Deep seabed mining:Frontiers in engineering geology and environment

Ocean mining activities have been ongoing for nearly 70 years,making great contributions to industrialization.Given the increasing demand for energy,along with the restructuring of the energy supply catalyzed by efforts to achieve a low-carbon economy,deep seabed mining will play an important role in addressing energy-and resource-related problems in the future.However,deep seabed mining remains in the exploratory stage,with many challenges presented by the high-pressure,low-temperature,and complex geologic and hydrodynamic environments in deep-sea mining areas,which are inaccessible to human activities.Thus,considerable efforts are required to ensure sustainable,economic,reliable,and safe deep seabed mining.This study reviews the latest advances in marine engineering geology and the environment related to deep-sea min-ing activities,presents a bibliometric analysis of the development of ocean mineral resources since the 1950s,summarizes the development,theory,and issues related to techniques for the three stages of ocean mining(i.e.,exploration,extraction,and closure),and discusses the engineering geology environment,geological disasters,in-situ monitoring techniques,envi-ronmental protection requirements,and environmental effects in detail.Finally,this paper gives some key conclusions and future perspectives to provide insights for subsequent studies and commercial mining operations.

Unraveling the hydraulic properties of loess for landslide prediction:A study on variations in loess landslides in Lanzhou,Dingxi,and Tianshui,China

Loess has distinctive characteristics,leading to frequent landslide disasters and posing serious threats to the lives and properties of local re sidents.The involvement of water repre sents a critical factor in inducing loess landslides.This study focuses on three neighboring cities sequentially situated on the Loess Plateau along the direction of aeolian deposition of loess,namely Lanzhou,Dingxi,and Tianshui,which are densely populated and prone to landslide disasters.The variations in hydraulic properties,including water retention capacity and permeability,are investigated through Soil Water Characteristic Curve(SWCC)test and hydraulic conductivity test.The experimental findings revealed that Tianshui loess exhibited the highest water retention capacity,followed by Dingxi loess,while Lanzhou loess demonstrated the lowest water retention capacity.Contrastingly,the results for the saturated permeability coefficient were found to be the opposite:Tianshui loess showed the lowest permeability,whereas Lanzhou loess displayed the highest permeability.These results are supported and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM)observation.In addition,the water retention capacity is mathematically expressed using the van Genuchten model and extended to predict unsaturated hydraulic properties of loess.The experimental results exhibit a strong accordance with one another and align with the regional distribution patterns of disasters.

Forecasting and Decision-Making of Systematic Theories for Engineering Geology in Environmental Geoscience

The paper discusses the problems of engineering geology in environmental geoscience from several aspects. For natural sciences and social sciences, it deduces essential theory from logistic cycle model, logic mapping and Verhulst model. It had been discovered that these aspects are equal. However, these were the studies of normal effects. We must establish mathematical model to check from contrary course for gray forecasting and decision-making and answer several questions satisfactorily.

Microbial community composition and environmental response characteristics of typical brackish groundwater in the North China Plain

To reveal the microbial community composition of regional shallow porous brackish groundwater and its response characteristics to groundwater environment,the first and second aquifers in Taocheng District,Hengshui City were selected,and 10 groundwater source samples were collected for hydrochemical analysis and microbial 16S RNA gene V4-V5 regional sequencing.The results showed that the shallow brackish groundwater in the study area is weakly alkaline and has high ion content.The hydrochemical types are SO_(4)·Cl-Na·Mg type and HCO3·Cl-Na·Mg type as a whole.The spatial zonation of the abundance and diversity of groundwater microorganisms is obvious.The number of endemic bacteria in groundwater from upstream,midstream to downstream is 11,135 and 22 respectively,with a total of 22 bacteria.Proteobacteria is the most dominant in groundwater level(38.82%-86.88%),and there are obvious differences in different sections.At the genus level,the main dominant species in each group and sample are Pseudomonas and Hydrogenophaga.In terms of composition difference,Pseudohongiella,Pseudorhodobacter and Limnohabitans are the representatives of UR,MR and LR.On the whole,the composition of flora in groundwater in the study area is sensitive and closely related to hydrochemical processes.Species abundance is affected by alkaline and high salinity environmental indicators,while species diversity is related to depth and dissolved oxygen in weak reduction environment.

