Co-simulation of a quadruped robot's mechanical and hydraulic systems based on ADAMS and AMESim

In order to observe the change and fluctuation in flow and pressure of a hydraulic quadruped robot＇s hydraulic system when the robot walks on trot gait,a co-simulation method based on ADAMS and AMESim is proposed. Firstly,the change rule in each swing angle of the hydraulic quadruped robot＇s four legs is analyzed and converted to the displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder by calculating their geometric relationship.Secondly,the robot＇s dynamic model is built in ADAMS and its hydraulic and control system models are built in AMESim. The displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder in the hydraulic system is used as the driving function of the dynamics model in ADAMS,and the driving force of the dynamics model is used as the loads of the hydraulic system in AMESim. By introducing the PID closed-loop control in the control system,the co-simulation between hydraulic system and mechanical system is implemented. Finally,the curve of hydraulic cylinders＇ loads,flow and pressure are analyzed and the results show that they fluctuate highly in accordance with the real situation. The study provides data support for the development of a hydraulic quadruped robot＇s physical prototype.

Fuzzy adaptive PID control on hydraulic servo system of quadruped robot

Quadruped robot driven by high power density hydraulic device works in unstructured en- vironment. With variable load and various external disturbance, the hydraulic servo system has fea- tures such as nonlinear, time-varying parameters. Traditional control method has some limitation. In order to help the hydraulic servo system of the quadruped robot to adapt to harsh environments, and to obtain high control quality and control precision, an incremental fuzzy adaptive PID controller based on position feedback is designed to solve the related technical problems. Matlab/Simulink sim- ulation and experimental results show that the incremental fuzzy adaptive PID controller improves the dynamic performance of the system, enhances the respond speed and precision of the hydraulic ser- vo system, and has some theory significance and practical value.

High-Speed,High-Power Motor Design for a Four-Legged Robot Actuator Optimized using the Weighted Sum and Response Surface Methods

In this paper,a design is presented for a high-speed,high-power motor for a four-legged robot actuator that was optimized using the weighted sum method(WSM)based on the Taguchi method,and the response surface method(RSM).First,output torque,torque constant,torque ripple,and efficiency were selected as objective functions for the optimized design.The sampling method was implemented to use a mixed orthogonal array and the single response characteristics of each objective function were compared using the Taguchi method.Moreover,to consider the multi-response characteristic of the objective functions,WSM was applied.Second,the 2D finite element analysis result of the RSM was compared with that using the WSM.Finally,an experiment was carried out on the manufactured motor and the optimized model is presented here.

Hydraulic drive and control system of the cone collecting robot

This paper describes the basic structure and design and operation principle of the hydraulic drive and control system with two pumps and two circuits. The manipulator of the cone collecting robot designed is full driven by hydraulic, which has five freedoms. The computer and electrohydraulic proportion velocity regulating valve were installed to realize open loop serve control for reducing cost and easy application.

Joint space compliance control for a hydraulic quadruped robot based on force feedback

In the realm of quadruped robot locomotion,compliance control is imperative to handle impacts when negotiating unstructured terrains.At the same time,kinematic tracking accuracy should be guaranteed during locomotion.To meet both demands,ajoint space compliance controller is designed,so that compliance can be achieved in stance phase while position tracking performance can be guaranteed in swing phase.Unlike operational space compliance control,the joint space compliance control method is easy to implement and does not depend on robot dynamics.As for each joint actuator,high performance force control is of great importance for compliance design.Therefore,a nonlinear PI controller based on feedback linearization is proposed for the hydraulic actuator force control.Besides,an outer position loop（compliance loop）is closed for each joint.Experiments are carried out to verify the force controller and compliance of the hydraulic actuator.The robot leg compliance is assessed by a virtual prototyping simulation.

