Deflagration characteristics of freely propagating flames in magnesium hydride dust clouds

The flame propagation processes of MgH_(2)dust clouds with four different particle sizes were recorded by a high-speed camera.The dynamic flame temperature distributions of MgH_(2)dust clouds were reconstructed by the two-color pyrometer technique,and the chemical composition of solid combustion residues were analyzed.The experimental results showed that the average flame propagation velocities of 23μm,40μm,60μm and 103μm MgH_(2)dust clouds in the stable propagation stage were 3.7 m/s,2.8 m/s,2.1 m/s and 0.9 m/s,respectively.The dust clouds with smaller particle sizes had faster flame propagation velocity and stronger oscillation intensity,and their flame temperature distributions were more even and the temperature gradients were smaller.The flame structures of MgH_(2)dust clouds were significantly affected by the particle sinking velocity,and the combustion processes were accompanied by micro-explosion of particles.The falling velocities of 23μm and 40μm MgH_(2)particles were 2.24 cm/s and 6.71 cm/s,respectively.While the falling velocities of 60μm and 103μm MgH_(2)particles were as high as 15.07 cm/s and 44.42 cm/s,respectively,leading to a more rapid downward development and irregular shape of the flame.Furthermore,the dehydrogenation reaction had a significant effect on the combustion performance of MgH_(2)dust.The combustion of H_(2)enhanced the ignition and combustion characteristics of MgH_(2)dust,resulting in a much higher explosion power than the pure Mg dust.The micro-structure characteristics and combustion residues composition analysis of MgH_(2)dust indicated that the combustion control mechanism of MgH_(2)dust flame was mainly the heterogeneous reaction,which was affected by the dehydrogenation reaction.

采用慢病毒载体干扰TRAF2表达的MH7A细胞稳转株的构建及意义

目的 用慢病毒载体构建干扰肿瘤坏死因子受体相关因子2(TRAF2)表达的类风湿关节炎(RA)患者滑膜细胞株MH7A细胞稳转株,研究TNF-α-TRAF2信号在MH7A异常增殖的作用。方法 根据人TRAF2的基因序列和shRNA序列设计原则,设计并合成3对TRAF2-shRNA干扰序列,通过PCR对引物进行退火,通过双酶切PLKO.1-puro获得线性载体,将线性化载体与退火后引物通过Solution I连接,连接产物导入感受态细胞,涂板,挑取阳性菌落进行测序。构建3种不同的PLKO.1-TRAF2-shRNA慢病毒重组质粒,借助慢病毒包装质粒对对数生长期的HEK 293T细胞进行慢病毒包装,收集病毒液感染MH7A细胞,同时使用嘌呤霉素对TRAF2低表达的MH7A稳转株进行筛选。使用CCK-8法、Western blot、qPCR检测MH7A中肿瘤坏死因子TNF-α诱导TRAF2低表达的MH7A增殖功能及下游信号TRAF2、P65蛋白表达和mRNA水平。结果 成功构建了PLKO.1-TRAF2-shRNA(1)、PLKO.1-TRAF2-shRNA(2)和PLKO.1-TRAF2-shRNA(3)慢病毒载体质粒和对照组慢病毒载体质粒PLKO.1-puro,将3个TRAF2-shRNA慢病毒载体质粒和对照组慢病毒载体质粒PLKO.1-puro分别与慢病毒包装质粒导入HEK 293T获得病毒液,将病毒液感染MH7A细胞后,经嘌呤霉素(2.00μg/ml)筛选,2 d得到MH7A稳转株;qPCR和Western blot结果显示,PLKO.1-TRAF2-shRNA(1) MH7A细胞稳转株中TRAF2 mRNA和蛋白的表达较阴性对照组明显下降;CCK-8和Western blot结果表明,MH7A中TRAF2敲低后,TNF-α诱导的TRAF2低表达的MH7A细胞增殖和P65的磷酸化水平明显下降。结论 成功构建了PLKO.1-TRAF2-shRNA(1) MH7A细胞稳转株,研究TNF-α-TRAF2信号活化介导RA滑膜细胞异常增殖中的作用。

Unveiling a novel metal-to-metal transition in LuH_(2):Critically challenging superconductivity claims in lutetium hydrides