甘肃省白银市四龙镇-北湾镇耕地区土壤重金属现状及生态风险评价

【研究目的】甘肃省白银地区矿业发达,矿山开采导致土壤重金属污染严重,掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护具有重要意义。【研究方法】以甘肃省白银地区四龙镇—北湾镇耕地区表层土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法四种方法对区内表层土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)污染进行了分析和评价。【研究结果】单因子指数法统计结果显示研究区土壤污染主要为Cd、As的污染,单因子指数PCd显示89.21%的土壤为一等清洁,8.63%为二等轻微污染,0.72%为三等轻度污染,1.44%为四等中度污染。单因子指数P_(As)显示94.24%为土壤为一等清洁,5.04%为二等轻微污染,0.72%四等中度污染。内梅罗综合指数P_(z)介于0.339~2.869,均值为0.603;Pz显示85.61%的土壤为清洁,7.91%为轻微污染,5.04%为轻度污染,1.44%为中度污染。地积累指数法结果显示研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级,以Cd、Hg、As、Pb污染为主。潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,研究区污染以Cd、Hg污染为主;Cd潜在生态风险最大,10.07%属于中潜在风险,5.04%属于较高潜在风险,1.44%属于很高潜在风险;潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80,表明该地区土壤总体处于中等危害程度。四种方法评价结果总体一致,即研究区以Cd、As、Hg污染为主,应加强监测。【结论】以黄河为界对调查区进行分区研究,结果显示北岸灌淤土区(B区)污染最为严重,与东大沟河交界位置污染程度最高,水体及底泥样品重金属分析结果也证实东大沟河污染也较为明显,进一步证实了研究区北部主要受白银矿山东大沟河流域污染为主,而黄河南岸土壤相对清洁,但也受到不同程度的影响。近些年,随着引黄灌溉及矿山环境治理等措施,土壤污染有所缓解,但土壤中累积的重金属需要长时间的自然降解或迁移,对高风险区仍应加强监测及治理。

土壤重金属对地下水的危害评价方法研究——以吉林省珲春盆地为例

【研究目的】土壤中不断富集的重金属对地下水产生潜在危害,但以往研究缺少定量评价土壤重金属对地下水危害度的方法。【研究方法】本文以地下水循环和固液平衡理论相结合,构建了简便易用的土壤重金属进入地下水的通量模型,在评价地下水环境容量的基础上,创新提出了土壤重金属对地下水危害评价方法。【研究结果】以珲春盆地为例进行了应用,结果表明:研究区土壤重金属进入地下水通量从大到小依次为Zn、Cu、As、Pb、Cd、Ni、Hg,大部分地区地下水重金属(As、Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cd)在10年内达不到环境容量限值,大部分乡镇土壤重金属对地下水的危害等级在中度及以下级别。【结论】通过该评价方法能够简单快捷的定量计算土壤重金属进入地下水的通量,判定地下水重金属剩余容量,评价土壤重金属对地下水的危害状况,为相关部门开展土壤及地下水的环境保护提供支撑,为相关学者开展类似研究提供借鉴。

