Co-simulation of a quadruped robot's mechanical and hydraulic systems based on ADAMS and AMESim

In order to observe the change and fluctuation in flow and pressure of a hydraulic quadruped robot＇s hydraulic system when the robot walks on trot gait,a co-simulation method based on ADAMS and AMESim is proposed. Firstly,the change rule in each swing angle of the hydraulic quadruped robot＇s four legs is analyzed and converted to the displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder by calculating their geometric relationship.Secondly,the robot＇s dynamic model is built in ADAMS and its hydraulic and control system models are built in AMESim. The displacement change of the hydraulic cylinder in the hydraulic system is used as the driving function of the dynamics model in ADAMS,and the driving force of the dynamics model is used as the loads of the hydraulic system in AMESim. By introducing the PID closed-loop control in the control system,the co-simulation between hydraulic system and mechanical system is implemented. Finally,the curve of hydraulic cylinders＇ loads,flow and pressure are analyzed and the results show that they fluctuate highly in accordance with the real situation. The study provides data support for the development of a hydraulic quadruped robot＇s physical prototype.

Robust force tracking control via backstepping sliding mode control and virtual damping control for hydraulic quadruped robots

In order to improve the force tracking performance of hydraulic quadruped robots in uncertain and unstructured environments,an impedance-based adaptive reference trajectory generation scheme is used.Secondly,in order to improve the robustness to environmental changes and reduce the contact force errors caused by trajectory tracking errors,the backstepping sliding mode controller is combined with the adaptive reference trajectory generator.Finally,a virtual damping control based on velocity and pressure feedback is proposed to solve the problem of contact force disappearance and stall caused by sudden environmental change.The simulation results show that the proposed scheme has higher contact force tracking accuracy when the environment is unchanged;the contact force error can always be guaranteed within an acceptable range when the environment is reasonably changed;when the environment suddenly changes,the drive unit can move slowly until the robot re-contacts the environment.

Fuzzy adaptive PID control on hydraulic servo system of quadruped robot

Quadruped robot driven by high power density hydraulic device works in unstructured en- vironment. With variable load and various external disturbance, the hydraulic servo system has fea- tures such as nonlinear, time-varying parameters. Traditional control method has some limitation. In order to help the hydraulic servo system of the quadruped robot to adapt to harsh environments, and to obtain high control quality and control precision, an incremental fuzzy adaptive PID controller based on position feedback is designed to solve the related technical problems. Matlab/Simulink sim- ulation and experimental results show that the incremental fuzzy adaptive PID controller improves the dynamic performance of the system, enhances the respond speed and precision of the hydraulic ser- vo system, and has some theory significance and practical value.

High-Speed,High-Power Motor Design for a Four-Legged Robot Actuator Optimized using the Weighted Sum and Response Surface Methods

In this paper,a design is presented for a high-speed,high-power motor for a four-legged robot actuator that was optimized using the weighted sum method(WSM)based on the Taguchi method,and the response surface method(RSM).First,output torque,torque constant,torque ripple,and efficiency were selected as objective functions for the optimized design.The sampling method was implemented to use a mixed orthogonal array and the single response characteristics of each objective function were compared using the Taguchi method.Moreover,to consider the multi-response characteristic of the objective functions,WSM was applied.Second,the 2D finite element analysis result of the RSM was compared with that using the WSM.Finally,an experiment was carried out on the manufactured motor and the optimized model is presented here.

Hydraulic drive and control system of the cone collecting robot

This paper describes the basic structure and design and operation principle of the hydraulic drive and control system with two pumps and two circuits. The manipulator of the cone collecting robot designed is full driven by hydraulic, which has five freedoms. The computer and electrohydraulic proportion velocity regulating valve were installed to realize open loop serve control for reducing cost and easy application.

Joint space compliance control for a hydraulic quadruped robot based on force feedback

In the realm of quadruped robot locomotion,compliance control is imperative to handle impacts when negotiating unstructured terrains.At the same time,kinematic tracking accuracy should be guaranteed during locomotion.To meet both demands,ajoint space compliance controller is designed,so that compliance can be achieved in stance phase while position tracking performance can be guaranteed in swing phase.Unlike operational space compliance control,the joint space compliance control method is easy to implement and does not depend on robot dynamics.As for each joint actuator,high performance force control is of great importance for compliance design.Therefore,a nonlinear PI controller based on feedback linearization is proposed for the hydraulic actuator force control.Besides,an outer position loop（compliance loop）is closed for each joint.Experiments are carried out to verify the force controller and compliance of the hydraulic actuator.The robot leg compliance is assessed by a virtual prototyping simulation.

