed to compute the stochastic response of fixed offshore platforms to random waves, considering wave-structure interaction and non-linear drag force. The simulation program includes two steps: the first step is the eigenanalysis aspects associated the structure and the second step is response estimation based on spectral equations. The eigenanalysis could be done through conventional finite element method conveniently and its natural frequency and mode shapes obtained. In the second part of the process, the solution of the offshore structural response is obtained by iteration of a series of coupled spectral equations. Considering the third-order term in the drag force, the evaluation of the three-fold convolution should be demanded for nonlinear stochastic response analysis. To demonstrate this method, a numerical analysis is carried out for both linear and non-linear platform motions. The final response spectra have the typical two peaks in agreement with reality, indicating that the hybrid method is effective and can be applied to offshore engineering.

A Learning Model to Detect Android C&C Applications Using Hybrid Analysis

Smartphone devices particularly Android devices are in use by billions of people everywhere in the world.Similarly,this increasing rate attracts mobile botnet attacks which is a network of interconnected nodes operated through the command and control(C&C)method to expand malicious activities.At present,mobile botnet attacks launched the Distributed denial of services(DDoS)that causes to steal of sensitive data,remote access,and spam generation,etc.Consequently,various approaches are defined in the literature to detect mobile botnet attacks using static or dynamic analysis.In this paper,a novel hybrid model,the combination of static and dynamic methods that relies on machine learning to detect android botnet applications is proposed.Furthermore,results are evaluated using machine learning classifiers.The Random Forest(RF)classifier outperform as compared to other ML techniques i.e.,Naïve Bayes(NB),Support Vector Machine(SVM),and Simple Logistic(SL).Our proposed framework achieved 97.48%accuracy in the detection of botnet applications.Finally,some future research directions are highlighted regarding botnet attacks detection for the entire community.

Analysis of Charge-Exchange Spectrum during Lower Hybrid Current Drive on HT-7 Tokamak

A perpendicular neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is used on HT-7 tokamak experiment to provide the measurements of neutral particle flux and ion temperature. The measured results were compared with calculated data by Monte-carlo method for ohmic heating. In lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments, the ion heating of LHCD was identified. The chargeexchange neutral particle flux enhanced was observed. The energy spectrum clearly showed a high-energy ions tail. The bulk ion temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 keV after the onset of LHCD. Efficient ion heating of 1 eV. kW-1 was obtained.

INCREMENTAL ANALYSIS FOR NONLINEAR RUBBER-LIKE MATERIALS BY HYBRID STRESS FINITE ELEMENT

In this paper, on the basis of the incremental Reissner variational principle.a nonlinear finite element analysis has been accomplished and a formulation of hybrid stress element has been presented for incompressible Mooney rubber-like materials. The corrected terms of the non-equilibrium force and the incompressibility deviation are considered in the formulation. The computed values of numerical example agree very closely with the exact solution.

Free amino acid (FAA) analysis of phloem sap in hybrid rice Shanyou 63 and its parents

Hyhrid rice has greatly contributed to rice production inChina. But concurrently a dramatic upsurge of rice plant-hopper occurred, particularly for the whitebacked plant-hopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera. It has become animportant economic insect pest of hybrid rice, although ithad only been a minor herbivore of rice before nation-wideexploitation of hybrid rice.

Isozyme analysis on progenes of somatic hybrids of Oryza sativa L.and O.officinalis

Some wild species of Oryza possess agronomi-cally useful traits such as disease/insect resis-tance and salt tolerance.However,the use ofwild Oryza species for rice improvement hasbeen hampered by the sexual incompatibility orsterility of hybrids obtained by conventionalmethods.We have used protoplast fusion as amethod to incorporate useful trait of wild O-ryza species into cultivated rice and~ obtainedsomatic hybrid plants between O.sativa and

Investigation of Android Malware with Machine Learning Classifiers using Enhanced PCA Algorithm