辽宁省锦州市北镇农业区土壤重金属分布特征、生态风险评价及源解析

【研究目的】查明辽宁省锦州市北镇农业区重金属分布特征,可以为当地特色农业开发、全域旅游和土壤重金属污染管控提供科学依据。【研究方法】本文通过地质调查查明成土母质,采集表层土壤样品,以元素含量分布特征、富集程度为基础,开展土壤环境质量评价,利用地累积指数法进行重金属污染程度评价,Hakanson生态风险指数法识别研究区潜在生态风险程度,并通过Pearson相关性分析和聚类分析,定量分析不同重金属的主要来源。【研究结果】北镇农业区土壤中Cr和Pb的均值低于辽宁省辽河流域背景值,表层土壤重金属富集程度由大到小排序为Hg>As>Cd>Pb>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni。研究区土壤质量总体良好,在超标样品中Cd、Cu和Zn含量超过风险筛选值的占比分别为45.56%、29.11%和11.47%,占总超标数的86.12%;As和Cd为轻度污染状态,大部分土壤样品的重金属为无—轻度的污染状态,仅Hg元素个别采样点位为强—极强污染。单指标潜在生态风险由高到低排序为:Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Cr>Zn,土壤潜在生态风险综合指数RI分布范围为29.7~2358.16,平均值为141.9,以低度风险为主,其次中度风险。相关性分析和聚类分析结果表明,Ni、Cr、As、Pb主要受母岩自然风化影响,Cu、Zn、Cd、Hg受农业生产、工业生产、交通运输,甚至建筑活动等多种来源影响。【结论】农用物质的不合理施用、大气沉降、工业生产、生活垃圾和煤炭燃烧等产生的物质在土壤中富集可能对研究区生态环境质量造成污染风险,未来需要加强对Hg、Cd、Cu和Zn元素在不同地块中富集趋势监测和研究。

Design and Sizing of an Ecological Wastewater Treatment System in a School Environment: A Case Study of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 School

The primary objective of this study was to design and size a sustainable sanitation solution for the Ndiebene Gandiol 1 school located in the eponymous commune in northern Senegal. Field investigations led to the collection of wastewater samples. Their analysis revealed specific pollutant loads, including loads of BOD5 3.6966 kgO2/day and COD of 12.8775 kgO2/day, which were central to the design phase. Following a rigorous assessment of the existing sanitation infrastructure, constructed wetland (CWs) emerged as the most appropriate ecological solution. This system, valued for its ability to effectively remove contaminants, was tailored to the specific needs of the site. Consequently, the final design of the filter extends over 217.16 m2, divided into two cells of 108.58 m2 each, with dimensions of 12.77 m in length and 8.5 m in width. The depth of the filtering medium is approximately 0.60 m, meeting the standards while ensuring maximized purification. Typha, an indigenous and prolific plant known for its purification abilities, was selected as the filtering agent. Concurrently, non-crushed gravel was chosen for its proven filtration capacity. This study is the result of a combination of scientific rigor and design expertise. It provides a holistic view of sanitation for Ndiebene Gandiol. The technical specifications and dimensions of the constructed wetland filter embody an approach that marries indepth analysis and practical application, all aimed at delivering an effective and long-lasting solution to the local sanitation challenges. By integrating precise scientific data with sanitation design expertise, this study delivers a holistic solution for Ndiebene Gandiol. The detailed dimensions and specifications of the constructed wetland filter reflect a methodology that combines meticulous analysis with practical adaptation, aiming to provide an effective and sustainable response to the challenges of rural and school sanitation in the northern region of Senegal.

Ecological Wastewater Treatment System in a School Environment Using a Horizontal Flow Biological Reactor: The Case of Typha

The overarching goal of this study is to offer an effective and sustainable solution to the challenges of sanitation in rural and school settings in the northern region of Senegal. The study explores a wastewater treatment approach based on phytoremediation, with a particular focus on the use of horizontally-flowing reed bed filters. Furthermore, it aims to adapt and optimize these systems for the specific needs of Senegal, focusing on wastewater in school environments. Thus, we constructed a horizontally-flowing reed bed filter, planted with Typha, at the Ndiébène Gandiol school in Senegal. We will investigate the efficiency of wastewater treatment by this horizontally-flowing reed bed filter, emphasizing the role of the plant used: Typha. The filter is described in detail, specifying its dimensions, its composition of flint gravel, and the choice of plants, namely Typha. The experimental protocol is detailed, describing the sampling at the entrance and exit of the filter to evaluate water quality. The parameters analyzed include Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand over 5 days (BOD5), suspended solids, ammonium, nitrates, phosphates, pH, conductivity, and fecal coliforms. The results indicate a significant improvement in water quality after treatment. COD, BOD5, suspended solids, and fecal coliforms are greatly reduced, thus demonstrating the efficacy of the Typha filter. However, nitrate concentrations remain relatively stable, suggesting room for improvement in their elimination. A perspective of reuse of the treated water is considered, showing that the effluents from the planted filter meet Senegalese and international standards for irrigation. The findings suggest that these waters could be used for a variety of crops, thereby reducing the pressure on freshwater resources. In conclusion, the Typha-based filtration system shows promising results for improving water quality in this region of Senegal. However, adjustments are necessary for more effective nitrate removal. This study paves the way for sustainable use of treated wastewater for irrigation, thus contributing to food security and the preservation of water resources.

