Hydraulic mechanism and time-dependent characteristics of loose gully deposits failure induced by rainfall

Failure of loose gully deposits under the effect of rainfall contributes to the potential risk of debris flow.In the past decades, researches on hydraulic mechanism and time-dependent characteristics of loosedeposits failure are frequently reported, however adequate measures for reducing debris flow are notavailable practically. In this context, a time-dependent model was established to determine the changesof water table of loose deposits using hydraulic and topographic theories. In addition, the variation inwater table with elapsed time was analyzed. The formulas for calculating hydrodynamic and hydrostaticpressures on each strip and block unit of deposit were proposed, and the slope stability and failure risk ofthe loose deposits were assessed based on the time-dependent hydraulic characteristics of establishedmodel. Finally, the failure mechanism of deposits based on infinite slope theory was illustrated, with anexample, to calculate sliding force, anti-sliding force and residual sliding force applied to each slice. Theresults indicate that failure of gully deposits under the effect of rainfall is the result of continuouslyincreasing hydraulic pressure and water table. The time-dependent characteristics of loose depositfailure are determined by the factors of hydraulic properties, drainage area of interest, rainfall pattern,rainfall duration and intensity.

Design of hydraulic shift mechanism for AMT vehicles based on the collaborative optimization method

Based on multidisciplinary design optimization（MDO）,a new design method is put forward for hydraulic shift mechanism of heavy-duty vehicle automated manual transmission（AMT）.Taking a shift cylinder for example,the collaborative optimization（CO）method for the design problem of a cylinder is devided into one system level design optimization problem and three subsystem level design optimization problems.The system level is an economic model and the subsystem level is mechanics,kinetics,and a reliability model.Application of the multidisciplinary design optimization software iSIGHT modeling and solving,optimal solution of the shifting cylinder CO model is obtained.According to the optimal solution,oil cylinders are machined out and installed on the gearbox of an AMT system for the bench cycle shift test.The results show that the output force and action speed of the optimized mechanism can meet requirements very well.In addition,the optimized mechanism has a better performance compared to the structure of the traditional design method,which indicates that the CO method can optimize the design of hydraulic transmission.

Performances of a Balanced Hydraulic Motor with Planetary Gear Train

The current research of a balanced hydraulic motor focuses on the characteristics of the motor with three planet gears.References of a balanced hydraulic motor with more than three planet gears are hardly found.In order to study the characteristics of a balanced hydraulic motor with planetary gear train that includes more than three planet gears,on the basis of analysis of the structure and working principle of a balanced hydraulic motor with planetary gear train,formulas are deduced for calculating the hydraulic motor＇s primary performance indexes such as displacement,unit volume displacement,flowrate fluctuation ratio,etc.Influences of the gears＇ tooth number on displacement and flowrate characteristics are analyzed.In order to guarantee the reliability of sealing capability,the necessary conditions that tooth number of the sun gear and the planet gears should satisfy are discussed.Selecting large unit volume displacement and small displacement fluctuation ratio as designing objectives,a balanced hydraulic motor with three planet gears and a common gear motor are designed under the conditions of same displacement,tooth addendum coefficien and clearance coefficient.By comparing the unit volume displacement and fluctuation ratio of the two motors,it can be seen that the balanced hydraulic motor with planetary gear train has the advantages of smaller fluctuation ratio and larger unit volume displacement.The results provide theoretical basis for choosing gear tooth-number of this kind of hydraulic motor.

The Method for Measuring Circuit Breaker Overtravel Based on Operating Process

At present,the over-travel measurement of high-voltage circuit breakers is mostly carried out after the circuit breaker is completely dismantled.The disadvantage of the measurement is that it can only be measured when the circuit breaker is dismantled and overhauled.Defects are diagnosed in a timely and effective manner,and capacity causes hidden troubles.This article provides a method for direct measurement of hydraulic circuit breakers without any adjustment or disassembly.The method can be carried out in various situations such as minor repairs,major repairs,and temporary repairs,which not only saves time,but also improves accuracy of the measurement.The comparative test results show that this method can be simple,convenient and effective to measure the overtravel of the high-voltage circuit breaker.

The Effects of Farmyard Manure and Mulch on Soil Physical Properties in a Reclaimed Coastal Tidal Flat Salt-Affected Soil

Careful soil management is important for the soil quality and productivity improvement of the reclaimed coastal tidal flat saline land in northern Jiangsu Province, China. Farmyard manure（ FYM） and mulch applications, which affect soil characteristics and plant significantly, are regard as an effective pattern of saline land improvement. As a conventional management in the study region, FYM and mulch are used for the amendment of the new reclaimed tidal flat regularly, but little is known about their effects on soil physical properties functioning. A study was conducted on a typical coastal tidal flat saline land, which was reclaimed in 2005, to evaluate the effects of FYM, polyethylene film mulch（PM）, straw mulch（SM）, FYM combined with PM（FYM＋PM）, FYM combined with SM（FYM＋SM）, on soil hydraulic properties and soil mechanical impedance. CK represented conventional cultivation in study area without FYM and mulch application and served as a control. The experiment, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications, was studied in Huanghaiyuan Farm, which specialized in the agricultural utilization for coastal tidal flat. Result showed that capillary water holding capacity（CHC）, saturated water content（SWC）, saturated hydraulic conductivity（ Ks） and bulk density（BD）, cone index（CI） were affected significantly by the FYM and mulch application, especially in the 0-10 cm soil layer. FYM and mulch management increased CHC, SWC and Ks over all soil depth in the order of FYM＋SM〉FYM＋PM〉FYM〉SM〉PM〉CK. With the contrary sequence, BD and CI decreased significantly; however, FYM and mulch application affected BD and CI only in the upper soil layers. CHC, SWC and Ks decreased significantly with the increasing of soil depth, BD and CI, and a significant liner equation was found between CHC, SWC, Ks and BD, CI. With the highest CHC（38.15%）, SWC（39.55%）, Ks（6.00 mm h-1） and the lowest BD（1.26 g cm-3） and CI（2.71 MPa）, the combined management of FYM and SM was recommend to be an effective method for the melioration of reclaimed coastal tidal flat saline soil.