Following the recent report by Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.[Nature 615,244–250(2023)]of near-ambient superconductivity in nitrogendoped lutetium trihydride(LuH_(3-δ)N_(ε)),significant debate has emerged surrounding the composition and interpretation of the observed sharp resistance drop.Here,we meticulously revisit these claims through comprehensive characterization and investigations.We definitively identify the reported material as lutetium dihydride(LuH_(2)),resolving the ambiguity surrounding its composition.Under similar conditions(270–295 K and 1–2 GPa),we replicate the reported sharp decrease in electrical resistance with a 30%success rate,aligning with the observations by Dasenbrock-Gammon et al.However,our extensive investigations reveal this phenomenon to be a novel pressure-induced metal-to-metal transition intrinsic to LuH_(2),distinct from superconductivity.Intriguingly,nitrogen doping exerts minimal impact on this transition.Our work not only elucidates the fundamental properties of LuH_(2)andLuH_(3),but also critically challenges the notion of superconductivity in these lutetium hydride systems.These findings pave the way for future research on lutetium hydride systems,while emphasizing the crucial importance of rigorous verification in claims of ambient-temperature superconductivity.

Phase-field simulations of the effect of temperature and interface for zirconiumδ-hydrides

Hydride precipitation in zirconium cladding materials can damage their integrity and durability.Service temperature and material defects have a significant effect on the dynamic growth of hydrides.In this study,we have developed a phasefield model based on the assumption of elastic behaviour within a specific temperature range(613 K-653 K).This model allows us to study the influence of temperature and interfacial effects on the morphology,stress,and average growth rate of zirconium hydride.The results suggest that changes in temperature and interfacial energy influence the length-to-thickness ratio and average growth rate of the hydride morphology.The ultimate determinant of hydride orientation is the loss of interfacial coherency,primarily induced by interfacial dislocation defects and quantifiable by the mismatch degree q.An escalation in interfacial coherency loss leads to a transition of hydride growth from horizontal to vertical,accompanied by the onset of redirection behaviour.Interestingly,redirection occurs at a critical mismatch level,denoted as qc,and remains unaffected by variations in temperature and interfacial energy.However,this redirection leads to an increase in the maximum stress,which may influence the direction of hydride crack propagation.This research highlights the importance of interfacial coherency and provides valuable insights into the morphology and growth kinetics of hydrides in zirconium alloys.

Understanding the catalysis of chromium trioxide added magnesium hydride for hydrogen storage and Li ion battery applications

This study explores how the chemical interaction between magnesium hydride(MgH_(2))and the additive CrO_(3) influences the hydrogen/lithium storage characteristics of MgH_(2).We have observed that a 5 wt.%CrO_(3) additive reduces the dehydrogenation activation energy of MgH_(2) by 68 kJ/mol and lowers the required dehydrogenation temperature by 80℃.CrO_(3) added MgH_(2) was also tested as an anode in an Li ion battery,and it is possible to deliver over 90%of the total theoretical capacity(2038 mAh/g).Evidence for improved reversibility in the battery reaction is found only after the incorporation of additives with MgH_(2).In depth characterization study by X-ray diffraction(XRD)technique provides convincing evidence that the CrO_(3) additive interacts with MgH_(2) and produces Cr/MgO byproducts.Gibbs free energy analyses confirm the thermodynamic feasibility of conversion from MgH_(2)/CrO_(3) to MgO/Cr,which is well supported by the identification of Cr(0)in the powder by X ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)technique.Through high resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM)and energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)we found evidence for the presence of 5 nm size Cr nanocrystals on the surface of MgO rock salt nanoparticles.There is also convincing ground to consider that MgO rock salt accommodates Cr in the lattice.These observations support the argument that creation of active metal–metal dissolved rock salt oxide interface may be vital for improving the reactivity of MgH_(2),both for the improved storage of hydrogen and lithium.

