Spatial variability of soil hydraulic and physical properties in erosive sloping agricultural fields

It is essential to minimize soil quality degradation in sloping agricultural fields through stabilization and improvement of soil hydraulic properties using sustainable soil management.This study aimed to analyze the impact of different tillage practices,including conventional tillage(CT),minimum tillage(MT),and zero tillage(ZT),on soil hydraulic conductivity in a sloping agricultural field under maizeewheat rotation.The results showed that the highest runoff volume(257.40 m3),runoff coefficient(42.84%),and soil loss(11.3 t)were observed when the CT treatment was applied.In contrast,the lowest runoff volume(67.95 m3),runoff coefficient(11.35%),and soil loss(1.05 t)were observed when the ZT treatment was adopted.The soil organic carbon and aggregate mean weight diameter were found to be significantly greater(with mean values of 0.79%and 1.19 mm,respectively)with the ZT treatment than with the CT treatment.With the tilled treatments(CT and MT),substantial changes in the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity(ks),near-saturated soil hydraulic conductivity(k),and water-conducting porosity(ε)were observed between two crop seasons.These three soil parameters were significantly higher in the period after maize harvesting than in the wheat growing period.In contrast,no significant difference in these soil parameters was found when the untilled treatment(ZT)was carried out.With regard to the slope positions,ks,k,andεshowed different behaviors under different treatments.The toe slope position showed significantly lower ks andεvalues than the summit and middle slope positions.Of the evaluated tillage practices,ZT was found to be the most promising means to improve the soil hydro-physical properties and effectively reduce surface runoff and soil erosion.

Erosion Characteristics of Hydraulic Turbine Guide-Vane End Clearance in Sediment Water Flow: A Simplified Model Analysis

The effect of clearance flow on the erosion characteristics of a circular cylinder with a backward facing step in sediment-laden water flow is analyzed numerically with the mixture model and the re-normalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model. Thirty-six monitoring points are set up on different stream surfaces to collect information on the impact erosion under different flow conditions, where the Initial Sediment Volume Fraction (ISVF) is set to 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.125, and 0.15;particle diameter is set to 0.05 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.35 mm, and 0.45 mm respectively. The distribution of particle velocity and Local Solid-Phase Volume Fraction (LSVF) along different stream surfaces are calculated, based on which the trend of erosion is qualitatively evaluated. ISVF and particle diameter play different roles on the impact erosion index parameter () on the different wetted walls. Relative wear rate of numerical estimation agrees well with the practical one under the same working condition. Numerical analysis demonstrates that guide vane with a negative curvature end surface (concave surface) can decrease erosion damage effectively, which may provide a reference for optimal design and maintenance of hydraulic turbine.

Erosion of Grooved Surfaces by Cavitating Jet with Hydraulic Oil

To study the effect of impingement surface geometry, a cavitation erosion experiment was conducted using a submerged cavitating jet rig with hydraulic oil. The test setup comprised a test chamber with a long-orifice nozzle, a hydraulic pump with an electric motor, hydraulic auxiliaries, including valves, a cooler, a filter, a reservoir, and measuring instruments, including pressure gages and a thermometer. Hexahedral specimens made of aluminum alloy with flat and grooved surfaces and oblique angles were prepared. Hydraulic oil with a viscosity grade of 32 was used at 40&degC as the test fluid. The upstream absolute pressure was kept at 10.1 MPa and the cavitation numbers were set at 0.02 - 0.04. The results of this experiment yielded the following conclusions. The mass loss of the grooved specimens did not increase monotonically as the exposure time increased. The standoff distances at the maximum mass loss for the flat and grooved specimens were almost equivalent. The mass loss decreased as the oblique angle increased and the cavitation number increased, regardless of the presence of grooves. The surfaces were eroded in a ring-like region, but the region elongated as the angle increased. For the grooved specimens, the ridges on the ring were eroded, and when the directions of the grooves and the flow matched, the roots and flanks were severely eroded.