Ecological Wastewater Treatment System Using a Horizontal Flow Biological Reactor: The Case of Vetiver

Confronted with the challenge of wastewater management, particularly in the school environment of Senegal, our study set out to achieve multiple objectives. Following field surveys, laboratory analyses of wastewater samples were carried out, revealing a significant pollutant load. In the community of Gandiol, near Saint-Louis (Senegal), the school of Ndiebene Gandiol 1 faces significant sanitation challenges. Our study aimed to address this issue by using a constructed filter composed of two filtering bed cells measuring 12 × 8.5 m, preceded by a septic tank. We particularly focused on the influence of Vetiver;a plant chosen for its purification potential. Our analyses showed remarkable efficiency of the filter. Elimination rates reached 95% for 5-Day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), 91% for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and 92% for SS, far exceeding the Senegalese standards set at 50 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and 40 mg/L, respectively. Furthermore, the concentration of fecal coliforms was reduced to 176 FCU/100mL, well below the Senegalese threshold of 2000 FCU/100mL and close to the World Health Organization’s (WHO) recommendation of 1000 FCU/100mL. However, despite these promising results, some parameters, particularly the concentration of certain pollutants, approached the thresholds defined by European legislation. For example, for Suspended Solids (SS), the post-treatment level of 3 mg/L was well below the Senegalese standard but edged close to the European minimum of 10 mg/L. In conclusion, the Vetiver filter demonstrated a remarkable ability to treat school wastewater, offering high pollutant elimination percentages. These results suggest significant opportunities for the reuse of treated water, potentially in areas such as irrigation, though some adjustments may be necessary to meet the strictest standards such as those of the European union (EU).

“一核三赋能”自然资源行业复合型技能人才培养路径探索——以湖南工程职业技术学院环境地质工程专业群建设为例

在国家深化现代职业教育体系建设改革,产教融合持续推进的背景下,湖南工程职业技术学院环境地质工程专业教研室对自然资源行业复合型技能人才培养路径展开了研究,提出了以科研创新为核心力量,聚焦湖南自然资源产业绿色发展需求,构建了“一核三赋能”人才培养路径模型,实践证明具有较好的推广应用效果。

不同计算方法的云南省永胜县下院滑坡堰塞湖沉积物粒度特征及沉积历史重建

【研究目的】滑坡堰塞湖灾害链危害大,其形成和溃决过程中受外部环境影响大。堰塞湖沉积物作为记录堰塞湖全生命周期的载体,具有良好的古环境和古气候的指示作用,采用最佳解析方法对其进行解读有利于还原沉积物沉积过程及古环境变化。【研究方法】通过野外调查采样和室内测试分析相结合的方法,采用图解法和矩值法计算下堰塞湖沉积物统计特征的适用性问题,使用粒度结合有机质含量重建了堰塞湖沉积环境,对堰塞湖的发育过程进行还原。【研究结果】(1)堰塞湖沉积物分层沉积层序明显,为单一水动力湖相沉积,物质来源稳定,非多物源沉积;综合有机质变化和沉积物粒度特征表明该堰塞湖经历了4次干湿周期,在气候和地质活动的共同作用下至少存在3次堵塞−泄流沉积过程,估算沉积旋回周期约为1750 a,该沉积历史应该是断裂带长期复杂的活动和气候−河流共同作用的结果。(2)通过对图解法和矩值法进行统计分析结果表明,两种方法对平均粒径和分选系数评价一致性较好,可直接进行替换;矩值法对偏态峰态整体计算结果比图解法大,在使用中需进行线性代换。由于描述参照值的缘故,偏态、峰态在统计表述中有所偏差。【结论】堰塞湖沉积物粒径分布简单,采用图解法计算更加便捷,与其他沉积物对比方便,推荐图解法对堰塞湖沉积进行计算。研究结果表明粒度特征对堰塞湖的沉积和溃决过程以及滑坡灾害对气候变化的响应研究具有一定的指导意义,可为还原该堰塞湖沉积期的古环境和古气候提供理论依据。