Properties of radiation defects and threshold energy of displacement in zirconium hydride obtained by new deep-learning potential

Zirconium hydride(ZrH_(2)) is an ideal neutron moderator material. However, radiation effect significantly changes its properties, which affect its behavior and the lifespan of the reactor. The threshold energy of displacement is an important quantity of the number of radiation defects produced, which helps us to predict the evolution of radiation defects in ZrH_(2).Molecular dynamics(MD) and ab initio molecular dynamics(AIMD) are two main methods of calculating the threshold energy of displacement. The MD simulations with empirical potentials often cannot accurately depict the transitional states that lattice atoms must surpass to reach an interstitial state. Additionally, the AIMD method is unable to perform largescale calculation, which poses a computational challenge beyond the simulation range of density functional theory. Machine learning potentials are renowned for their high accuracy and efficiency, making them an increasingly preferred choice for molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, we develop an accurate potential energy model for the ZrH_(2) system by using the deep-potential(DP) method. The DP model has a high degree of agreement with first-principles calculations for the typical defect energy and mechanical properties of the ZrH_(2) system, including the basic bulk properties, formation energy of point defects, as well as diffusion behavior of hydrogen and zirconium. By integrating the DP model with Ziegler–Biersack–Littmark(ZBL) potential, we can predict the threshold energy of displacement of zirconium and hydrogen in ε-ZrH_(2).

Magnesium nickel hydride monocrystalline nanoparticles for reversible hydrogen storage

Although Mg-based hydrides are extensively considered as a prospective material for solid-state hydrogen storage and clean energy carriers,their high operating temperature and slow kinetics are the main challenges for practical application.Here,a Mg-Ni based hydride,Mg_(2)NiH_(4) nanoparticles(~100 nm),with dual modification strategies of nanosizing and alloying is successfully prepared via a gas-solid preparation process.It is demonstrated that Mg_(2)NiH_(4) nanoparticles form a unique chain-like structure by oriented stacking and exhibit impressive hydrogen storage performance:it starts to release H2 at~170℃ and completes below 230℃ with a saturated capacity of 3.32 wt%and desorbs 3.14 wt% H_(2) within 1800 s at 200℃.The systematic characterizations of Mg_(2)NiH_(4) nanoparticles at different states reveal the dehydrogenation behavior and demonstrate the excellent structural and hydrogen storage stabilities during the de/hydrogenated process.This research is believed to provide new insights for optimizing the kinetic performance of metal hydrides and novel perspectives for designing highly active and stable hydrogen storage alloys.

Recent progress in thermodynamic and kinetics modification of magnesium hydride hydrogen storage materials

Hydrogen energy has emerged as a pivotal solution to address the global energy crisis and pave the way for a cleaner,low-carbon,secure,and efficient modern energy system.A key imperative in the utilization of hydrogen energy lies in the development of high-performance hydrogen storage materials.Magnesium-based hydrogen storage materials exhibit remarkable advantages,including high hydrogen storage density,cost-effectiveness,and abundant magnesium resources,making them highly promising for the hydrogen energy sector.Nonetheless,practical applications of magnesium hydride for hydrogen storage face significant challenges,primarily due to their slow kinetics and stable thermodynamic properties.Herein,we briefly summarize the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of MgH2,encompassing strategies such as alloying,nanoscaling,catalyst doping,and composite system construction to enhance its hydrogen storage performance.Notably,nanoscaling and catalyst doping have emerged as more effective modification strategies.The discussion focuses on the thermodynamic changes induced by nanoscaling and the kinetic enhancements resulting from catalyst doping.Particular emphasis lies in the synergistic improvement strategy of incorporating nanocatalysts with confinement materials,and we revisit typical works on the multi-strategy optimization of MgH2.In conclusion,we conduct an analysis of outstanding challenges and issues,followed by presenting future research and development prospects for MgH2 as hydrogen storage materials.