WC-M coating to improve resistance of hydraulic turbines to cavitation erosion and abrasion

WC M hard faced ceramic coating was made on the substrate of steel by means of high velocity oxygen fuel flame (HVOF) thermal spraying. The resistance of this coating to cavitation erosion and abrasion (CEA) is about 2.5 times higher than that of 188 stainless steel, and is about 1.5 times higher than that of Stellite alloy (CoCrWC) made in America. When this coating were applied to the hydraulic power stations with more silt content in the flow water, which reaches 50 kg/m 3, the resistance of above mentioned coating to CEA was about 2 times to that of NiCr alloy coating, and is about 45 times to that of OCr13Ni4Mo stainless steel. In addition, the micro hardness, microstructures and electron probe analyzing of the WC M coating are all discussed.

Field experiments on quantifying the contributions of Coreopsis canopies and roots to controlling runoff and erosion on steep loess slopes

Grass recovery is often implemented in the loess area of China to control erosion.However,the effect mechanisms of grass cover on runoff erosion dynamics on steep loess hillslopes is still not clear.Taking the typical forage species(Coreopsis)in semiarid areas as subject,this study quantified the effects of canopies and roots on controlling slope runoff and erosion.A series of field experiments were conducted in a loess hilly region of China.Field plots(5 m length,2 m width,25°slope gradient)constructed with three ground covers(bare soil;Coreopsis with intact grass;only roots of Coreopsis),were applied with simultaneous simulated rainfall(60mm h^(-1))and upslope inflow(10,30,50,70,90L min^(-1)).The results showed that compared with bare soil,intact grass significantly reduced runoff and soil loss rates by 16.6% and 62.4% on average,and decreased soil erodibility parameter by 66.3%.As inflow rate increased,the reductions in runoff and soil loss rates increased from 2.93 to 14.00 L min^(-1)and 35.11 to 121.96 g m^(-2)min^(-1),respectively.Canopies relatively contributed 66.7% to lowering flow velocity,turbulence,weakening erosive force and increasing hydraulic resistance.Roots played a predominant role in reducing soil loss and enhancing soil antierodibility,with relative contributions of 78.8% and 73.8%.Furthermore,the maximum erosion depth reduced by Coreopsis was at the upper slope section which was previously eroded the most.These results demonstrated the efficiency of Coreopsis cover in controlling runoff and erosion on steep loess slopes,especially under large inflow rates and at upper slope sections.We suggest protecting Coreopsis with intact grass at upper slope sections,while the aboveground grass biomass can be used for grazing or harvesting at middle and lower slope sections,with roots reserved.

Simulation of Moving Bed Erosion Based on the Weakly Compressible Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics-Discrete Element Coupling Method

A complex interface exists between waterflow and solid particles during hydraulic soil erosion.In this study,the particle discrete element method(DEM)has been used to simulate the hydraulic erosion of a granular soil under moving bed conditions and surrounding terrain changes.Moreover,the weakly compressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics(WCSPH)approach has been exploited to simulate the instability process of the free surfacefluid and its propagation characteristics at the solid–liquid interface.The influence of a suspended medium on the waterflow dynamics has been characterized using the mixed viscosity concept accounting for the solid–liquid mixed particle volume ratio.Numerical simulations of wall-jet scouring and reservoir sedimentflushing on a mobile bed were performed and validated with experiments.The results show that the proposed WCSPH–DEM coupling model is highly suitable for determining parameters,such as the local maximum scour depth,the scour pit width,and the sand bed profile.The effects on the hydraulic erosion process of two important para-meters of the mixed viscosity coefficient(initial solid volume concentration and initial viscosity coefficient)are also discussed to a certain extent in this study.

Relationship between soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland

The soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient are important hydraulic resistance characteristic parameters. Precisely estimating the hydraulic roughness coefficient is important to understanding mechanisms of overland flow. Four tillage practices, including cropland raking, artificial hoeing, artificial digging, and straight slopes, were considered based on the local agricultural conditions to simulate different values of soil surface roughness in the Loess Plateau. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the soil surface roughness and hydraulic roughness coefficient on sloping farmland using artificial rainfall simulation. On a slope with a gradient of 10°, a significant logarithmic function was developed between the soil surface roughness and Manning＇s roughness coefficient, and an exponential function was derived to describe the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Reynolds number. On the slope with a gradient of 15°, a significant power function was developed to reflect the relationship between the soil surface roughness and Manning＇s roughness coefficient, and a linear function was derived to relate the soil surface roughness to the Reynolds number. These findings can provide alternative ways to estimate the hydraulic roughness coefficient for different types of soil surface roughness.

