In situ strength profiles along two adjacent vertical drillholes from digitalization of hydraulic rotary drilling

Drilling speed and associated analyses from factual field data of hydraulic rotary drilling have not been fully utilized.The paper provides the reference and comparison for the utilization of drilling information from two adjacent vertical drillholes that were formed with the same hydraulic rotary drilling machine and bit.The analysis of original factual data is presented to obtain the constant drilling speed during net drilling process.According to the factual data along two adjacent drillholes,the digitalization results respectively include 461 linear zones and 210 linear zones with their constant drilling speeds and associated drilling parameters.The digitalization results can accurately present the spatial distributions and interface boundaries of drilled geomaterials and the results are consistent with the paralleled site loggings.The weighted average drilling speeds from 2.335 m/min to 0.044 m/min represent 13 types of drilled geomaterials from soils to hard rocks.The quantitative relation between drilling speed and strength property is provided.The digitalization results can statistically profile the basic strength quality grades of III to VI from soils to hard rocks.The thickness distributions of four strength quality grades are presented for each individual type of geomaterials along two drillholes.In total,50.2%of geomaterials from drillhole A are grade IV and 57.4%of geomaterials from drillhole B are grade III.The digitalization results can offer an accurate and cost-effective tool to quantitatively describe the spatial distribution and in situ strength profile of drilled geomaterials in the current drilling projects.

Digital monitoring of rotary-percussive drilling with down-the-hole hammer for profiling weathered granitic ground

Rock and geotechnical engineering investigations involve drilling holes in ground with or without retrieving soil and rock samples to construct the subsurface ground profile.On the basis of an actual soil nailing drilling for a slope stability project in Hong Kong,this paper further develops the drilling process monitoring(DPM)method for digitally profiling the subsurface geomaterials of weathered granitic rocks using a compressed airflow driven percussive-rotary drilling machine with down-the-hole(DTH)hammer.Seven transducers are installed on the drilling machine and record the chuck displacement,DTH rotational speed,and five pressures from five compressed airflows in real-time series.The mechanism and operations of the drilling machine are elaborated in detail,which is essential for understanding and evaluating the drilling data.A MATLAB program is developed to automatically filter the recorded drilling data in time series and classify them into different drilling processes in sub-time series.These processes include penetration,push-in with or without rod,pull-back with or without rod,rod-tightening and rod-untightening.The drilling data are further reconstructed to plot the curve of drill-bit depth versus the net drilling time along each of the six drillholes.Each curve is found to contain multiple linear segments with a constant penetration rate,which implies a zone of homogenous geomaterial with different weathering grades.The effect from fluctuation of the applied pressures is evaluated quantitatively.Detailed analyses are presented for accurately assess and verify the underground profiling and strength in weathered granitic rock,which provided the basis of using DPM method to confidently assess drilling measurements to interpret the subsurface profile in real time.

Hole cleaning evaluation and installation spacing optimization of cuttings bed remover in extended-reach drilling

In extended-reach or long-horizontal drilling,cuttings usually deposit at the bottom of the annulus.Once cuttings accumulate to a certain thickness,complex problems such as excessive torque and drag,tubing buckling,and pipe stuck probably occur,which results in a lot of non-productive time and remedial operations.Cuttings bed remover can efficiently destroy deposited cuttings in time through hydraulic and mechanical stirring effects.This paper aims to build a method for hole cleaning evaluation and installation spacing optimization of cuttings bed remover to improve the wellbore cleaning effect.Firstly,a Computational Fluid Dynamics approach with Eulerian—Eulerian multiphase model was utilized to investigate the mechanism of cuttings transportation,and a new type of cuttings bed remover was designed.Next,an evaluation method of hole cleaning effect of remover was established.After that,the effects of several drilling parameters on hole cleaning including flow rate of drilling fluid,rotational speed of drillpipe,rate of penetration,wellbore size,rheological property of drilling fluid,and remover eccentricity on the performance of cuttings bed remover were investigated.The results demonstrate that the new type of remover with streamline blade performs better than conventional removers.The efficiency of hole cleaning is greatly improved by increasing the rotational speed of drillpipe,flow rate of drilling fluid,remover eccentricity,and 6 rpm Fann dial reading for drilling fluid.While higher rate of penetration and large wellbore size result in worse hole cleaning.These findings can serve as an important guide for the structure optimization design of cuttings bed remover and installation spacing of removers.

