Dynamic performance and parameter optimization of a half-vehicle system coupled with an inerter-based X-structure nonlinear energy sink

Inspired by the demand of improving the riding comfort and meeting the lightweight design of the vehicle, an inerter-based X-structure nonlinear energy sink(IXNES) is proposed and applied in the half-vehicle system to enhance the dynamic performance. The X-structure is used as a mechanism to realize the nonlinear stiffness characteristic of the NES, which can realize the flexibility, adjustability, high efficiency, and easy operation of nonlinear stiffness, and is convenient to apply in the vehicle suspension, and the inerter is applied to replacing the mass of the NES based on the mass amplification characteristic. The dynamic model of the half-vehicle system coupled with the IX-NES is established with the Lagrange theory, and the harmonic balance method(HBM) and the pseudo-arc-length method(PALM) are used to obtain the dynamic response under road harmonic excitation. The corresponding dynamic performance under road harmonic and random excitation is evaluated by six performance indices, and compared with that of the original half-vehicle system to show the benefits of the IX-NES. Furthermore, the structural parameters of the IX-NES are optimized with the genetic algorithm. The results show that for road harmonic and random excitation, using the IX-NES can greatly reduce the resonance peaks and root mean square(RMS) values of the front and rear suspension deflections and the front and rear dynamic tire loads, while the resonance peaks and RMS values of the vehicle body vertical and pitching accelerations are slightly larger.When the structural parameters of the IX-NES are optimized, the vehicle body vertical and pitching accelerations of the half-vehicle system could reduce by 2.41% and 1.16%,respectively, and the other dynamic performance indices are within the reasonable ranges.Thus, the IX-NES combines the advantages of the inerter, X-structure, and NES, which improves the dynamic performance of the half-vehicle system and provides an effective option for vibration attenuation in the vehicle engineering.

Parameters Optimization and Performance Evaluation of the Tuned Inerter Damper for the Seismic Protection of Adjacent Building Structures

In order to improve the seismic performance of adjacent buildings,two types of tuned inerter damper(TID)damping systems for adjacent buildings are proposed,which are composed of springs,inerter devices and dampers in serial or in parallel.The dynamic equations of TID adjacent building damping systems were derived,and the H2 norm criterion was used to optimize and adjust them,so that the system had the optimum damping performance under white noise random excitation.Taking TID frequency ratio and damping ratio as optimization parameters,the optimum analytical solutions of the displacement frequency response of the undamped structure under white noise excitation were obtained.The results showed that compared with the classic TMD,TID could obtain a better damping effect in the adjacent buildings.Comparing the TIDs composed of serial or parallel,it was found that the parallel TIDs had more significant advantages in controlling the peak displacement frequency response,while the H2 norm of the displacement frequency response of the damping system under the coupling of serial TID was smaller.Taking the adjacent building composed of two ten-story frame structures as an example,the displacement and energy collection time history analysis of the adjacent building coupled with the optimum design parameter TIDs were carried out.It was found that TID had a better damping effect in the full-time range compared with the classic TMD.This paper also studied the potential power of TID in adjacent buildings,which can be converted into available power resources during earthquakes.

Geometrically nonlinear inerter for vibration suppression

A two-degree-of-freedom(2DOF)vibration isolation structure with an integrated geometric nonlinear inerter(NI)device is proposed.The device is integrated into an inertial nonlinear energy sink(INES),and its vibration suppression performance is examined by the Runge-Kutta(RK)method and verified by the harmonic balance method(HBM).The new isolator is compared with a traditional vibration isolator.The results show a significant improvement in the vibration suppression performance.To investigate the effects of the excitation amplitude and initial condition on the dynamics of the system,a series of transmissibility-frequency response analyses are performed based on the displacement transmissibility.The energy flow of the system is analyzed,and numerous calculations reveal a series of ideal values for the energy sink in the NI-INES system.This study provides new insights for the design of vibration isolators.