Android devices are popularly available in the commercial market at different price levels for various levels of customers.The Android stack is more vulnerable compared to other platforms because of its open-source nature.There are many android malware detection techniques available to exploit the source code andfind associated components during execution time.To obtain a better result we create a hybrid technique merging static and dynamic processes.In this paper,in thefirst part,we have proposed a technique to check for correlation between features and classify using a supervised learning approach to avoid Mul-ticollinearity problem is one of the drawbacks in the existing system.In the proposed work,a novel PCA(Principal Component Analysis)based feature reduction technique is implemented with conditional dependency features by gathering the functionalities of the application which adds novelty for the given approach.The Android Sensitive Permission is one major key point to be considered while detecting malware.We select vulnerable columns based on features like sensitive permissions,application program interface calls,services requested through the kernel,and the relationship between the variables henceforth build the model using machine learning classifiers and identify whether the given application is malicious or benign.Thefinal goal of this paper is to check benchmarking datasets collected from various repositories like virus share,Github,and the Canadian Institute of cyber security,compare with models ensuring zero-day exploits can be monitored and detected with better accuracy rate.

Male Parent Plays More Important Role in Heat Tolerance in Three-Line Hybrid Rice

Ten F1 combinations with their male and female parents were employed to evaluate their heat tolerance during the flowering and early grain filling stages. The rice plants were subjected to heat stress（39 °C–43 °C） for 1–15 d during flowering. Based on the heat stress index, heat tolerance was only observed in the F1 combinations H2（K22A × R207）, H3（Bobai A × R207） and H4（Bobai A × Minghui 63）, whereas the others received above 0.5000 of heat stress index. Both parents of the tolerant combination（heat-tolerant × heat-tolerant） possessed heat tolerance, whereas the susceptible combinations were crossed by heat-tolerant（sterile lines） × heat-susceptible（restorer lines）, heat-susceptible × heat-tolerant, or heat-susceptible × heat-susceptible parents. This result indicated that heat tolerance in rice was controlled by recessive genes. Thus, both parents should possess high temperature tolerance to develop heat-tolerant F1 combinations. Furthermore, the heat stress index of F1 combinations was significantly correlated with the heat stress index of restorer lines but not with the heat stress index of maintainer lines. This result suggested that male parents play a more important role in heat-tolerant combinations than female parents. Therefore, the heat susceptibility of the hybrid rice in China is mainly due to the wide application of low-heat-tolerant restorer lines with high yield in three-line hybrid rice breeding.

Band gap structure analysis of phononic crystal rods with hybrid shunted piezoelectric patches

The band gap structures by arranging hybrid shunted piezoelectric materialswith resistance inductive （RL） circuit and negative impedance converter （NIC） closely and at in- tervals are presented. The theoretical model is built using transfer matrix method. Then the MATLAB computing language is utilized to simulate the band gap structures. Meanwhile, the effects of the resistance, inductance and capacitance on the local resonant gap are studied. By comparing different combinations of resistance, inductance and capacitance as well as different arrangement of circuits, a 13 kHz band gap is reached under the effect of arranging hybrid pe- riodic shunted piezoelectric patches at intervals and the stability of the system is also analyzed. It is proved that utilizing hybrid shunted piezoelectric patches would have a clear impact on the band gap structure of phononic crystal rods. Moreover, the band gap would be clearly enlarged by arranging hybrid piezoelectric patches at intervals.

Cost of non-renewable energy in production of wood pellets in China

Assessing the extent to which all bio-fuels that are claimed to be renewable are in fact renewable is essential because producing such renewable fuels itself requires some amount of non-renewable energy （NE） and materials. Using hybrid life cycle analysis （LCA）--from raw material collection to delivery of pellets to end users--the energy cost of wood pellet production in China was estimated at 1.35 J/J, of which only 0.09 J was derived from NE, indicating that only 0.09 J of NE is required to deliver 1 J of renewable energy into society and showing that the process is truly renewable. Most of the NE was consumed during the conversion process （46.21%） and delivery of pellets to end users （40.69%）, during which electricity and diesel are the two major forms of NE used, respectively. Sensitivity analysis showed that the distance over which the pellets are transported affects the cost of NE significantly. Therefore the location of the terminal market and the site where wood resources are available are crucial to saving diesel.