Reliability-based maintenance scheduling of hydraulic system of rotary drilling machines

Hydraulic system has a critical and important role in drilling machines.Any failure in this system leads to problems in power system and machine operation.Since the failure cannot be prevented entirely,it is important to minimize its probability.Reliability is one of the most effcient and important method to study safe operation probability of hydraulic systems.In this research,the reliability of hydraulic system of four rotary drilling machines in Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine in Iran has been analyzed.The data analysis shows that the time between failures(TBF)of Machines A and C obey the Weibull(2P)and Weibull(3P)distribution,respectively.Also,the TBF of Machines B and D obey the lognormal distribution.With regard to reliability plots of hydraulic systems,preventive reliability-based maintenance time intervals for 80%reliability levels for machines in this system are 10 h.

ANALYSIS OF HYDRAULIC POWER SOURCES DISPOSITION AND ENERGY CONSUMPTION FOR HYDRAULIC DRILL RIG

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Instrumented borehole drilling for interface identification in intricate weathered granite ground engineering

The successful application in drilling for HK simple weathered granite foundation has revealed its further use in instru- mented drilling system as a ground investigation tool in the detection of other lithology formations, geohazards, underground water, and boundary of orebody. To expand the further use and test the accuracy in identification of formation, an R-20 rotary-hydraulic drill rig was instrumented with a digital drilling process monitoring system （DPM） for drilling in an intricate decomposed granite site. In this test ground, the boreholes revealed that the weathered granite alternately changes between moderate and strong. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the penetrating parameters, indicates the effective thrust force, rotary speed, flushing pressure, penetrating rate, and displacement of the bit fluctuate at ground interfaces. It shows that the parameters get a good response with the change of rock strength at the interfaces, which can reveal the change of the intricate granite formation. Besides, a variable-slope method has been established, for identification of dominative and subsidiary interfaces in the granite site. The result from a t-test shows that the confi- dence of the instrumented drilling system in identification of the geotechnical interfaces is up to 99%.

Comparative experiments of gas drainage in different types of drillings

Gas drainage effect is the utmost important factor for mining speed and mining safety. It has great meaning to study the effect of gas drainage. Comparative experiment of gas drainage in different types of drillings shows that the initial rate of gas natural emission by hydraulic loosed cross drilling is 1.5 times more than that of parallel drilling, and the drilling gas at- tenuation coefficients reduces to 0.78 times, the effect of gas drainage is good. The ultimate quantity of gas drainage of parallel drilling, cross drilling, hydraulic loosed cross drilling are 859.1, 1 323.5 and 1 833.6 m3/100 m. The results of the measurement through these three kinds of drillings of 100 meters drilling is considered as following： cross drilling is 1.54 times more than that of parallel drillings, hydraulic loosed cross drilling are 2.13 times more than parallel drilling. The drainage rate of parallel drilling, cross drilling and hydraulic loosed cross drilling reached 10% to 15% in 3 months with the pre-draining time. Among these, the drainage effect of hydraulic loosed cross drilling increased by 46% than that of parallel drilling in three months.

基于油基钻屑制备压裂支撑剂的室内研究

针对热解析后脱油钻屑处理难和处理方式单一的问题,开展了将油基钻屑残渣制备成免烧压裂支撑剂的研究,研究了钻屑与水泥比、CMC添加量、石膏添加量和养护天数共4个因素对免烧压裂支撑剂性能影响。结果表明,在原料配比较优的情况下,制备工艺为钻屑水泥比0.67(质量比),石膏添加量为6%(质量分数),CMC添加量为4%(质量分数),养护时间28 d。该条件下制得的压裂支撑剂颗粒体积密度为1.47 g/cm^(3),视密度为2.52 g/cm^(3),35 MPa下颗粒破碎率为1.57%。经扫描电子显微镜与X射线衍射仪分析发现,此时压裂支撑剂内部结构致密,孔隙封闭,水化产物CaO·SiO_(2)·nH_(2)O凝胶和钙长石类物质有利于提高压裂支撑剂的综合物理性能。为脱油钻屑残渣利用提供新的方向。