Optimal design and effectiveness evaluation for inerter-based devices on mitigating seismic responses of base isolated structures

The optimal design and effectiveness of three control systems,tuned viscous mass damper(TVMD),tuned inerter damper(TID)and tuned mass damper(TMD),on mitigating the seismic responses of base isolated structures,were systematically studied.First,the seismic responses of the base isolated structure with each control system under white noise excitation were obtained.Then,the structural parameter optimizations of the TVMD,TID and TMD were conducted by using three different objectives.The results show that the three control systems were all effective in minimizing the root mean square value of seismic responses,including the base shear of the BIS,the absolute acceleration of structural SDOF,and the relative displacement between the base isolation floor and the foundation.Finally,considering the superstructure as a structural MDOF,a series of time history analyses were performed to investigate the effectiveness and activation sensitivity of the three control systems under far field and near fault seismic excitations.The results show that the effectiveness of TID and TMD with optimized parameters on mitigating the seismic responses of base isolated structures increased as the mass ratio increases,and the effectiveness of TID was always better than TMD with the same mass ratio.The TVMD with a lower mass ratio was more efficient in reducing the seismic response than the TID and TMD.Furthermore,the TVMD,when compared with TMD and TID,had better activation sensitivity and a smaller stroke.

Optimal design of inerter systems for the force-transmission suppression of oscillating structures

When dealing with the oscillations of fixed-base structures or machines induced by external forces,suppressing the vibrational impact on the adjacent structures and the environment helps to maintain the structural durability and ensure the users′comfort level.This study proposed an inerter-based optimal solution to suppress the vibrational forces and energy transmitted to the supporting ground by utilizing the great potential of the inerter.For the external force,which contains various frequency bands,the stochastic response and an energy balance analysis are conducted to evaluate the force transmissibility,structural displacement,and vibration power flow.Given the benefits of the inerter,a transmitted-force-based optimal design framework is proposed for inerter systems,of which the effectiveness is validated by numerical examples.The obtained results show that inerter systems are capable of providing significant reductions in the structural displacement and the force transmitted to the supporting ground.Particularly,the closed-form power equation indicated that a grounded inerter can suppress the force transmission and vibrational energy,thus leading to a less negative impact on the ground and environment.Revealing the working mechanism and optimal design strategy of the inerter can help solve the force-transmission control problem experienced by some practical structures.

Enhancing suspension vibration reduction by diagonal inerter

The diagonal inerter is integrated into a suspension vibration reduction system(SVRS).The dynamic model of the SVRS with diagonal inerter and damping is established.The dynamic model is of strong geometric nonlinearity.The retaining nonlinearity up to cubic terms is validated under impact excitation.The conditions omitting the static deformation are determined.The effects of the diagonal inerter on the vibration reduction performance of the SVRS are explored under impact and random excitations.The vibration reduction performance of the proposed SVRS with both diagonal inerter and damping is better than that of either the SVRS without them or the SVRS with the diagonal damping only.

Vertical seismic absorber utilizing inertance and negative stiffness implemented with gas springs

A novel implementation of negative stiffness elements(NSEs)is proposed,utilizing industrial grade nitrogen gas springs as pre-stressed stiffness elements in a configuration with lever arms.This NSE is combined with an inerter to form a stiff dynamic absorber(SDA)for vertical seismic protection of structures with base isolation.The SDA is optimized to minimize vertical accelerations while ensuring static structural integrity,excellent damping performance and containment of relative displacements.The introduction of gas springs in place of conventional linear springs addresses important practical limitations through features of non-linearity and industrial grade manufacturing.The proposed implementation is dimensioned for a 50-ton structure and evaluated numerically for 25 actual earthquake records,in comparison with a linear SDA model and an equivalent conventional damper(CD).Individual and averaged results of acceleration and displacement time histories demonstrate vastly superior response compared to CD regarding induced accelerations for similar displacements.Performance equivalency with the linear SDA model indicates the stability of the gas spring implementation while guaranteeing predictability,tested endurance,proper tolerances,and off-axis motion resistance without requiring additional guiding components,as opposed to conventional springs.These features render the proposed implementation a promising solution for the realization of NSEs in seismic protection.

惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法同时测定无烟煤中氮和氢

首次使用惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法实现无烟煤中氮、氢元素的同时、快速、准确测定.探究分析条件,发现当称样量为0.0300 g,分析功率为5500 W,氮元素的积分延迟时间为15 s,集成时间为55 s,氢元素的积分延迟时间为5 s,集成时间为85 s,且使用石墨套埚时,氮氢元素的释放最完全、合理.方法中氮、氢校准曲线的相关系数分别为0.9949、0.9940,检出限分别为0.321%、0.189%,定量限分别为0.326%、0.194%,精密度分别为3.60%、0.63%,满足线性关系及方法要求.惰气熔融-红外吸收/热导法重复性好、高效便捷、操作和维护简单,可用于无烟煤中氮、氢元素的定量检测.

空气驱油可燃气体爆炸安全风险分析

目的目前,安全问题仍然是限制空气驱大规模应用的主要原因,为此进行了针对其爆炸极限计算方法的研究。方法通过对6种可燃气体的单组分计算方法、单组分文献值与2种多组分计算方法进行组合,得到了14种计算组合,将其与国内某油田3口井的爆炸实测值进行比较,以判断哪种组合适应性最好。结果含碳原子单组分燃气计算法与多组分燃气计算中查图-理·查特里修正法组合得到的计算结果整体误差相对较小,更符合爆炸极限实测值。结论可为C_(1)~C_(3)轻烃体积分数达90%以上的井流物的爆炸极限理论计算方法的选择提供参考。

附加不同形式调谐质量惯容系统的高耸烟囱轻量化减震控制

附加调谐质量阻尼器是烟囱结构的一种传统减震控制方法,然而其通常需要较大的附加质量及额外的安装空间,这为施工安装带来不便。本文提出附加调谐质量惯容系统(TMIS)控制高耸烟囱的地震响应,以利用惯容元件的表观质量效果实现轻量化减震目标。同时,考虑烟囱高阶模态对其地震响应不容忽视的影响,提出沿烟囱高度布置的分布式TMIS以实现多模态控制效果。建立了基于两种不同惯容子系统的TMIS力学模型及相应的附加分布式TMIS烟囱运动方程。以金井清谱为随机地震激励输入,并基于改进的定点理论提出了分布式TMIS的部分设计参数简化假设,提出了基于需求的分布式TMIS烟囱结构多模态优化设计方法。通过实例验证了所建议设计方法的有效性,并对比检验了分布式TMIS的轻量化及多模态控制效果,通过参数分析检验了所采用的改进定点理论简化的合理性。结果表明:所建议的设计方法可以按照预定目标发挥两种分布式TMIS的减震性能,两种分布式TMIS均显示了明显的轻量化减震效果。

惰气熔融-红外吸收光谱法测定镧铈稀土钢中氧含量

高品质稀土钢要求进行精确低氧含量控制,而依据现有GB/T 11261—2006标准进行氧含量测定,检测结果具有较大的不准确性。以具有不同镧、铈稀土元素含量的稀土钢为对象,以其氧含量精确测定为目标,基于惰气熔融-红外吸收光谱法,开展了分析功率、助熔剂和称样量对镧铈稀土钢中氧含量分析结果的影响研究。结果表明:对于不同镧、铈元素含量的稀土钢,需要采用不同的分析方法,当稀土钢中的镧、铈含量较低时,通过降低分析功率即可较为精确地测定稀土钢中的氧含量;对于镧、铈含量较高的稀土钢,在调控分析功率(4000~4500 W)的基础上,需同时采用锡作为助熔剂,并将助熔剂与样品比例设定为1∶1(称样量为0.3~0.6 g),即可实现氧含量的精确测定。精密度验证实验结果显示:采用所建立的方法测定氧含量的相对标准偏差(RSD)小于8.0%;采用钢标准样品进行加标回收实验,回收率在97.0%~108%,而加标回收率略有升高的原因在于助熔剂Sn降低了合金熔点,使少量难熔氧化物中的氧得到更充分释放。方法可用来准确测定不同镧、铈元素含量稀土钢中的氧含量。

