Micro Hydro Power Plant for Sustainable Energy in Rural Electrification: A Case Study in Cameroon

The state of Cameroon, faced with the situation the electricity deficits, is promoting the development of renewable energies in general and to meet rural electrification needs in particular. The purpose of this work is to study the feasibility of the MHP of Batcheu, to show its contribution to sustainable development in this locality and to prove that it is a profitable project. After study, it appears that the waterfall of Batcheu is favourable to the establishment of a MHP with an installed power of 260 kW with an operating diagram corresponding to a Francis turbine. Given that it is a renewable energy that can supply more than 800 households in rural areas, its contribution to sustainable development is obvious. Its investment cost is estimated at 171,465,396 FCFA. It is a profitable project with a payback time of 7 years and 2 months.

The Economic and Environmental Impacts of Constructing Hydro Power Plants in Turkey:A Dynamic CGE Analysis(2004-2020)

Since Turkey’s economy and population is rapidly growing, Turkey mostly meets its energy demand from imported fossil sources due to the very limited indigenous oil and natural gas resources. However, Turkey has abundant renewable resources especially, hydro power potential to be used for generation of electricity. But only one-third of this significant economical potential could be used. This usage seems insufficient when compared with that of European countries. In order to analyze the potential long term impacts of the hydro power expanding shock on some macroeconomic variables of interest such as GDP, real consumption, real investment, exports, imports, trade balance, and carbon emissions, we developed TurGEM-D, a dynamic multisectoral general equilibrium model of the Turkish economy. Using TurGEM-D, we analyzed the impact of hydro power shock under policy scenario doubling hydro power generation. The simulation results show that doubling hydro power have slightly positive effects on macro indicators and carbon emissions for Turkish economy.

Sustainable Development around Small Scale Mining Areas by the Development of Micro Hydro Power: Application Cases in Cameroon

Of all the precious metals buried in the Cameroonian subsoil, gold is certainly the longest exploited. It has longtime been the subject of artisanal exploitation. In 2014, the monthly national production was estimated at around 170 kg. In these mining areas, people still live in a screaming precariousness of which one of the main causes is often the lack of electricity, because of the distance of these localities to the national electricity network. Cameroon has a great hydroelectric potential, but the access rate to electricity is still very low in isolate or rural areas of this country. The objective of this work is to show that it is possible to efficiently exploit gold in isolated areas and contribute to the sustainable development of these localities through the development of micro hydro power (MHP). The mining community of Tikondi in the East Region of Cameroon is the practical case study for an illustration. The results of this study show that the development of the MHP project can be developed with installed power of 87 kW, where the Banki-Michell turbine is recommended according to the Sulzer-Escher Wyss diagram. The investment cost evaluated at 79,832,775 FCFA (1 Euro = 656 FCFA). It is a profitable project with a maximum payback period of 8 years. This project can be easily funded by gold mining activity. That Tikondi’s MHP can make this village becoming attractive for others activities, improving the quality of education of children (there is not any school and lots of them do not go to school), the building of health centers and the quality of life in that locality and therefore contribute to their sustainable development too.

Mid-long Term Optimal Dispatching Method of Hydro-thermal Power System Considering Scheduled Maintenance

在中长期水火发电调度中考虑检修计划的影响是目前中长期水火发电调度面临的难题。利用现代整数代数建模技术，建立发电计划和检修计划协调优化的多场景调度模型。在该模型中，鉴于设备检修计划的连续性，在预测场景树的基础上，将场景节点划分成不同的场景，通过节点和场景关联矩阵，实现多场景下设备检修模型的构建。同时，鉴于中长期调度计划中发电计划和检修计划对时段间隔要求的不同，分别设置电量相关节点和电力相关节点，实现中长期发电计划和检修计划的协调。上述模型是一个大规模混合整数线性规划（mixed integer linear programming，MILP）问题，采用商用MILP求解器进行求解。大规模实际水火电系统的实例分析结果表明，所提模型和方法是可行、有效的。

Characteristics on Hydro-mechanical Transmission in Power Shift Process

To improve the vehicular power and acceleration performance and reduce the shift impact, the study of the characteristics on power shift is necessary. Based on the flexible hydraulic unit of hydro-mechanical transmission, this paper explores the feasibility of shift without power interruption. With the four models concerning displacement ratio, rotational speed, rotational torque and power at ideal shift point, the characteristics on power shift in different running conditions are analyzed, and the rules of power shift are revealed. The theoretical analysis and test results show that the hydro-mechanical transmission can shift without power interruption in different running conditions. Furthermore, there exists an ideal shift point in theory, at which point the cycle power in hydro-mechanical transmission can＇t be generated, and the impact on the system can be reduced to the minimum. However, if before or after this ideal shift point, a cycle power can be generated.