CFD analysis and field observation of tool erosion caused by abrasive waterjet fracturing

Abrasive waterjet(AWJ)fracturing has become an accepted horizontal multistage stimulation technique due to its flexibility and high efficiency of extensive fracture placement.The downhole tool failure of AWJ fracturing becomes an issue in the massive hydraulic fracturing because of high velocity and proppant erosion.This paper proposed a 3D computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-based erosion model by considering high-velocity waterjet impact,proppant shear erosion,and specific inner structure of hydra-jet tool body.The discrete phase approach was used to track the proppant transport and its concentration distribution.Field observation provides strong evidence of erosion patterns and mechanisms obtained from CFD simulation.The results show that the erosion rate has a space dependence in the inner wall of the tool body.The severe erosion areas are primarily located at the entries of the nozzle.Evident erosion patterns are found including a‘Rabbit’s ear’erosion at the upper-layer nozzles and a half bottom loop erosion at the lower-layer nozzles.Erosion mechanisms attribute to high flow velocity at the entry of nozzles and the inertia force of proppant.Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the pumping rate is a primary factor contributing to erosion intensity.

Effects of shrub-grass patterns on soil detachment and hydraulic parameters of slope in the Pisha sandstone area of Inner Mongolia,China

The characteristics of soil holding capacity for different shrub-grass patterns are important to research the mechanisms regulating vegetation on slopes.The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics and mecha-nisms of soil erosion and hydraulic parameters under differ-ent vegetation patterns in the Pisha sandstone area of Inner Mongolia on lands of 8°slope gradient.We carried out field scouring experiments on five different shrub-grass patterns as treatments,viz no shrubs(GL),shrubs on the upper part of the slope(SU),middle part of the slope(SM)and lower part of the slope(SL).We designated bare slope(BL)as the control.We employed three different water flow rates(15,20,30 L·min^(−1)).Our results showed that the contribution of plant root systems to slope sediment reduction ranged from 64 to 84%.The root systems proved to be the main contributing factor to reduction of erosion by vegetation.The relationship between soil detachment rate,stream flow power,and flow unit stream power under different scouring discharge rates showed that soil detachment declined in rank order as:BL>GL>SU>SM>SL.The SL pat-tern had the lowest soil detachment rate(0.098 g·m^(−2)·s^(−1)),flow stream power(2.371 W·m^(−2)),flow unit stream power(0.165 m·s^(−1))and flow shear stress(16.986 Pa),and proved to be the best erosion combating pattern.The results of decision coefficient and path analysis showed that stream power was the most important hydraulic parameter for describing soil detachment rate.The combination of stream power and shear stress,namely Dr=0.1ω−0.03τ−0.56(R^(2)=0.924),most accurately simulated the soil detachment characteristics on slopes.Our study suggests that the risk of soil ero-sion can be reduced by planting shrub-grass mixes on these slopes.Under the conditions of limited water resources and economy,the benefit of sediment reduction can be maxi-mized by planting shrubbery on the lower parts of slopes.

Spatial distribution of soil hydraulic parameters estimated by pedotransfer functions for the Jialing River Catchment,Southwestern China