红刺老苞醇提物对MH7A细胞增殖和凋亡的影响及其作用机制

目的通过PI3K/Akt信号通路,探讨红刺老苞对类风湿关节炎的作用机制。方法在滑膜细胞(MH7A)中添加LPS建立类风湿关节炎(RA)模型,通过CCK-8法筛选药物浓度;实验分为空白对照组、模型组、红刺老苞高剂量组、红刺老苞中剂量组、红刺老苞低剂量组;取不同浓度的红刺老苞醇提物作用于MH7A细胞;用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡的情况;ELISA法检测各组细胞上清液中TNF-α、IL-1β的水平;Western-blot法检测PI3K、p-AKT、Becline1蛋白的表达。结果经不同浓度红刺老苞醇提物(750、650、550μg/mL)处理后,细胞凋亡率随药物浓度上升而增加,凋亡率分别为(3.07±0.03)%、(5.27+0.30)%、(8.04+0.02)%;与对照组相比,模型组细胞上清中IL-1β、TNF-α含量明显升高(P<0.05),而红刺老苞高、中、低剂量组IL-1β、TNF-α水平较模型组明显降低(P<0.05);模型组PI3K、P-AKT蛋白表达较对照组相比明显升高(P<0.05),Becline1表达量降低(P<0.05);与模型组比较,红刺老苞高、中、低剂量组PI3K、p-AKT蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05),Becline1表达量升高(P<0.05)。结论红刺老苞醇提物能通过抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,促进自噬,抑制RA滑膜细胞增殖及炎性因子的表达。

棉花品种MH410433的选育及配套栽培技术

MH410433于2021年通过河北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。在河北省冀中南植棉区,其生育期122 d,植株塔形,叶片中等偏大,铃卵圆形,吐絮肥畅,纤维品质达到河北省审定Ⅲ型棉花品种标准,早熟不早衰,抗枯萎病,耐黄萎病。主要介绍了MH410433的选育过程、生物学特性、产量表现、纤维品质及栽培技术要点。

MH1井区二叠系下乌尔禾组沉积微相及有利储层预测

MH1井区主体位于玛湖凹陷南斜坡区,作为南斜坡区重点开发区域,MH1井区目前仍存在沉积相认识不精确、储层分类不明确等问题。通过岩心观察、结合测录井资料,进行沉积微相精细描述及有利储层分布预测研究。结果表明:MH1井区二叠系下乌尔禾组为一套由西北向东南发育的扇三角洲相,可识别出9个沉积微相类型,根据扇三角洲前缘的岩性分布,将前缘划分为内外前缘。根据试油资料,发现主要有利储层集中在内前缘部分。根据孔隙度、渗透率,将MH1井区下乌尔禾组储层分为3类。其中Ⅰ类储层孔隙度渗透率均为最好,为有利储层,Ⅱ类储层次之,Ⅲ类储层孔隙度、渗透率均为最差,作为非储层类型。研究结果为MH1井区下乌尔禾组后续的评价、开发提供新的地质依据,为其他扇三角洲发育区的油气勘探评价提供借鉴。

MWHS-2和MHS资料同化对三江源地区暴雨模拟影响的对比研究

采用中尺度数值模式WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)中FY-3C卫星MWHS-2(Micro-Wave Humidity Sounder 2)卫星资料的直接同化模块,利用WRF-3DVAR(Three Dimensional Variation)方法对三江源地区的两次降水过程进行同化对比试验,详细对比分析了FY-3C搭载的MWHS-2微波湿度仪和NOAA-18(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration-18)搭载的MHS(Microwave Humidity Sound‐er)微波湿度仪两种同化资料对模拟结果的影响。结果表明:MWHS-2和MHS资料同化的模拟结果基本一致,对于30 mm以下的降水,无论同化与否,模拟的降水范围均会偏大;但对于30 mm以上的降水,模拟范围和量级均偏小。资料同化增强了500 hPa西南风场,从而加大了水汽输送的强度,使得高空槽偏向西南,同时加强了300 hPa风场扰动,在共同作用下从而导致了30 mm以上的降水范围的增大,对降水量级结果能有一定改善,但降水落区相较于实际偏南。卫星资料的同化会使得水汽通量场和比湿场的落区范围明显改善,但对强度的改善作用并没有对落区的改善作用明显,水汽通量场和比湿场的改变造成了降水预报落区和强度的改变。在温度场方面,WRF模式模拟的误差较大,卫星资料的同化对温度场有一定的改善作用,但不如对湿度场的改善作用明显。因而,MWHS-2或MHS卫星资料的同化对三江源降水模拟有一定的改善作用,该研究结果对三江源降水的预报改进能有重要指导意义。

Effect of surface modification of metal hydride electrode on performance of MH/Ni batteries