Hydro and Wind Power Integration: A Case Study of Dargai Station in Pakistan

Pakistan is facing acute energy crises since last few years. Due to shortage of fuel oil and its sky touching prices, it seems very uneconomical to generate electricity from fuel oil. In order to generate cheap electricity we have to rely on renewable energy resources. To address these challenges, wind power generation is among the popular options in the world which is now being considered in Pakistan as well. However unremitting change in wind speed from calm to stormy introduces real challenges. Storing wind energy in batteries during the periods of low demand seems an expensive option, especially when dealing with large scale power generation. Due to incessantly varying nature of wind speed, it is not feasible to rely only on wind power for cheap power production. Also, it is not thriftily possible to construct separate transmission line. However if we integrate wind power with hydro power, we can utilize the maximum possible transmission capacity. Existing hydro power station operating in that area or pumped storage scheme can be used. This paper is an attempt to analyze coordination of wind generation with hydro power in those areas of Pakistan where both wind and hydro power sources exist. In this paper, different issues have been analyzed taking case study of Dargai. This paper is first attempt in Pakistan about integration of wind and hydro power to draw some general conclusions and to point out some areas in which further research can be done.

Economic feasibility of large-scale hydro–solar hybrid power including long distance transmission

Solar PV is expected to become the most cost-competitive renewable energy owing to the rapidly decreasing cost of the system. On the other hand, hydropower is a high-quality and reliable regulating power source that can be bundled with solar PV to improve the economic feasibility of long-distance transmitted power. In this paper, a quantification model is established taking into account the regulating capacity of the reservoir, the characteristics of solar generation, and cost of hydro and solar PV with long-distance transmission based on the installed capacity ratio of hydro–solar hybrid power. Results indicate that for hydropower stations with high regulating capacity and generation factor of approximately 0.5, a hydro–solar installed capacity ratio of 1:1 will yield overall optimal economic performance, whereas for hydropower stations with daily regulating capacity reservoir and capacity factor of approximately 0.65, the optimal hydro–solar installed capacity ratio is approximately 1:0.3. In addition, the accuracy of the approach used in this study is verified through operation simulation of a hydro–solar hybrid system including ultra high-voltage direct current(UHVDC) transmission using two case studies in Africa.

Non-dominated sorting culture differential evolution algorithm for multi-objective optimal operation of Wind-Solar-Hydro complementary power generation system

Due to the intermittency and instability of Wind-Solar energy and easy compensation of hydropower, this study proposes a Wind-Solar-Hydro power optimal scheduling model. This model is aimed at maximizing the total system power generation and the minimum ten-day joint output. To effectively optimize the multi-objective model, a new algorithm named non-dominated sorting culture differential evolution algorithm(NSCDE) is proposed. The feasibility of NSCDE was verified through several well-known benchmark problems. It was then applied to the Jinping Wind-Solar-Hydro complementary power generation system. The results demonstrate that NSCDE can provide decision makers a series of optimized scheduling schemes.

Research and practice of designing hydro/ photovoltaic hybrid power system in microgrid

Small-hydro power station is often used in remote areas beside a river,but it doesn't match electricity demand so well,especially in dry seasons. A photovoltaic (PV) system with battery is a suitable option to complement the electricity gap. In this paper,a new structure of megawatt-class PV system integrating battery at DC-bus (DC: direct current) is proposed to be used in hydro/PV hybrid power system,and 4 main designing considerations and several key equipments are discussed. In 2011,a 2 MWp PV station with the proposed structure was built up in Yushu,China. From stability analysis,the station shows a strong stability under load cut-in/off and solar irradiance's fluctuation.

Upper Lillooet River Hydroelectric Project： The Challenges of Constructing a Power Tunnel for Run-of-River Hydro Projects in Mountainous British Columbia

利卢埃特河上游水电站项目(ULHP)是一个径流式发电项目,位于加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省彭伯顿附近,由两个独立的水电设施(HEF)组成,总装机容量为106.7 MW。这些HEF由利卢埃特河上游电力有限合伙公司和巨石溪电力有限合伙公司拥有,土建和隧洞施工由CRT-EBC完成。利卢埃特河上游HEF包括沿利卢埃特河上游河谷开挖约2500 m长、6 m宽、5.5 m高的隧洞。项目位于山区,由于受气候条件的严重限制,且存在敏感的野生动物物种,为了减小环境影响,现场施工受到约束。现场位于米格峰火山杂岩体附近,该火山是加拿大西部最近爆发的活火山。隧洞掘进条件非常具有挑战性,其中一段穿过伴随米格峰火山最近一次爆发(距今2360年前)形成的沉积层。该隧洞段包含熔结角砾岩和未固结沉积层,由疏松浮石、有机物(代表古老的森林地被物)组成,一直到进入下伏英云闪长岩基岩之前。本段隧洞的施工需要覆盖灌浆、管棚支护,并在开挖时结合使用巷道掘进机、液压锤和钻爆法。本文对项目进行了概述,总结了关键的设计和施工进度难题,并说明了在隧洞通过伴随近代火山活动形成的沉积层时是如何顺利完成开挖的。

Optimal Scheduling Strategy for Energy Consumption Minimization of Hydro-Thermal Power Systems

A comparison analysis based method for computing the water consumption volume needed for electric energy production of optimal scheduling in hydro-thermal power systems is presented in this paper. The electric energy produced by hydroelectric plants and coal-fired plants is divided into 4 components: potential energy, kinetic energy, water-deep pressure energy and reservoir energy. A new and important concept, reservoir energy, is proposed, based on which is divided into a number of water bodies, for example 3 water bodies, and a reservoir is analyzed in a new way. This paper presents an optimal scheduling solution of elec-tric energy production of hydro-thermal power systems based on multi-factors analytic method, in which some important factors, such as load demand, reservoir in-flow, water consumption volume increment rate of hydroelectric plants or converted from coal-fired plants, and so on are given to model the objective function and the constraints. A study example with three simulation cases is carried out to illustrate flexibility, adapta-bility, applicability of the proposed method.