重金属在土壤中的分布、危害与治理技术研究进展

[研究目的]镉、铬、铅、铜和锌等重金属是土壤中的典型有害元素。过量摄入会抑制生物体的生长发育。其在土壤中的分布受到原生地质背景成因和矿山开采、大气沉降、农药化肥施用等人类活动的共同影响。然而不同土地利用类型下的土壤重金属分布特征需要进一步识别,对于典型重金属的危害作用需要进行全面的梳理揭示。[研究方法]通过查阅国内外的相关研究内容,整理典型重金属在土壤中的空间分布特征,总结土壤重金属对生物的影响作用,综述人体暴露在高重金属的土壤与地下水环境下的毒性作用及针对性修复方式。[研究结果]受到原生地质背景和人类活动下土地利用类型的共同影响,造成土壤中重金属含量具有显著的空间变异性。重金属在土壤中的含量不同,会对土壤微生物与植物的生长发育产生不同效应的影响,并通过食物链进入人体累积。当重金属在人体中累积含量过高,会对人体的不同器官和系统产生破坏,威胁人体健康。[结论]应该综合考虑污染方式、污染水平和暴露途径等因素进行针对性的重金属治理。

华北平原制革废水Cr(Ⅲ)和氨氮在典型包气带中迁移模拟与污染评价

【研究目的】为探明制革废水中的特征污染物铬(Cr(Ⅲ))和氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)–N)在华北平原典型包气带中的迁移规律,评价其可能产生的土壤与地下水污染风险。【研究方法】采用土柱淋滤实验研究Cr(Ⅲ)和NH_(4)^(+)–N在典型粉土中的吸附和迁移转化特征,结合Hydrus–1D建立的包气带水流和溶质运移模型,模拟预测深0.5 m渗坑中NH_(4)^(+)–N连续入渗状态下通过包气带到达地下水面所需时间及不同深度浓度值的变化规律。【研究结果】在3 cm定水头,污染液(Cr(Ⅲ)20 mg/L,NH_(4)^(+)–N 250 mg/L)定浓度持续淋滤120 d的情况下,Cr(Ⅲ)在土柱中垂向迁移距离小于10 cm,且以残渣态(73%)为主,未检出Cr(VI)。NH_(4)^(+)–N则迁移能力较强,淋滤40 d后即穿透50 cm厚粉土柱。在高含盐量(电导率为10.08 ms/cm)条件下,NH_(4)^(+)–N在粉土中的迁移主要受吸附作用控制,土-水分配系数为25.87 L/kg,未发生硝化作用。持续淋滤150 d时NH_(4)^(+)–N迁移至地下水面(18 m埋深)且浓度超过Ⅲ类地下水质量标准(0.5 mg/L,GB/T 14848–2017),在223 d完全穿透包气带,严重污染地下水。【结论】高含盐量制革废水中Cr(Ⅲ)在粉土中迁移能力较弱,且难以被氧化为Cr(Ⅵ),对地下水威胁较小。NH_(4)^(+)–N则随水流快速迁移至地下水面,严重威胁地下水安全。

基于时序InSAR的山西大同煤田地表沉降监测及时空演化分析

[研究目的]地表沉降作为煤矿区主要地质灾害之一,严重影响矿区经济的可持续发展和居民生活的安全稳定,有必要对矿区地表沉降进行快速高效监测。[研究方法]以大同煤田为例,研究使用2020年1月至2021年12月共31景Sentinel-1影像,基于短基线集干涉测量技术(Small Baseline Subset InSAR,SBAS-InSAR)对地表沉降进行监测,获取大同煤田地表沉降速率和累计沉降结果,使用已有研究成果对监测结果的可靠性进行验证,并分析了沉降时空变化特征及演化规律。[研究结果]大同煤田地表沉降分布较广,沉降总体分布趋势与大同煤田矿业管理数据的走向基本一致。沉降主要分布在大同市南郊区西部以及大同市、怀仁市和山阴县交界处,其中塔山矿地表沉降最为严重,大同煤田最大沉降速率为168.03 mm/a,最大累计沉降量为329.12 mm,总沉降面积为270.95 km^(2),且沉降呈现持续增加的趋势,根据沉降趋势推断需要较长时间才能实现地表活动相对稳定。[结论]研究表明了InSAR技术在煤矿区沉降监测的可行性,可为矿产资源管理工作提供新的技术方法,研究结果可为煤矿区沉降监测预警、灾害防控及资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。