Soil hydraulic parameters θs,α,n,Ks,L and θr of the van Genuchten-Mualem model were estimated using three pedotransfer functions(PTFs) based on soil properties for surface soils of the largest main tributary catchment(the Jialing River) of the upper Yangtze River in China.The soil database was from the second national soil survey of China with a spatial 30 × 30 arc-second resolution.According to the statistical analysis of the differences between the continuous-PTFs-estimated values of soil hydraulic parameters for the study catchment and the reference values for a specific texture class provided in the development database of a specific PTF,best estimations were obtained using the W?sten PTF.The Rawls & Brakenssiek PTF was good estimation for parameter θr that was assumed as zero by W?sten PTF.The established higher θr(0.08%) and lower Ks(20 cm/d) and θs(0.43%) in the mid-downstream area relative to the other areas of the catchment could lead to larger amounts of surface runoff andconsequently provide higher energy to erode soil.Thus,these factors provide a supporting explanation for previously reported severe soil erosion occurring in this area.Spatial heterogeneity analysis for estimated hydraulic parameters in terms of semivariogram showed that the spatial correlation distance was in the range of 50-80 km and that the spatial variability(sill) was not large except for parameters Ks and L.The semi-variance with the exponential model at the zero distance(nugget) was 30%-50% of the sill.This study provided a practical PTF approach for estimating soil hydraulic properties from soil survey data at a large watershed scale.The estimation results could provide better insight into the mechanism of surface runoff and soil erosion,which is important to better understand and manage erosion in the catchment.

A method to determine relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock

Among the methods used for evaluating the potential hydraulic erodibility of rock,the most common methods are those based on the correlation between the force of flowing water and the capacity of a rock to resist erosion,such as Annandale’s and Pells’methods.The capacity of a rock to resist erosion is evaluated based on erodibility indices that are determined from specific geomechanical parameters of a rock mass.These indices include unconfined compressive strength(UCS)of rock,rock block size,joint shear strength,a block’s shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,joint openings,and the nature of the surface to be potentially eroded.However,it is difficult to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.The assessment of eroded unlined spillways of dams has shown that the capacity of a rock to resist erosion is not accurately evaluated.Using more than 100 case studies,we develop a method to determine the relevant geomechanical parameters for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock in unlined spillways.The UCS of rock is found not to be a relevant parameter for evaluating the hydraulic erodibility of rock.On the other hand,we find that the use of three-dimensional(3D)block volume measurements,instead of the block size factor used in Annandale’s method,improves the rock block size estimation.Furthermore,the parameter representing the effect of a rock block’s shape and orientation relative to the direction of flow,as considered in Pells’method,is more accurate than the parameter adopted by Annandale’s method.

盐冻耦合作用下水工混凝土耐久性及寿命预测

为研究西北地区冻融盐侵环境下水工混凝土的耐久性,制备了不同粉煤灰掺量的混凝土试件,以不同浓度的硫酸钠溶液作为介质开展了冻融循环试验,阐明了不同循环次数下试件的外观、质量、抗压强度和动弹模量的变化规律,基于XGBoost模型建立了混凝土寿命预测模型并对其进行了评价和验证。研究结果表明,随着冻融循环次数增加,混凝土质量、抗压强度和动弹模量逐渐减小;冻融循环次数和硫酸钠溶液浓度是影响混凝土寿命的关键因素,8%硫酸钠溶液破坏度最高,此溶液浓度下冻融150次后混凝土质损率达4.55%;粉煤灰的掺入量对混凝土耐久性有一定影响;最优粉煤灰掺量为10%,此掺量下冻融150次后混凝土质损率为3.99%;XGBoost模型在混凝土寿命预测方面具有较高的精确性和可靠性。本研究可为混凝土结构的耐久性设计和寿命预测提供参考。

六垛南闸闸下淤积加重原因及防淤减淤策略分析

江苏灌溉总渠六垛南闸近年来闸下河道淤积明显加重,通过实测资料分析近年来灌溉总渠水沙条件变化特征及闸下淤积加重的原因,认为潮波变形引起的河口不平衡输沙是闸下淤积的根本成因,近年来上游来水减少及河口侵蚀加剧是闸下淤积加重的主要原因。进而总结了潮汐河口闸下淤积的机理和关键控制因素,并结合挡潮闸冲淤调度实践,提出了六垛南闸闸下清淤的策略和措施,认为下泄流量对闸下河道冲淤平衡起着决定性作用,水力冲淤辅助机械扰动可以大幅提升清淤效率,可作为六垛南闸清淤的常规措施。