A novel method was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride(MH)electrode of MH/Ni batteries.Both sides of the electrode were plated with a thin silver film about 0.1μm thick using vacuum evaporation plating technology,and the effect of the electrode on the performance of MH/Ni batteries was examined.It is found that the surface modification can enhance the electrode conductivity and decrease the battery ohimic resistance.After surface modification,the discharge capacity at 5C(7.5A)is increased by 212 mA.h and the discharge voltage is increased by 0.11 V,the resistance of the batteries is also decreased by 32%.The batteries with modified electrode exhibit satisfactory durability.The remaining capacity of the modified batteries is 89%of the initial capacity even after 500 cycles.The inner pressure of the batteries during overcharging is lowered and the charging efficiency of the batteries is improved.

Superconductivity Observed in Tantalum Polyhydride at High Pressure

We report experimental discovery of tantalum polyhydride superconductor.It was synthesized under highpressure and high-temperature conditions using diamond anvil cell combined with in situ high-pressure laser heating techniques.The superconductivity was investigated via resistance measurements at pressures.The highest superconducting transition temperature T_(c)was found to be~30 K at 197 GPa in the sample that was synthesized at the same pressure with~2000 K heating.The transitions are shifted to low temperature upon applying magnetic fields that support the superconductivity nature.The upper critical field at zero temperatureμ_0H_(c2)(0)of the superconducting phase is estimated to be~20 T that corresponds to Ginzburg-Landau coherent length~40 A.Our results suggest that the superconductivity may arise from 143d phase of TaH_(3).It is,for the first time to our best knowledge,experimental realization of superconducting hydrides for the VB group of transition metals.

Surface Modification for Metal Hydride Electrode of Ni/MH Battery

A novel method was applied to the surface modification of the metal hydride (MH) electrode of the Ni/MH battery. The electrode was plated with a thin silver film by using plasma technology and its effect on the performance of the Ni/MH battery was examined. Charge-discharge test proved that the battery with modified electrode exhibits a better high-rate dischargeability and chargeability than the battery with untreated electrode. The battery with modified electrode exhibits satisfactory durability. After 500 cycles, the capacities of the batteries with modified and unmodified electrode are 90.1% and 82.3% of their original capacities. The inner pressure test shows that the battery with modified electrode displays a much lower inner gas pressure on charging. The experimental results demonstrate that this method is an effective way for the surface modification of the electrode of the Ni/MH battery.

Pressure-Induced Color Change in the Lutetium Dihydride LuH2

The lutetium dihydride LuH2is stable at ambient conditions.Here we show that its color undergoes sequential changes from dark blue at ambient pressure to pink at ~2.2 GPa and then to bright red at ~4 GPa upon compression in a diamond anvil cell.Such a pressure-induced color change in LuH2is reversible and it is very similar to that recently reported in the N-doped lutetium hydride [Nature 615,244(2023)].However,our preliminary resistance measurements on LuH2under pressures up to ~7 GPa evidenced no superconductivity down to 1.5 K.

FeCoNiCrMo high entropy alloy nanosheets catalyzed magnesium hydride for solid-state hydrogen storage

The catalytic effect of FeCoNiCrMo high entropy alloy nanosheets on the hydrogen storage performance of magnesium hydride(MgH_(2))was investigated for the first time in this paper.Experimental results demonstrated that 9wt%FeCoNiCrMo doped MgH_(2)started to dehydrogenate at 200℃and discharged up to 5.89wt%hydrogen within 60 min at 325℃.The fully dehydrogenated composite could absorb3.23wt%hydrogen in 50 min at a temperature as low as 100℃.The calculated de/hydrogenation activation energy values decreased by44.21%/55.22%compared with MgH_(2),respectively.Moreover,the composite’s hydrogen capacity dropped only 0.28wt%after 20 cycles,demonstrating remarkable cycling stability.The microstructure analysis verified that the five elements,Fe,Co,Ni,Cr,and Mo,remained stable in the form of high entropy alloy during the cycling process,and synergistically serving as a catalytic union to boost the de/hydrogenation reactions of MgH_(2).Besides,the FeCoNiCrMo nanosheets had close contact with MgH_(2),providing numerous non-homogeneous activation sites and diffusion channels for the rapid transfer of hydrogen,thus obtaining a superior catalytic effect.