Synthesis and antimycobacterial screening of new N-(4-(5-aryl-3-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)phenyl)-4-amide derivatives

This article demonstrates the synthesis, characterization and the study of in vitro antitubercular activities of twenty four new N-（4-（5-aryl-3-（5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl）-1H-pyrazol-1-yl）phenyl）-4-amide derivatives（8a–x）. The antitubercular activity of the compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv（MTB） revealed that 2-chloro-N-（4-（5-（4-chlorophenyl）-3-（5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl）-1H-pyrazol-1-yl）phenyl）benzamide（8n） is the most promising lead molecule with a MIC of1.56 mg/m L, while the corresponding unsubstituted benzamide derivative（8o） is the next most active molecule with a MIC of 3.13 mg/m L. Interestingly, the pyrazole intermediate 5b containing chlorophenyl and N-acylcarbohydrazide substituents also showed significant activity（MIC = 3.13 mg/m L）. Further, the active molecules did not show toxicity against a normal NIH 3T3 cell line, signifying their suitability for further drug development.

Boron Oxide Glasses and Nanocomposites: Synthetic, Structural and Statistical Approach

Three different precursors of boron-aqua and glycerol solutions of boric acid and ethanol solution of trimethyl borate were used for the preparation of organic–inorganic advanced materials. The films and bulk materials samples were heat treated at 100, 400, 800？C for 2 h. The hybrid samples were stable and transparent until 100？C. The further increase of temperature to 400？C led to destruction of samples, and at 800？C they were molten. The structural changes during the pyrolysis were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction. Details of surface morphology were observed by scanning electron microscopy. The obtained BO_3 and BO_4 groups were identified in the molten materials after pyrolysis. The quantities and order of borate structural units as well as residual carbon in the networks depended on boron precursor type. PVA/PEG/B_2O_3 hybrid materials were proved to be appropriate precursors for synthesizing borate and carboborate glass and carbon/borate glass nanocomposites. To access the impact of the experimental conditions on the structural changes of the nanocomposites, cluster analysis of the IR-spectral data was used as a classification method.

EVALUATION OF HFAM ON A FLOW OVER A BACKWARD－FACING STEP

A numerical solution for steady incompressible fluid flow over a two-dimensional backward-facing step for laminar condition was developed using a Hybrid Finite Analysis Method (HFAM). Attention is focused on obtaining accurate solution. The result of HFAM on the above problem is compared with other numerical solutions and experimental data to evaluate its numerical accuracy. It is concluded that some of the serious discrepancies that have occurred between prediction and observation at a large Reynolds number condition, and attributed in earlier studies to the inadequacy of two-dimensional model, had been due to the inaccuracy of the solution.

Adapting Nanotech Research as Nano-Micro Hybrids Approach Biological Complexity,A Review

Today＇s emergence of nano-micro hybrid structures with almost biological complexity is of fundamental interest. Our ability to adapt intelligently to the challenges has ramifications all the way from fundamentally changing research itself, over applications critical to future survival, to posing globally existential dangers. Touching on specific issues such as how complexity relates to the catalytic prowess of multi-metal compounds, we discuss the increasingly urgent issues in nanotechnology also very generally and guided by the motto ＇Bio Is Nature＇s Nanotech＇. Technology belongs to macro-evolution; for example integration with artificial intelligence （AI） is inevitable. Darwinian adaptation manifests as integration of complexity, and awareness of this helps in developing adaptable research methods that can find use across a wide range of research. The second half of this work reviews a diverse range of projects which all benefited from ＇playful＇ programming aimed at dealing with complexity. The main purpose of reviewing them is to show how such projects benefit from and fit in with the general, philosophical approach, proving the relevance of the ＇big picture＇ where it is usually disregarded.