考虑可再生能源配额的风水火多能源电力系统年度调度模型

通过分析配额制的实施对购电策略的影响,建立考虑可再生能源配额的风水火多能源电力系统的年度调度模型。为减小计算负担,将月度的负荷与风电用数个典型场景及其占比来表示。提出能够自动选择最佳聚类数的改进k-means算法,并应用于典型场景生成过程中。将同一天的负荷与风电的历史数据曲线拼接为一条功率曲线,并基于改进k-means算法进行聚类,得到考虑负荷与风电时序相关性的典型场景。仿真结果表明:(1)所提典型场景生成方法对年度电量刻画的精度平均提高了12.7%,由其所生成典型场景的平均符合率提高了20.25%,所提方法具有更好的年度电量刻画效果和更高的平均场景符合率;(2)当绿色证书的价格高于风电与火电价格差值时,实施配额制后能够提高风电的消纳量,这对绿色证书价格的确定具有重要参考价值。

考虑避振条件的水风光互补发电系统运行经济性评估

为更加全面、准确评估水电机组在风光水互补发电系统中的经济性表现,本文将水电机组寿命损耗成本纳入机组运行成本,建立以机组运行成本最小、发电量最大、功率负荷偏差最小为目标的风光水互补发电系统经济性评估模型,充分考虑水电机组运行策略的区别,对比机组避振与不避振运行时的系统经济性特征与机组运行特点。基于NSGA-Ⅱ智能优化算法对模型求解,以国内某清洁能源基地为例分析了风光典型出力场景下系统运行经济性。研究结果表明,相比水电机组不避振运行,采用避振运行方式的水风光互补系统虽然发电量和功率与负荷偏差均值分别降低了0.09%(0.02 GWh)和2.10%(1.89 MW),但运行成本均值下降了0.24%(1.71万元)。综合来看,在发电量未有明显提升的情况下,虽然功率与负荷偏差方面不避振运行方式表现较为优越,但由于机组疲劳损耗导致的运行成本显著增加、机组安全问题突出,其综合经济性表现不如避振运行方式。该研究对于优化水风光互补系统中水电机组的运行方式,提高互补发电系统整体经济效益有一定指导意义。

水电机组轴系-调速耦合系统动态特性分析

水电机组轴系-调速耦合系统动态特性尚未揭示,制约机组调节优化控制。为此,建立了水电机组不同运行模式轴系-调速耦合系统非线性数学模型,研究分析了耦合系统的非线性动态响应特性。首先,采用Hopf分岔理论分析调速系统稳定域和分岔特性。进一步,仿真分析机组不同运行模式轴系-调速耦合系统的时频动态响应特性。结果表明:机组孤网和并网运行调速系统均存在超临界Hopf分岔,机组并网模式调速器参数稳定域较孤网模式增大。机组并网模式调速系统机组、电网频率动态响应存在多频特性,轴系振动会引发调压室水位动态响应超超低频振荡。并网与孤网模式相比并网模式系统动态响应超调量增大,调节时间缩短。机组孤网和并网运行轴系振动均为多频拟周期振动,但孤网模式轴系振动特性更复杂。

水光储互补特微型发电系统设计与评估

针对美丽乡村建设不断增长的绿色发展需求,提出了一种采用虹吸式水轮机和光伏板作为发电装置,配合蓄电池储能的水光储互补特微型发电照明系统方案。虹吸式水轮机使用稳态数值模拟计算出力及效率,结合水位数据计算发电量,光伏板使用面积法结合太阳辐射数据估算月发电量,并计算了提供给夜间照明和电网的电量。分析了系统的建设成本、经济效益和减排效益,结果表明本系统拥有切实可行的推广前景和减排效益。

考虑外送输电容量限制的梯级水光互补日前鲁棒调峰调度方法

水光联合外送可促进新能源消纳,但光伏出力预测的不确定性会影响水光互补优化调度的经济性和安全性。提出一种考虑外送输电容量限制的梯级水光互补联合发电系统日前鲁棒调度方法。考虑光伏出力不确定性,构建水光互补联合发电系统的日前调峰鲁棒优化调度模型,该模型以最小化受端电网剩余负荷峰谷差为目标,计及梯级水电的上、下游水力耦合约束。采用高效线性化方法对梯级水电运行的非线性模型进行处理,并利用对偶方法实现鲁棒模型的确定性转化。算例仿真结果表明,利用所提方法制定的梯级水电发电计划能充分考虑光伏出力的不确定性,兼顾联合发电系统调峰效果和光伏消纳,实现梯级水电和光伏的互补运行。