玛湖凹陷MH1井区下侏罗统储层特征及物性控制因素

利用薄片、扫描电子显微图像、X射线衍射分析数据和高压压汞实验、物性数据等资料,系统地研究玛湖凹陷MH1井区下侏罗统储层的岩石学特征、孔隙结构等特征,探讨了沉积作用、成岩作用和孔隙结构等对储层物性的影响。研究结果表明研究区下侏罗统储层岩性主要为岩屑砂岩和长石质岩屑砂岩。八道湾组储层为弱孔隙的特弱渗储层,含砾粗砂岩贫油化程度较高,储层孔隙类型包括粒间孔隙和粒间溶孔;三工河组储层为高孔隙弱渗储层,储层孔隙类型包括粒内溶孔、剩余粒间空隙、粒间溶孔。水下分流河道主河道物性好,河道侧翼砂体减薄,物性变差。随着孔隙排替压力和汞饱和度中值压力减小,及孔喉中值半径和最大孔喉半径增大,储层物性变好。

Physical Origin of Color Changes in Lutetium Hydride under Pressure

Recently,near-ambient superconductivity was claimed in nitrogen-doped lutetium hydride(LuH_(3-δ)N_(ε)).Unfortunately,all follow-up research still cannot find superconductivity signs in successfully synthesized lutetium dihydride(LuH_(2)) and N-doped LuH_(2±x)N_(y).However,a similar intriguing observation was the pressure-induced color changes(from blue to pink and subsequent red).The physical understanding of its origin and the correlation between the color,crystal structure,and chemical composition of Lu–H–N is still lacking.In this work,we systematically investigated the optical properties of LuH_(2) and LuH_(3),and the effects of hydrogen vacancies and nitrogen doping using the first-principles calculations by considering both interband and intraband contributions.Our results demonstrate that the evolution of reflectivity peaks near blue and red light,which is driven by changes in the band gap and Fermi velocity of free electrons,resulting in the blue-to-red color change under pressure.In contrast,LuH_(3) exhibits gray and no color change up to 50 GPa.Furthermore,we investigated the effects of hydrogen vacancies and nitrogen doping on its optical properties.Hydrogen vacancies can significantly decrease the pressure of blue-to-red color change in LuH_(2) but do not have a noticeable effect on the color of LuH_(3).The N-doped LuH_(2) with the substitution of a hydrogen atom at the tetrahedral position maintains the color change when the N-doping concentration is low.As the doping level increases,this trend becomes less obvious,while other N-doped structures do not show a blue-to-red color change.Our results can clarify the origin of the experimental observed blue-to-red color change in lutetium hydride and also provide a further understanding of the potential N-doped lutetium dihydride.

Phase-Field Simulation of δ Hydride Precipitation with Interfacial Anisotropy

Previous studies ofδhydride in zirconium alloys have mainly assumed an isotropic interface.In practice,the difference in crystal structure at the interface between the matrix phase and the precipitate phase results in an anisotropic interface.With the purpose of probing the real evolution ofδhydrides,this paper couples an anisotropy function in the interfacial energy and interfacial mobility.The influence of anisotropic interfacial energy and interfacial mobility on the morphology ofδhydride precipitation was investigated using the phase-field method.The results show that the isotropy hydride precipitates a slate-like morphology,and the anisotropicδhydride precipitates at the semi-coherent and non-coherent interfaces exhibited parallelogram-like and needle-like,which is consistent with the actual experimental morphology.Compared with the coherent interface,the semi-coherent or non-coherent interface adjusts the lattice mismatch,resulting in lower gradient energy that is more consistent with the true interfacial state.Simultaneously,an important chain of relationships is proposed,in the range of I_(x)<I_(y)<1.5I_(x)(I_(y)<I_(x) or I_(y)>1.5I_(x)),with the increase of the anisotropic mobility I_(y) in the y-axis,the gradient energy increases(decreases),the tendency of the non-coherent(semi-coherent)relationship at the interface,and the precipitation rate of hydride decreases(increases).Furthermore,the inhomogeneous stress distribution around the hydride leads to a localized enrichment of the hydrogen concentration,producing a hydride tip.The study of interfacial anisotropy is informative for future studies ofδhydride precipitation orientation and properties.