液压伺服滑阀工作边冲蚀行为及影响因素

液压伺服滑阀阀口工作边易受油液中颗粒污染物的冲蚀作用,诱发伺服阀性能退化。采用阀口工作边淹没射流冲蚀可视化实验和固液两相流数值计算方法,研究颗粒冲击工作边的冲蚀行为及影响因素。结果表明:颗粒冲击工作边的冲蚀行为主要有刮擦-滑动、碰撞-滑动、悬浮-翻转以及边碰行为;1.05 MPa下,边碰行为颗粒的最大速度可达40.41 m/s,冲击能最高,且反弹速度最小仅4.59 m/s,对工作边产生的冲蚀破坏最大;1.2 MPa颗粒冲击比与边碰率比0.9 MPa和1.05 MPa更高,分别为46%和7%;冲击比和边碰率随粒径增大而增加;低黏度油液的冲击比和边碰率大于高黏度油液,黏度为0.01634 Pa·s时分别可达94%和17%。研究结果对揭示液压伺服滑阀冲蚀破坏机理及抗冲蚀设计具有重要意义。

基于透明土的水力梯度对渗流侵蚀影响试验研究

为探究水力梯度对土体内部渗流侵蚀的影响规律,利用熔融石英砂作为透明土材料,以十五号白油与正十二烷按一定比例配置孔隙溶液,采用自研的PIV-PLIF(粒子图像测速-平面激光诱导荧光)渗流侵蚀试验系统研究了水力梯度对渗流侵蚀过程中孔隙溶液流速分布以及细颗粒运动的影响。结果表明:随着水力梯度的增大,示踪粒子流速也随之增大且不规则运动现象加剧,直到试样发生破坏流速才趋于稳定;同一水力梯度下,宏观流速略大于微观流速,两者之间的差距也随水力梯度的增大而不断缩小;当水力梯度达到临界水力梯度时,骨架颗粒中的细颗粒开始流失,渗透系数也开始发生变化,继续提升水头会使细颗粒大量流失而导致渗流通道不断发展扩大,最终达到破坏临界水力梯度,试样发生渗透破坏。

基于机器学习的弯管固液两相流流动特性研究

管道水力输送是工业中常见运输方式,具有运输距离长、安全性高、运营和维护成本低、环境友好和布置灵活的优点,当前关于管道系统内水平、倾斜和垂直管道的两相流流动特征研究较多,而关于系统内弯曲段管道研究较少,亟需明确该段的两相流流动机理及辨明该段的磨损机制,并作出准确预测.本研究首先采用欧拉-拉格朗日框架下的CFD-DEM耦合方法,针对弯曲管道压降和磨损率,探究了弯曲角度、弯曲半径、输入速度、颗粒直径和颗粒浓度等5个因素的影响;并基于上述5个变量,通过Pairwise配对法进行工况组合并进行数值模拟计算,得到数百个可用数据;基于此数据集,开发了6个机器学习模型进行训练,比较了各自模型的准确率并得到各特征对于预测结果的相对重要性.结果表明,弯管的压降随输入速度、颗粒浓度、颗粒直径和弯曲角度增大而增大,与弯曲半径关系较小;磨损率随输入速度、颗粒浓度、颗粒直径和弯曲半径的增大而增大,随弯曲角度的增大,在90°前先略有下降,在90°后增大.最佳的机器学习模型对压降和磨损率的预测准确率评估指标R2(越接近1越准确)分别在0.96和0.99左右,具有较好的预测能力,可用于多参数影响下的弯曲管道固液两相流水力压降及管壁磨损率的预测,且计算发现输入速度和颗粒浓度分别是对压降和磨损率预测的影响程度最大的因素.

长期耕作对典型黑土水力性质的影响

为揭示长期耕作对黑土耕地水文退化的作用,以典型黑土区不同纬度带的未经机械耕作的林地与长期耕作的耕地土壤进行对比,研究沟垄耕作对土壤垂直和水平方向物理性质和水力性质的影响。结果表明:长期耕作使得总体物理与土壤水力性质严重退化,与林地土壤相比,耕地土壤质地未发生变化,有机质含量显著降低,容重从1.03(0.84~1.17)g·cm^(-3)显著提高至1.31(1.20~1.46)g·cm^(-3),穿透阻力显著增加,持水供水与导水性显著降低,有效含水量从0.19(0.14~0.23)cm3·cm^(-3)降至0.15(0.10~0.21)cm3·cm^(-3)。物理质量指数S值从0.061(优)降至0.025(差)。长期沟垄耕作使得犁底层的饱和导水率(6.61 cm·d^(-1))仅为耕作层的1/10。耕作导致耕作层垂直方向导水率(64.67 cm·d^(-1))低于水平方向(82.84 cm·d^(-1))。犁底层的穿透阻力(897.04 kPa)为耕作层的1.89倍,造成了耕作层与犁底层水力性质分层。长期耕作导致的耕地土壤水力性质分层和方向分异是促进耕地坡面径流“沟渠效应”而加速侵蚀退化的重要原因。