Research on bionic quadruped robot based on hydraulic driver

A prototype of hydraulically powered quadruped robot is presented. The aim of the research is to develop a versatile robot platform which could travel fleetly in outdoor terrain with long time of en- durance and high load carrying ability. The current version is 1. lm long and 0.48m wide, and weights about 150kg. Each leg has four rotational joints driven by hydraulic cylinders and one pas- sive translational joint with spring. The torso carries the control system and the power system. A no- vel control algorithm is developed based on a Spring-Loaded Inverted Pendulum model and the prin- ciple of joint function separation. The robot can not only cross a 150mm high obstacle in static gait and trot at 2.5km/h and l km/h on the level-ground and 10°sloped-terrain respectively, but also au- tomatically keep balanced under lateral disturbance. In this paper, the mechanical structure and control systems are also discussed. Simulations and experiments are carried out to validate the design and algorithms.

FORCE FEEDBACK MODEL OF ELECTRO-HYDRAULIC SERVO TELE-OPERATION ROBOT BASED ON VELOCITY CONTROL

The tele-operation robotic system which consists of an excavator as the construction robot, and two joysticks for operating the robot from a safe place are useful for performing restoration in damaged areas. In order to accomplish a precise task, the operator needs to feel a realistic sense of task force brought about from a feedback force between the fork glove of slave robot and unfamiliar environment. A novel force feedback model is proposed based on velocity control of cylinder to determine environment force acting on fork glove. Namely, the feedback force is formed by the error of displacement of joystick with velocity and driving force of piston, and the gain is calculated by the driving force and threshold of driving force of hydraulic cylinder. Moreover, the variable gain improved algorithm is developed to overcome the defect for grasping soft object. Experimental results for fork glove freedom of robotic system are provided to demonstrate the developed algorithm is available for grasping soft object.

Light weight design and integrated method for manufacturing hydraulic wheel-legged robots

Design and manufacturing play pivotal roles in hydraulic-driven robotic development.However,previous studies have emphasized mainly results and performance,often overlooking the specifics of the design and manufacturing process.This paper introduces a novel approach known as light weight design and integrated manufacturing(LD&IM)for hydraulic wheel-legged robots.The LD&IM method leverages topology optimization and generative design techniques to achieve a substantial 45%weight reduction,enhancing the robot’s dynamic motion capabilities.This innovative design method not only streamlines the design process but also upholds the crucial attributes of light weight construction and high strength essential for hydraulic wheel-legged robots.Furthermore,the integrated manufacturing method,incorporating selective laser melting(SLM)and high-precision subtractive manufacturing(SM)processes,expedites the fabrication of high-quality components.Using the LD&IM approach,a hydraulic-driven single wheel-legged robot,denoted as WLR-IV,has been successfully developed.This robot boasts low mass and inertia,high strength,and a simplified component structure.To assess its dynamic jumping capabilities,the control loop integrates a linear quadratic regulator(LQR)and zero dynamic-based controller,while trajectory planning uses the spring-loaded inverted pendulum(SLIP)model.Experimental jumping results confirm the WLR-IV single-legged robot’s exceptional dynamic performance,validating both the effectiveness of the LD&IM method and the rationale behind the control strategy.

Optimal Energy Efficiency Based High-speed Flying Control Method for Hydraulic Quadruped Robot

Herein,a control method based on the optimal energy efficiency of a hydraulic quadruped robot was proposed,which not only realizes the optimal energy efficiency of flying trot gait but also ensures the stability of high-speed movement.Concretely,the energy consumption per unit distance was adopted as the energy efficiency evaluation index based on the constant pressure oil supply characteristics of the hydraulic system,and the global optimization algorithm was adopted to solve the optimal parameters.Afterward,the gait parameters that affect the energy efficiency of quadruped were analyzed and the mapping relationship between each parameter and energy efficiency was captured,so as to select the optimum combination of energy efficiency parameters,which is significant to improve endurance capability.Furthermore,to ensure the stability of the high-speed flying trot gait motion of the hydraulic quadruped robot,the active compliance control strategy was employed.Lastly,the proposed method was successfully verified by simulations and experiments.The experimental results reveal that the flying trot gait of the hydraulic quadruped robot can be stably controlled at a speed of 2.2 m/s.