自然老化对FOX-7基双元混合物相容性的影响

目的 掌握自然老化如何影响1,1-二氨基-2,2-二硝基乙烷(FOX-7)基双元混合物的相容性,揭示老化过程对其相容性的潜在影响。方法 采用热分析技术(差示扫描量热法,DSC)和非热分析技术(傅里叶变换红外光谱,FTIR),对老化前后FOX-7基双元混合物的热分解特性和分子结构特征进行评估。利用DSC测得混合物和单质FOX-7的DSC初始分解峰温,对FOX-7与8种含能材料和4种惰性材料的相容性进行评估,再结合FTIR的测试结果辅助说明混合物分子结构的变化。结果 DSC热流曲线显示,除FOX-7/RDX混合物外,其他研究对象在老化前后均展现出良好的相容性。然而,以FOX-7/CL-20为代表的混合物在老化后的最大放热峰温出现明显变化,表明老化对这些混合物的相容性产生了影响。在FTIR光谱分析中观察到的官能团变化进一步表明,FOX-7与RDX、CL-20、AP、HTPB、DOS或WAX等组成的双元体系在老化过程中发生了化学反应。结论 本研究的发现对理解和评估老化过程对FOX-7基双元混合物相容性的影响具有重要意义,可用于指导FOX-7基含能材料长期储存和使用中的安全设计。

带碰撞的惯质调谐质量阻尼器对斜拉索涡激振动控制研究

在以往惯质调谐质量阻尼器(tuned mass damper-inerter, TMDI)的研究基础上,引入非线性碰撞机制,提出一种带碰撞的新型惯质调谐质量阻尼器(pounding tuned mass damper-inerter, PTMDI)来对斜拉索的涡激振动进行控制。该阻尼器不仅能减小装置尺寸,又能利用振子在碰撞过程中产生的加速度突变来提高惯质器的质量放大效应,在一定程度上解决传统惯质型阻尼器一端尽量固接的安装方式,布置上更为灵活。建立了设有该装置的斜拉索涡激减振控制方程,分析了拉索涡激振动特性,并对其减振性能进行了研究。对阻尼器惯容参数和碰撞参数的影响及优化问题进行了探讨,给出了最优参数的取值方法。算例表明,所提PTMDI能显著降低斜拉索的涡激振动响应,且在所提优化方法得到的最优参数下具有更为优越的控制能力。对于常遇风时拉索出现的多模态涡激振动控制分析表明,碰撞机制能使PTMDI的鲁棒性得到提升,对多模态涡激振动也有相当程度的控制效果。

混联Ⅱ型惯容非线性能量阱的动力学特性研究

分别使用非线性恢复力、非线性阻尼替代惯容减振系统中的线性恢复力、线性阻尼,并考虑摩擦力的影响,提出了混联Ⅱ型惯容非线性能量阱.建立了主系统的动力学方程,利用谐波平衡法求解系统在简谐激励下的幅频响应曲线.采用弧长算法和数值法相结合的方法研究了系统的惯质比、非线性阻尼、非线性刚度和摩擦力单个参数对其减振性能的影响.发现非线性刚度和非线性阻尼数值的增大会使峰值先减小后增大,不同的是,前者幅频响应曲线逐渐向右上方向弯曲,后者产生峰值的位置向低频段转移.分析了惯质比、非线性阻尼、非线性刚度3种参数两两组合下对系统减振效果的影响.研究表明,在激励幅值为0.005 m时,惯质比和阻尼同时变化减振效果最好:当ε=0.1时,系统主结构位移峰值的最小值约为0.01 m;而在参数ε=0.001时,整体取值范围内其最大值约为0.061 m;当惯质比取得最佳值0.1时,非线性阻尼和非线性刚度κ_(21)的取值范围变大.在摩擦力的作用下,系统的最大幅值都有不同程度的增加.上述研究可为振动系统减振的研究提供参考.