Research on bionic quadruped robot based on hydraulic driver

A prototype of hydraulically powered quadruped robot is presented.The aim of the research is to develop a versatile robot platform which could travel fleetly in outdoor terrain with long time of endurance and high load carrying ability.The current version is 1.1m long and 0.48 m wide,and weights about 150 kg.Each leg has four rotational joints driven by hydraulic cylinders and one passive translational joint with spring.The torso carries the control system and the power system.A novel control algorithm is developed based on a Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum model and the principle of joint function separation.The robot can not only cross a 150 mm high obstacle in static gait and trot at 2.5km/h and lkm/h on the level-ground and 10°sloped-terrain respectively,but also automatically keep balanced under lateral disturbance.In this paper,the mechanical structure and control systems are also discussed.Simulations and experiments are carried out to validate the design and algorithms.

FORCE FEEDBACK MODEL OF ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC SERVO TELE-OPERATION ROBOT BASED ON VELOCITY CONTROL

The tele-operation robotic system which consists of an excavator as the construction robot, and two joysticks for operating the robot from a safe place are useful for performing restoration in damaged areas. In order to accomplish a precise task, the operator needs to feel a realistic sense of task force brought about from a feedback force between the fork glove of slave robot and unfamiliar environment. A novel force feedback model is proposed based on velocity control of cylinder to determine environment force acting on fork glove. Namely, the feedback force is formed by the error of displacement of joystick with velocity and driving force of piston, and the gain is calculated by the driving force and threshold of driving force of hydraulic cylinder. Moreover, the variable gain improved algorithm is developed to overcome the defect for grasping soft object. Experimental results for fork glove freedom of robotic system are provided to demonstrate the developed algorithm is available for grasping soft object.

Optimal Energy Efficiency Based High-speed Flying Control Method for Hydraulic Quadruped Robot

Herein,a control method based on the optimal energy efficiency of a hydraulic quadruped robot was proposed,which not only realizes the optimal energy efficiency of flying trot gait but also ensures the stability of high-speed movement.Concretely,the energy consumption per unit distance was adopted as the energy efficiency evaluation index based on the constant pressure oil supply characteristics of the hydraulic system,and the global optimization algorithm was adopted to solve the optimal parameters.Afterward,the gait parameters that affect the energy efficiency of quadruped were analyzed and the mapping relationship between each parameter and energy efficiency was captured,so as to select the optimum combination of energy efficiency parameters,which is significant to improve endurance capability.Furthermore,to ensure the stability of the high-speed flying trot gait motion of the hydraulic quadruped robot,the active compliance control strategy was employed.Lastly,the proposed method was successfully verified by simulations and experiments.The experimental results reveal that the flying trot gait of the hydraulic quadruped robot can be stably controlled at a speed of 2.2 m/s.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

Analysis on Static Pressure Bearing Seal Characteristics of Guide Sleeve of Electro-hydraulic Servo Cylinder

As a typical bionic walking robot, hydraulic quadruped robot has attracted much attention because of its high mobility, strong load capacity and steady motion. The electro-hydraulic servo cylinder, as its power actuator, requires low friction, good lateral load resistance and high speed motion. The electro-hydraulic servo cylinder hydrostatic bearing seal guide sleeve is taken as the research object in this paper. By using Fluent software to analyze and contrast the film characteristics of rectangular and I-shaped oil chamber of hydrostatic bearing seal guide sleeve, the relationship between piston rod moving speed, eccentricity, oil film carrying capacity, friction force and leakage volume, as well as the relationship between oil feed flow and oil film bearing capacity, friction force, inlet pressure and leakage volume were analyzed. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the static pressure bearing seal parameters.