Force Control Compensation Method with Variable Load Stiffness and Damping of the Hydraulic Drive Unit Force Control System

Each joint of hydraulic drive quadruped robot is driven by the hydraulic drive unit（HDU）, and the contacting between the robot foot end and the ground is complex and variable, which increases the difficulty of force control inevitably. In the recent years, although many scholars researched some control methods such as disturbance rejection control, parameter self-adaptive control, impedance control and so on, to improve the force control performance of HDU, the robustness of the force control still needs improving. Therefore, how to simulate the complex and variable load characteristics of the environment structure and how to ensure HDU having excellent force control performance with the complex and variable load characteristics are key issues to be solved in this paper. The force control system mathematic model of HDU is established by the mechanism modeling method, and the theoretical models of a novel force control compensation method and a load characteristics simulation method under different environment structures are derived, considering the dynamic characteristics of the load stiffness and the load damping under different environment structures. Then, simulation effects of the variable load stiffness and load damping under the step and sinusoidal load force are analyzed experimentally on the HDU force control performance test platform, which provides the foundation for the force control compensation experiment research. In addition, the optimized PID control parameters are designed to make the HDU have better force control performance with suitable load stiffness and load damping, under which the force control compensation method is introduced, and the robustness of the force control system with several constant load characteristics and the variable load characteristics respectively are comparatively analyzed by experiment. The research results indicate that if the load characteristics are known, the force control compensation method presented in this paper has positive compensation effects on the load characteristics variation, i.e., this method decreases the effects of the load characteristics variation on the force control performance and enhances the force control system robustness with the constant PID parameters, thereby, the online PID parameters tuning control method which is complex needs not be adopted. All the above research provides theoretical and experimental foundation for the force control method of the quadruped robot joints with high robustness.

Analysis on Static Pressure Bearing Seal Characteristics of Guide Sleeve of Electro-hydraulic Servo Cylinder

As a typical bionic walking robot, hydraulic quadruped robot has attracted much attention because of its high mobility, strong load capacity and steady motion. The electro-hydraulic servo cylinder, as its power actuator, requires low friction, good lateral load resistance and high speed motion. The electro-hydraulic servo cylinder hydrostatic bearing seal guide sleeve is taken as the research object in this paper. By using Fluent software to analyze and contrast the film characteristics of rectangular and I-shaped oil chamber of hydrostatic bearing seal guide sleeve, the relationship between piston rod moving speed, eccentricity, oil film carrying capacity, friction force and leakage volume, as well as the relationship between oil feed flow and oil film bearing capacity, friction force, inlet pressure and leakage volume were analyzed. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the static pressure bearing seal parameters.

数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人刚度特性研究

六自由度并联机器人采用数字液压缸驱动相比于采用电液伺服缸驱动,具有成本低、可靠性高、抗污能力强和结构简单等优点,为研究数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人刚度特性,首先建立数字液压缸的数学模型并推导出闭环刚度,然后基于全微分法建立六自由度并联机器人的误差传递模型,并结合数字液压缸的闭环刚度,推导出数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人的刚度矩阵,并分析了刚度矩阵的影响因素,建立AMESim仿真模型并进行仿真研究,揭示出并联机器人各自由度的刚度与正开口量、滚珠丝杠导程等系统固有参数以及与并联机器人位姿之间的关系,研究结果还表明,当并联机器人沿除升沉方向以外的其他方向运动时,升沉自由度和其他自由度之间存在耦合,且耦合刚度会随并联机器人位姿的变化而变化。该研究对数字液压缸驱动的六自由度并联机器人研制及应用有一定的理论价值和实际意义。

护盾式临时支护机器人带压行驶液压控制系统研究

护盾式临时支护机器人是适应夹矸与片帮共存的大断面巷道智能掘进机器人系统的重要组成部分,其主要功能是为实现“掘支并行”作业提供安全可靠的工作空间。为加强护盾式临时支护机器人推移行驶过程中对围岩的安全稳定支护,根据护盾式临时支护机器人结构、工作环境与作业需求,建立其带压行驶的推移量与支护力数学模型及带压行驶动力学模型,设计了护盾式临时支护机器人带压行驶液压控制系统。该系统主要由支护液压系统、行驶液压系统组成:静态支护时,支护液压系统需时刻输出大于上盾体自身重力的支护力,行驶液压系统处于待机状态;带压行驶时,支护液压系统和行驶液压系统同时工作,在保证临时支护机器人“减压不离顶”的同时,与顶板时刻带压并稳步前移。提出了基于模糊PID的护盾式临时支护机器人带压行驶精准控制方法:通过集成在推移油缸上的位移传感器与液压回路中的压力传感器实时采集临时支护机器人的压力与位移信号,用于反映临时支护机器人带压行驶途中支护力和行驶位移的变化情况,并根据支护力和推移量的误差和误差率,利用模糊PID算法对支护力和推移量的控制参数进行修正,实现基于模糊PID算法的带压行驶可靠控制。仿真与实验结果均表明,模糊PID控制的效果优于传统PID控制,在模糊PID控制下,护盾式临时支护机器人推移行驶过程中的支护力相对误差小于1%,行驶位移误差小于2 mm,且支护力和推移量控制响应速度快,保证了推移行驶过程中对围岩的安全稳定支护。