甘肃省白银市四龙镇—北湾镇耕地区土壤重金属现状及生态风险评价

[研究目的]甘肃省白银地区矿业发达,矿山开采导致土壤重金属污染严重,掌握当地土壤重金属污染及对生态健康风险的影响对生态环境保护具有重要意义。[研究方法]以甘肃省白银地区四龙镇一北湾镇耕地区表层土壤为研究对象,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法、地积累指数法和潜在生态危害指数法四种方法对区内表层土壤重金属(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)污染进行了分析和评价。[研究结果]单因子指数法统计结果显示研究区土壤污染主要为Cd、As的污染,单因子指数PCd显示89.21%的土壤为一等清洁,8.63%为二等轻微污染,0.72%为三等轻度污染,1.44%为四等中度污染。单因子指数PAs显示94.24%为土壤为一等清洁,5.04%为二等轻微污染,0.72%四等中度污染。内梅罗综合指数Pz介于0.339~2.869,均值为0.603;Pz显示85.61%的土壤为清洁,7.91%为轻微污染,5.04%为轻度污染,1.44%为中度污染。地积累指数法结果显示研究区土壤重金属污染总体处于0~2级,以Cd、Hg、As、Pb污染为主。潜在生态危害指数法结果显示,研究区污染以Cd、Hg污染为主;Cd潜在生态风险最大,10.07%属于中潜在风险,5.04%属于较高潜在风险,1.44%属于很高潜在风险;潜在生态危害综合指数平均值为211.80,表明该地区土壤总体处于中等危害程度。四种方法评价结果总体一致,即研究区以Cd、As、Hg污染为主,应加强监测。[结论]以黄河为界对调查区进行分区研究,结果显示北岸灌淤土区(B区)污染最为严重,与东大沟河交界位置污染程度最高,水体及底泥样品重金属分析结果也证实东大沟河污染也较为明显,进一步证实了研究区北部主要受白银矿山东大沟河流域污染为主,而黄河南岸土壤相对清洁,但也受到不同程度的影响。近些年,随着引黄灌溉及矿山环境治理等措施,土壤污染有所缓解,但土壤中累积的重金属需要长时间的自然降解或迁移,对高风险区仍应加强监测及治理。

砾岩致密油地质工程一体化井距优化——以玛131小井距立体开发示范区为例

玛湖砾岩致密油藏的开发存在着地层非均质性强,两向应力差大,天然裂缝不发育和物性差的问题,为了更经济有效的开发,在玛131井区首次开展了小井距立体开发现场试验,试验区整体采收率较高但经济效益并未达到预期,急需开展井距优化工作。本文采用地质工程一体化的思路和方法,建立了完整的立体井网井距优化流程,同时结合压裂参数和响应特征提出了一种多井多段条件下快速拟合压裂缝网模型的方法,主要包括:开展系统性油藏工程分析,基于精细地质和地质力学模型采用非常规裂缝模型进行复杂缝网模拟与拟合,耦合油藏数值模拟开展生产历史拟合,通过压裂数模一体化模拟完成了示范区井距优化并结合大范围井距矿场试验进行了验证。研究结果表明,解析缝长和模拟缝长结果可相互验证,百3段水平井裂缝相对较长,平均支撑半缝长70.1 m,平均水力裂缝高度24.6 m;百2段水平井裂缝相对较短且存在穿层效应,平均支撑半缝长61.1 m,平均水力裂缝高度28.3 m。在具备一定渗透性的地层条件下,两套开发层系的井距均可适当扩大至200~300 m,在确保较高采收率条件下提高单井产能和经济效益。本文优化验证后的井距范围可在同区块同层位进一步推广,所使用的立体井网井距优化流程可以被其他非常规油气藏类型所借鉴。