数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人刚度特性研究

六自由度并联机器人采用数字液压缸驱动相比于采用电液伺服缸驱动,具有成本低、可靠性高、抗污能力强和结构简单等优点,为研究数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人刚度特性,首先建立数字液压缸的数学模型并推导出闭环刚度,然后基于全微分法建立六自由度并联机器人的误差传递模型,并结合数字液压缸的闭环刚度,推导出数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人的刚度矩阵,并分析了刚度矩阵的影响因素,建立AMESim仿真模型并进行仿真研究,揭示出并联机器人各自由度的刚度与正开口量、滚珠丝杠导程等系统固有参数以及与并联机器人位姿之间的关系,研究结果还表明,当并联机器人沿除升沉方向以外的其他方向运动时,升沉自由度和其他自由度之间存在耦合,且耦合刚度会随并联机器人位姿的变化而变化。该研究对数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人研制及应用有一定的理论价值和实际意义。

煤巷掘进工作面支护机器人的设计

目前煤矿巷道掘进支护过程中存在支护效率低、支护劳动强度大、安全风险系数高等问题,这些问题将影响巷道的支护和掘进速度,最终影响煤矿的开采效率。设计了七自由度掘进工作面液压支护机器人,该机器人与传统机器人不同,其大臂具有伸缩功能,各个关节均采用液压驱动,通过伸缩大臂到达不同的工作区域,而且该支护机器人可以安装在掘进工作面的支护平台上进行巷道支护。根据工况,计算各关节所需要的力矩,并对液压支护机器人进行运动学分析;为实现巷道的安全高效智能支护、掘进,提出了一种以机器人代替矿工的掘进支护施工新方案。

足式机器人腿部关节改进单神经网络PID控制算法研究

为了满足液压足式机器人在复杂环境中实现精确、快速的腿部关节控制需求,把单神经网络PID能够实时调节参数的优点运用到足式机器人液压机械腿关节的控制中,在单神经网络PID的基础上增加机械腿关节的位置和速度控制算法,形成改进单神经网络PID,实现了对神经元比例参数自调整、PID参数的自整定,能够较好地适应内、外参数的变化,增强了腿部关节的快速性、精确性。在Simulink中进行建模仿真以及在设计的以STM32为中央处理芯片的控制平台上进行实验测试,结果表明:改进单神经网络PID在足式液压机器人的腿部关节控制中具有响应速度快、超调量小、控制精度高、鲁棒性强等优点。

电液伺服系统多PID控制器参数整定优化

为了解决挖掘机器人动臂、斗杆和铲斗不同电液伺服系统中多个比例–积分–微分(PID)控制器参数优化的难题,提高挖掘机器人铲斗齿尖轨迹跟踪精度,采用改进的粒子群算法(PSO)对多PID控制器参数进行整定优化.首先,建立电液伺服系统的数学机理模型,在理论模型的基础上,采用递推最小二乘辨识法(RLS)得到实际的机理模型.其次,提出一种改进的PSO算法,采用非线性自适应惯性权重、引入异步变化策略、设计精英变异方法.接着,搭建仿真验证平台,跟踪正弦轨迹,比较传统Z-N参数整定方法、基本PSO算法和改进PSO算法的差别.最后,以挖掘机器人最常见的整平为代表工况,基于23 t挖掘机器人实验平台进行实验验证.实验结果表明,改进PSO算法的跟踪精度最高,与基本PSO算法相比,明显提高了轨迹跟踪精度.

液压四足机器人油源流量自适应控制研究

在保证机器人正常运行的前提下,为了控制方便,通常液压四足机器人的油源采用恒压恒流的供能方式,这将会导致机器人驱动功率远低于油源提供的功率,造成了严重的能源浪费。为了减小能量损失,提出变流量动态供油策略。介绍油源的变流量控制基本原理,通过负载预测得到各个液压缸速度大小,再结合阀控缸的数学模型推算出单腿在运动过程中实时供油流量需求,并建立仿真模型与机器人样机实验验证流量自适应控制的有效性。实验结果表明:利用油源流量自适应控制策略,液压四足机器人的节能效率相比恒流量供能系统提高了56.51%。