管道封堵机器人控制特性响应分析与实验研究

为了提高管道封堵机器人在管道维抢修的效率与精度,设计了一种管道封堵机器人封堵液压控制系统,通过仿真分析,评估了该控制系统的响应特性.搭建了封堵液压控制实验装置,研究了封堵过程中橡胶筒轴向位移的变化,以及不同输出流量对封堵速度的影响.结果表明,所设计的液压控制系统能够确保机器人各个执行机构协调运作,避免相互干涉,液压缸的位移、流量及速度与理论设计值相符.当橡胶筒变形轴向位移达到61.55 mm时,控制系统能够实现10 MPa的油气压力封堵.液压系统流量对封堵速度影响显著,流量越大,封堵速度越快.

煤巷掘进工作面支护机器人的设计

目前煤矿巷道掘进支护过程中存在支护效率低、支护劳动强度大、安全风险系数高等问题,这些问题将影响巷道的支护和掘进速度,最终影响煤矿的开采效率。设计了七自由度掘进工作面液压支护机器人,该机器人与传统机器人不同,其大臂具有伸缩功能,各个关节均采用液压驱动,通过伸缩大臂到达不同的工作区域,而且该支护机器人可以安装在掘进工作面的支护平台上进行巷道支护。根据工况,计算各关节所需要的力矩,并对液压支护机器人进行运动学分析;为实现巷道的安全高效智能支护、掘进,提出了一种以机器人代替矿工的掘进支护施工新方案。

电液伺服系统多PID控制器参数整定优化

为了解决挖掘机器人动臂、斗杆和铲斗不同电液伺服系统中多个比例–积分–微分(PID)控制器参数优化的难题,提高挖掘机器人铲斗齿尖轨迹跟踪精度,采用改进的粒子群算法(PSO)对多PID控制器参数进行整定优化.首先,建立电液伺服系统的数学机理模型,在理论模型的基础上,采用递推最小二乘辨识法(RLS)得到实际的机理模型.其次,提出一种改进的PSO算法,采用非线性自适应惯性权重、引入异步变化策略、设计精英变异方法.接着,搭建仿真验证平台,跟踪正弦轨迹,比较传统Z-N参数整定方法、基本PSO算法和改进PSO算法的差别.最后,以挖掘机器人最常见的整平为代表工况,基于23 t挖掘机器人实验平台进行实验验证.实验结果表明,改进PSO算法的跟踪精度最高,与基本PSO算法相比,明显提高了轨迹跟踪精度.

足式机器人腿部关节改进单神经网络PID控制算法研究

为了满足液压足式机器人在复杂环境中实现精确、快速的腿部关节控制需求,把单神经网络PID能够实时调节参数的优点运用到足式机器人液压机械腿关节的控制中,在单神经网络PID的基础上增加机械腿关节的位置和速度控制算法,形成改进单神经网络PID,实现了对神经元比例参数自调整、PID参数的自整定,能够较好地适应内、外参数的变化,增强了腿部关节的快速性、精确性。在Simulink中进行建模仿真以及在设计的以STM32为中央处理芯片的控制平台上进行实验测试,结果表明:改进单神经网络PID在足式液压机器人的腿部关节控制中具有响应速度快、超调量小、控制精度高、鲁棒性强等优点。

基于自适应阻抗控制的大负载液压机械臂柔顺控制

针对大负载液压机械臂的柔顺作业问题,提出了一种自适应阻抗控制算法进行机械臂柔顺控制。算法根据六维力传感器测量的接触力信息和机械臂末端位置信息,对环境刚度和环境位置实时估计。根据环境刚度和环境位置的估计值,对机械臂的参考轨迹进行修正,实现自适应阻抗控制,以达到更佳的力控效果。开展了液压机械臂管道搬运实验,进行自适应控制算法性能验证。结果表明,相较于传统的阻抗控制算法,机械臂采用自适应阻抗控制算法能够获得更好的力控性和柔顺性。

液压四足机器人油源流量自适应控制研究

在保证机器人正常运行的前提下,为了控制方便,通常液压四足机器人的油源采用恒压恒流的供能方式,这将会导致机器人驱动功率远低于油源提供的功率,造成了严重的能源浪费。为了减小能量损失,提出变流量动态供油策略。介绍油源的变流量控制基本原理,通过负载预测得到各个液压缸速度大小,再结合阀控缸的数学模型推算出单腿在运动过程中实时供油流量需求,并建立仿真模型与机器人样机实验验证流量自适应控制的有效性。实验结果表明:利用油源流量自适应控制策略,液压四足机器人的节能效率相比恒流量供能系统提高了56.51%。