飞机燃油箱惰化试验飞行环境模拟系统设计

飞机燃油箱惰化试验是飞机燃油系统安全评估的重要内容。为检验飞机惰化系统设计的正确性以及机载测试设备在飞行环境下的工作可靠性,设计了飞机燃油箱惰化试验飞行环境模拟系统,用于地面开展飞机燃油惰化系统飞行模拟试验。应用所搭建的模拟系统,开展了模拟平飞、爬升、下降等过程的飞机燃油惰化系统试验,检验了新研发的机载燃油箱氧浓度测试设备的性能。结果表明:模拟系统能够提供飞行条件高低温、高低压的油箱外部环境模拟以及含油气、惰化气体、飞行晃动的油箱内部环境模拟,从而为飞机燃油箱惰化系统试验提供有力支撑。

反共振隔振器结构综合

为解决反共振隔振器结构正向分析方法存在的组合不充分性、构型规律不清晰等问题,本文提出一种逆向综合方法。将反共振隔振器作为机械网络,根据新机电严格相似性,先建立了“惯容-弹簧”机械网络综合理论,在阻抗综合和导纳综合2种方法基础上发展了混合综合方法。推导了反共振隔振器传递函数的一般表达式,阐明了传递曲线在隔振区还存在以负斜率衰减的第2种特征形态。以反共振特性为技术条件,根据所述综合方法得到了完备的“惯容-弹簧”反共振隔振器结构,由单惯容、单弹簧和周期性串、并联的“惯容-弹簧”二元件等4种结构单元组成,分析了构型规律,实现了从单频点结构到多频点结构的推演性,并讨论了阻尼影响。本文示例了悬臂端带质块的双简支-悬臂梁作为“惯容-弹簧”二元件串联结构的一种实现形式,验证了所综合的反共振隔振器结构的正确性。本文为工程上设计具有不同隔振特性的反共振隔振器结构提供了理论指导。

考虑SSI效应的升降作业平台惯容减振优化设计

升降作业平台在野外工地、河滩等环境中高空作业时,其支腿底盘的明置基础与软土地基会发生动力相互作用,从而改变作业平台系统的动力特性。提出了考虑土与结构相互作用效应下的含3种不同惯容减振系统(SIS,SPIS-1,SPIS-2)的升降作业平台动力学模型,推导了作业平台在简谐激励下的振幅放大因子以及在随机激励下的响应均方值的解析表达式。利用遗传算法分别求解了位于中硬土、中软土以及软弱土3种地基表面的作业平台在H_(∞)和H_(2)优化准则下,惯容减振系统的最优设计刚度比和阻尼比。对最优状态下的各减振系统进行减振效果分析,结果表明:SPIS-2减振系统效果最佳,不仅最大程度地抑制了升降作业平台的共振效应,而且更有效地拓宽频带范围;SSI效应可以降低简谐激励下作业平台的位移振幅放大因子和随机激励下作业平台绝对位移的均方值;SSI效应对简谐激励和随机激励下惯容减振系统的最优设计参数影响很小,因此针对3种惯容减振系统位于不同地基表面下的最优设计参数拟合出经验公式,为升降作业平台的研发和减振设计奠定了理论基础。