液压足式机器人关节驱动系统实验台研究

为测试液压足式机器人关节驱动系统的控制性能,实现对外负载力的精确模拟并研究高性能控制策略,设计液压足式机器人关节驱动系统实验台。介绍了关节驱动系统实验台的工作原理、机械结构、液压系统及测控系统;在MATLAB/Simulink平台中建立了关节驱动系统实验台仿真模型,通过仿真分析,验证了实验台的负载模拟能力及控制性能。研究结果表明,实验台能够实现负载力加载并实现精确控制,为后续液压足式机器人关节驱动系统的研究提供平台。

采煤机滚筒焊接用调心定位装置液压系统仿真研究

为解决自动焊接机器人系统在采煤机滚筒焊接过程中出现的滚筒姿态不确定的问题,设计一种调心定位装置对滚筒进行准确定位,此装置的研发是焊接机器人系统中的一项关键技术。其中,液压系统是装置稳定运行的关键,为了验证定位装置液压系统设计的可行性,利用Amesim仿真软件对其进行建模仿真,通过仿真分析,该液压系统的设计符合要求,具有一定的合理性与实用性。

基于RBF神经网络整定PID的电液比例系统位置控制研究

针对凿岩机械臂的电液比例系统位置控制精度问题,提出了一种基于径向基函数(RBF)神经网络整定PID的电液比例系统位置控制方法。首先,在AMESim中搭建了阀控非对称液压缸的电液比例系统简化模型,设置了各个模块的参数;然后,利用MATLAB/Simulink搭建了系统闭环控制模型,通过不断更新RBF网络模型并修正PID参数,实现了基于RBF神经网络整定PID的电液比例系统位置控制目的;结合AMESim搭建的电液比例系统模型和Simulink下搭建的控制器进行了联合仿真;最后,基于凿岩台车机械臂实验平台,进行了电液比例系统位置控制实验。仿真结果表明:在受到外部干扰的情况下,RBF神经网络整定PID控制系统能够在0.3 s内控制活塞杆重新运行至目标位置,平均响应时间为1.5 s,位置精度误差不超过5 mm。实验结果表明:与常规PID控制方法相比,RBF神经网络整定PID控制活塞杆位置精度误差降低了75%,位置精度误差在工程实际要求的10 mm范围以内,因此,RBF神经网络整定PID算法可以有效提高电液比例系统的位置控制精度,满足凿岩机械臂实际工作中对电液比例系统位置精度的控制要求。

基于线性扩张状态观测器的挖掘机电液系统滑模控制

无人驾驶挖掘机器人实际工作环境恶劣,为提高铲斗在负载扰动下的轨迹跟踪精度,建立了挖掘机电液系统非线性数学模型,设计了基于线性扩张状态观测器的滑模控制器(Sliding mode controller based on linear extended state observer,SMC-LESO)。根据铲斗油缸活塞杆位移信号,利用设计的线性扩张状态观测器对系统的速度、加速度及负载扰动和不确定因素进行估计,解决了系统参数难以测量的问题。在此基础上,设计了滑模控制器,并证明了该控制器的Lyapunov稳定性。为进一步验证该控制器的有效性,建立了挖掘机电液比例控制系统的联合仿真模型,并与PID控制器、滑模控制器的轨迹跟踪精度进行对比。仿真结果表明,该控制器可以有效抑制扰动,位移跟踪精度高、鲁棒性强。

基于PNN神经网络的凿岩台车电液控制系统故障诊断研究

针对凿岩台车电液控制系统故障诊断效率低的问题,该文提出一种结合故障树分析法和概率神经网络(probabilistic neural network,PNN)的故障诊断方法。首先,基于电液控制系统的结构和工作原理构建其故障树模型;然后通过对故障树模型进行定性分析,确定其最小割集和典型故障种类,以选取的典型故障种类的关键参数构建故障征兆矩阵,通过PNN神经网络对该矩阵进行训练和计算,实现对系统典型故障状态的自动识别。实验结果表明,该文方法的平均诊断时间为1.2 s,平均诊断准确率为80%,能够快速准确地定位系统故障,可满足凿岩台车电液控制系统故障诊断的工程实际需求。