机液串联式钻机推进系统设计与仿真分析

针对工程钻机推进系统存在的行程大而造成体积和质量大的问题,基于其工作机制进行研究,提出一种机液串联式的钻机推进系统,详细阐述了其工作原理,推导了钻机推进位移与电液比例阀阀门开度的函数关系式。理论分析和仿真验证表明:机液串联式的推进系统具有省距不省力的特点;在钻机工作过程中,动力头的推进速度和位移可达到液压油缸的2倍,液压油缸传递至动力头的推进力为液压油缸活塞输出力的一半,从而减少了钻机桅杆的长度,降低了推进系统的体积和质量;通过电液比例阀调节阀门开度,可以调节动力头的推进位移和速度,使得钻机推进系统满足不同工况的需求。

钻井利器的故事之“全液压岩心钻机”

钻机作为钻探工程中最重要的地面设备,是当之无愧的钻井利器。全液压岩心钻机是岩心钻机的主要发展方向。本文从科普的角度,介绍了岩心钻机在破岩过程中提供压力和旋转运动的主要作用,类比杠杆分析液压传动的工作原理,回顾了立轴式手把钻机、立轴式油压钻机到全液压岩心钻机的发展历程,阐述模块化轻便岩心钻机的特点及适合绿色勘查要求的优越性,并指出全液压岩心钻机的智能化、高效化、绿色化的发展方向。

钻井利器的故事之“液动潜孔锤”

在各种钻探方法中,液动冲击回转钻进具有效率高、质量好、回次长、事故少、成本低等优点,而液动潜孔锤又是液动冲击回转钻进的技术核心。本文梳理了各种液动潜孔锤的结构特点及其与绳索取心钻具、孔底动力钻具相结合衍生的各种钻具,简要介绍了这一技术的典型应用案例,总结归纳了其下一步发展方向和技术难点,以期普及液动锤的应用,促进液动冲击回转钻进技术的进步。

柔性钻具水力导向射流喷嘴流场分析

现有柔性钻具钻井技术和水力喷射径向钻井技术在控制钻进方向上存在困难或有局限性。为实现钻井导向可控,设计了一种能够水力导向的高压射流喷嘴结构。建立导向喷嘴流体数值模型,利用数值模拟的方法进行流场分析,研究喷嘴倾角、喷嘴直径、喷嘴开启个数等参数对导向力、射流速度的定量关系,给出了导向力方向确定方法。结果表明:随着关闭喷嘴个数的增加,喷嘴导向力呈指数逐渐增大;轴向倾角越大,喷嘴导向力和最大喷射速度越大;喷嘴内径减小时,导向力和喷射速度都显著增大。通过数值模拟验证了射流喷嘴水力导向的可行性,分析结果和导向力的拟合公式对水力导向喷嘴钻进方向的研究具有指导意义。

数字化波浪补偿分离式液压钻机的研制

基于能源绿色、风力大等优势,海上风力发电技术近年来越来越受到重视,正由浅海向深海发展,且小型发电机逐步被大功率发电机取代。海上风力发电中风电场的选址、风机的基础设计、桩基施工、地层测试等,都离不开钻探和井内静力触探技术。为了满足海上勘察钻机的要求,研发了数字化波浪补偿分离式液压钻机,主要是在数字化、自动化、回转、波浪补偿等功能,以及模块化设计、制造工艺等方面进行了创新。通过理论参数核算、海上应用测试、深海生产施工验证,证明该钻机不仅可满足使用需求,并且比常规钻机更加方便管理、高效安全,还降低了钻探的辅助成本。

页岩油气开采对地下水污染研究现状与动向

页岩油和页岩气开采过程产生的大量废料,如果不经过处理,将对地下水造成污染。首先,介绍了页岩油气的分布和赋存机理,以及地面干馏、水平钻井和水力压裂等开采技术;然后,阐述了页岩油气在现场准备、钻井压裂、采油采气等不同开采环节中的主要污染源;进而讨论了页岩油气开采中主要的地下水污染物,分别是有机污染物、重金属和放射性物质,同时阐述了其带来的地下水污染长期性、隐蔽性和差异性的特点;最后,从技术改进和废料处理等方面对页岩油气开采对地下水污染的防治手段进行了展望。