水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环及土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展

[目的]针对水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环“源汇”效应争议,综述水力侵蚀对土壤有机碳矿化作用和土壤微生物多样性的影响机制,提出未来定量研究的方向与注意事项。[方法]在提出水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环“源”“汇”效应概念和理论的基础上,分析现阶段研究中水力侵蚀对土壤碳循环“源汇”效应争议的核心问题,进而探讨水力侵蚀导致不同种类土壤微生物多样性变化的差异及其作用机制。[结果]水力侵蚀过程导致土壤有机碳矿化作用形成碳循环中的“源”效应,而沉积过程导致有机碳迁移至低洼处固存形成碳循环中的“汇”效应,微生物的呼吸和分解作用可能解释土壤碳循环中消失的碳“汇”问题;水力侵蚀过程削弱细菌群落结构复杂性,而沉积过程可增加细菌群落结构的复杂性,但侵蚀和沉积过程都可能降低土壤真菌的α多样性和群落结构复杂性;水力侵蚀过程通过影响土壤有机碳含量、植被覆盖度和土壤pH等因素间接影响土壤微生物多样性。[结论]未来研究应强化不同尺度水力侵蚀过程对土壤碳循环的影响机制、水力侵蚀过程与土壤微生物多样性的相互作用机制及水力侵蚀过程中土壤微生物对碳循环的影响机制相关量化研究。

基于物质点-特征有限元耦合方法的向后侵蚀管涌模拟

向后侵蚀管涌是汛期堤坝中一种常见的渗透破坏形式,多发生在下游存在无保护出水口的二元结构堤基中。由于土体渗流在出水口处存在较高的水力梯度,使得固、液界面附近的土体极易被侵蚀带走,一旦侵蚀土体的上层存在不透水的黏土层时,便会形成不断向上游迎水侧发展的管涌通道,最终导致堤坝出现失稳破坏。基于向后侵蚀管涌的发展过程,采用局部水力梯度作为管涌发展的判别准则,结合饱和孔隙介质的耦合物质点-特征有限元法,发展了一个能够模拟向后侵蚀管涌的新方法。新方法将求解域内的物质点分为3种粒子类型,对满足管涌触发条件的粒子进行删除,以此表示被侵蚀带走的土颗粒。由于算法中的流体部分采用了广义的Navier-Stokes方程进行描述,因此新方法能够同时计算孔隙水渗流和管道流体的自由流动。通过对小尺度模型试验的计算,验证了新方法在向后侵蚀管涌问题中的适用性。

含沙水流下水翼磨损形貌试验研究

泥沙磨损是含沙河流上运行的水力机械面临的关键难题.文中以水翼为研究对象,在0°攻角和5种不同流量工况(143,153,163,173,183 m^(3)/h)下开展泥沙磨损试验研究.采用光学显微镜和三维白光干涉轮廓仪对水翼表面的磨损形貌进行观测与分类,并分析泥沙磨损的机制.结果表明,水翼表面有4种主要磨损形貌,包括冲击坑、微犁削引起的光滑沟槽、微切削引起的尖锐沟槽和划痕.此外,还观察到空化引起的彩虹环和边界层转捩引起的条纹状形貌.其中,水翼前缘主要分布冲击坑和光滑沟槽,水翼中部观察到4种主要磨损形貌和彩虹环,水翼尾缘主要分布冲击坑、尖锐沟槽和条纹状形貌.水翼的泥沙磨损的机制包括挤压、微犁削、微切削、滑擦和热效应等.