长江中下游地区流域生态资产价值评估——以新安江流域为例

【研究目的】生态资产评估有助于理清区域生态资源本底,为建立健全自然资源监管技术体系,实施生态补偿政策提供科学依据,对于推动生态产品价值实现具有重要意义。【研究方法】本文构建了生态资产价值评估的方法指标体系,通过集成土地利用、遥感影像、气象、地球化学以及社会经济等多源数据,开展生态资产存量、生态资产质量以及生态资产价值评估,并结合地理探测器探求生态系统服务价值的空间分异影响因素。【研究结果】2020年新安江流域生态资产质量等级以良、中为主,分别占比80.96%、10.25%;生态资产存量综合指数为0.77,湿地、森林与园地占主要位置;流域生态系统服务价值为1334.48亿元,森林资源与水资源价值占比最高,坡度、高程和年降水量为影响生态系统服务价值空间分异的主要驱动因子。【结论】新安江流域生态资产价值较高,森林与水资源是流域生态系统服务的主要载体,自然禀赋条件对其生态系统服务价值空间分异的影响程度大于社会经济因素。

餐厨垃圾好氧发酵产物对复垦土壤结构和水力特性的影响

淮南矿区复垦土壤存在土壤板结、透水性和保水性差等问题,严重影响了农业生产;此外,大量餐厨垃圾得不到有效处理,造成了环境破坏和资源浪费。研究以淮南潘一矿区复垦土壤为研究对象,向复垦土壤添加不同质量分数的餐厨垃圾好氧发酵产物(Fermentation Products of Kitchen Waste, FPKW),通过一维垂直入渗试验,测定各处理土壤体积质量、孔隙度、土壤入渗量、湿润锋及土壤水分特征曲线的变化,探究FPKW作为土壤改良剂,改良矿区复垦土壤结构组成以及土壤水力特性的可行性。研究结果显示,添加了不同质量分数的FPKW后,土壤体积质量降低2.26%~13.53%,土壤孔隙度增加16.16%~51.83%,土壤饱和含水量增加3.71%~3.76%,优化了土壤结构,提高了土壤的保水性;当FPKW添加的质量分数为5%时,土壤体积质量降低效果和孔隙度增大效果最佳,当质量分数为3%时入渗效果与饱和含水量最佳,因此在质量分数为5%时综合效果最佳。使用FPKW作为土壤改良剂,不仅能够有效改善矿区复垦土壤的结构和水力特性,还能促进餐厨垃圾的资源化利用,为矿区土壤的可持续管理和环境保护提供一个新的思路和方法。研究对于推动矿区土壤复垦和农业可持续发展具有重要意义。

氮同位素分馏机制、分析测试与示踪技术及其在生态环境中的应用

【研究目的】氮(N)是地球陆地生态系统中的关键营养元素,也是引起水体富营养化的污染元素之一。随着分析测试技术的不断提高,氮稳定同位素技术已经发展成为一种常用的研究方法和分析手段,在氮的生物地球化学循环、水体富营养化和地下水污染来源识别等方面广泛应用。【研究方法】本文查阅近年来国内外生态环境领域氮稳定同位素的相关文献,综述了氮同位素分馏机制、氮同位素分析技术以及氮同位素在生态环境中应用的研究现状。【研究结果】(1)氮同位素质谱分析技术与氮同位素示踪技术目前已经建立了成熟体系。(2)硝化作用与反硝化作用是土壤氮转化循环的主要机制,生物固氮实现氮的输入,而植物或微生物产生含氮气体或矿化作用是氮输出的主要途径,并伴随着不同程度的氮同位素分馏效应。(3)氮同位素可以用来测定土壤氮素周转速率、N2O排放途径与生物固氮量、指示大气氮沉降变化、探究植物与土壤的相互作用及确定植物对氮素的吸收利用、识别农作物产地与水体、大气的氮污染来源。【结论】未来应将研究重点放在提升氮循环过程中不确定性来源的定量检测能力,确定未被发现的氮输入、积累和损失途径,完善并发展生态系统氮循环模型。