安百拓液压凿岩机活塞受力面积分析与三段法述评

搜集了11个安百拓双控式凿岩机和4个后控式凿岩机冲击活塞的直径数据,计算得到在凿岩机冲击运动周期中,回程与冲程活塞受力面积的比值范围。根据比值数据的分析,指出基于三段法理论的设计变量作为凿岩机性能评价指标的普适性较差。据此,本文强调了数据分析在凿岩机研究中的重要作用。文中还介绍了改进的三段法理论及其计算实例,论述了改进的三段法的优点与缺点。

实现致密气高效开发的气体钻井技术

对钻井、完井、压裂都是水基工作液的技术体系,在中国大多数致密砂岩储层中都存在无法回避、无法消除的严重、甚至致命的水锁伤害,从而导致低产低效、甚至开发失败,即便是目前热门的水平井分段压裂技术,也由于水锁伤害而偏于高成本、低效益。目前,气体钻井是彻底消除水锁伤害的唯一方法。文章通过分析致密气地质特征及在勘探开发中的储层伤害,指出了气体钻井技术在致密气勘探开发中的优势,倡导在致密气勘探开发过程中采用气体钻井技术以提高对储层的发现和开发。以塔里木DX1井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于致密气的勘探;以四川盆地气体钻直井、斜井、水平井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于浅层致密气的开发;以塔里木DB104井为范例,展示了气体钻井技术用于深层致密气的开发。文章最后指出,气体钻井用于致密气的勘探与开发,属于刚刚起步的探索性新技术,尚有诸多技术难题有待解决,尤其是气体钻水平井的配套技术,但这些技术在目前的科技、工业水平下应该是可以解决的,需要的是关注、投入和坚持。

基于无模型自适应迭代学习的液压锚杆钻机转速控制

针对存在参数不确定、非线性约束液压锚杆钻机回转系统的转速高精度控制问题,利用钻机作业的重复性,提出了一种基于无模型自适应迭代学习的液压锚杆钻机回转系统转速控制方案。首先,搭建钻机回转控制系统关于转速的状态空间模型。其次,利用动态线性化技术,构造钻机回转系统液压马达与伺服阀电流在迭代域的等价线性映射关系,并根据系统采集的历史伺服阀电流输入、液压马达转角输出数据,提出无模型自适应迭代学习转速控制设计方法。然后在理论上给出液压锚杆钻机回转系统转速跟踪误差沿数据方向以及重复作业方向的渐近收敛性。最后,利用MATLAB软件和AMEsim平台联合仿真验证算法的有效性。结果表明,相比于传统PID算法和迭代学习控制算法,所提出的算法在不需要已知锚杆钻机系统模型的情况下,能够仅利用可测数据实现钻机转速的高精度控制,并且在面对突加外部干扰、油温波动情况下仍具备良好的自适应、抗干扰能力。

旋冲钻井技术在石油钻井中的应用

本文以某地区石油钻井为例,对旋冲钻井技术的应用展开全面探讨。简单介绍了此项技术,并从其工艺流程等方面和技术方面对其在石油钻井中的应用展开了分析,发现旋冲钻井技术在石油钻井作业过程中,能够更好地提高深井作业,解决深井硬地层的问题,使得其工作效率得到进一步的提高。以期能够为石油钻井作业提供相应的参考。

回注泵液力端承压能力提升研究

钻屑回注泵液力端存在易疲劳开裂的现象,维护成本极高。在高泵注压力条件下,钻屑回注泵液力端内应力峰值较大,排出孔相贯口处易开裂,导致钻屑回注泵使用寿命较短。为此,利用ANSYS软件对液力端进行静力学分析,分析发现,在排出工况下液力端相贯区域为应力集中区域,最大应力值为725MPa,利用FACET修型技术优化之后,最大应力值降为636MPa。