两种直升机多舱油箱惰化系统代偿损失比较

针对某型直升机多舱油箱,设计了冷却空气控温和燃油热沉控温的2种多舱油箱惰化系统。基于AMESim平台搭建了这2种系统模型,研究了这2种系统的控温效果和各舱油箱参数变化规律,并且引入代偿损失指标对这2种系统性能进行评估。仿真结果表明:2种惰化系统均能控制膜前温度维持在90℃;燃油热沉控温的多舱油箱惰化系统在整个飞行过程中,各舱油箱中最高燃油温度小于32℃,没有超过许用限制;对于直升机而言,由于油箱相比大型客机而言体积较小,通过计算可得,冷却空气控温的多舱油箱惰化系统的燃油代偿损失小于燃油热沉控温的多舱油箱惰化系统的燃油代偿损失。仿真结果为多舱油箱惰化系统的设计和优化提供了参考依据。

基础隔震结构附加变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器的优化设计研究

在强震作用下基础隔震结构的隔震层将发生非常大的水平变形。已有研究表明采用在基础隔震结构的隔震层附加变化型调谐质量阻尼器(VTMD)的混合控制策略能够有效降低隔震层的水平变形需求,然而该混合控制策略最大的缺陷在于需要很大的调谐质量。考虑到惯容装置具有明显的质量放大效应,本文提出将惯容装置(Inerter)与VTMD中的阻尼器并联,从而形成具有较小调谐质量的变化型调谐质量惯容阻尼器(VTMDI),并将其附加在基础隔震结构的隔震层,基于随机振动的分析框架开展了VTMDI参数的优化设计研究。研究表明直接将基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形作为优化目标的传统优化策略并不经济有效。为此,本文提出了一种基于两步优化法的优化策略,该优化策略首先确保附加VTMDI的基础隔震结构相对于附加相同阻尼的基础隔震结构具有更优的控制效果;然后确保附加VTMDI的基础隔震结构的上部结构层间变形最小。通过动力时程分析结果表明:两种优化策略都能有效降低隔震层的水平变形和上部结构的层间变形,同时不会导致调谐质量出现过大的运动行程,基于两步优化法的优化策略更为经济有效。

惰性气体在LIBS中的辅助测量研究

激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)是一种发射光谱分析技术,因其实时、多元素、无损、远程等优势,在分析高危环境和重要文物等方面具有极大潜力。目前,LIBS测量技术仍受实验设备,测量环境等因素影响,其中,气氛环境对LIBS测量的影响尤为显著。惰性气体因其优秀的物理性质(比热容,导电率,稳定的化学性质,较大的相对分子质量等)有利于辅助LIBS测量,增强光谱信号,提高检测下限,在激光诱导击穿光谱测量中的应用愈发频繁。因此,在详细调研了惰性气体于LIBS测量过程中的应用基础上,解析了其对光谱信号的影响因素,如很低的化学活性有效降低了空气中其他气体(氧气,氮气等)对光谱信号的吸收湮灭、较大的原子体积限制了等离子体向外扩张,使得单位体积内的温度大幅度上升、丰富的核外电子使产生的等离子体中自由电子大幅度上升,提高了电子密度、亚稳态的存在促使惰性气体对待测样品的延迟激发,辅助激发某些较轻元素并大幅度增加等离子体寿命、能量传递更能特定增强某些特殊能级的发射谱线,获得更高的增强因子、还分析了氡气通过衰变对发射谱线的影响,惰性气体的发射谱线也可用于计算样品的等离子体温度和电子密度等,对LIBS的辅助测量有重要影响。列举了亚稳态在LIBS测量中的应用和惰性气体在不同测量对象中对谱线信号的增强因子。分析比较了不同惰性气体在信号增强,烧蚀质量,时间演化方面的差异,结果表明,氦气相比其他惰性气体较为特殊,归结于其特殊的物理性质和核外结构,而其他气体随着周期数的增加,信号增强因子逐渐增加而烧蚀质量却逐渐减小,等离子的时间演化也逐渐变长,为LIBS测量中选择合适的惰性气体提供理论支持和参考。