Current research of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus:Pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus(iNPH)is caused by impaired cerebrospinal fluid absorption in the elderly;it is a surgically treatable form of dementia.Gait disturbance,dementia,and urinary incontinence are the triad of signs for iNPH.In addition to these clinical findings,imaging studies show characteristic ventricular enlargement.High Evans Index and‘disproportionately enlarged subarachnoid hydrocephalus’are other well-known imaging findings of iNPH.If the tap test shows improved symptoms,shunt surgery is performed.The disease was first described by Hakim and Adams in 1965,followed by the publication of the first,second,and third editions of the guidelines in 2004,2012,and 2020,respectively.Recent studies signal the glymphatic system and classical cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)absorption from the dural lymphatics as aetiological mechanisms of CSF retention.Research is also underway on imaging test and biomarker developments for more precise diagnosis,shunting technique options with fewer sequelae and complications,and the influence of genetics.Particularly,the newly introduced‘suspected iNPH’in the third edition of the guidelines may be useful for earlier diagnosis.However,less well-studied areas remain,such as pharmacotherapy in non-operative indications and neurological findings other than the triadic signs.This review briefly presents previous research on these and future issues.

Lumboperitoneal shunts for the treatment of post-traumatic hydrocephalus

Objective: To assess the effectiveness and safety of lumboperitoneal shunt for treatment of post-traumatic hydrocephalus(PTH).Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records of patients with lumboperitoneal shunts admitted in Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital from January 2014 to March 2017 was done.Experience with lumboperitoneal shunt placement for PTH was reviewed.The diagnosis of PTH was based on ventricular enlargement with the Evans' index(EI>0.3) before shunt implantation.Patients were evaluated for improvements in Glasgow Coma Scale(GCS), Glasgow Outcome Scale(GOS), and EI after shunt placement.Results: Totally, the study included 34 PTH patients with the average age of 49.32 years(range: 9–67 years).The average follow-up period was(3.9±3.5) months.Before lumboperitoneal shunt, the GOS score was(4±1), the GCS score was(8.53±3.38), and the EI score was(0.40±0.08).After shunt implantation, the GOS score was(3±1), the GCS score was(10.29±3.15), and the EI score was(0.34±0.13), respectively(P<0.05).Before lumboperitoneal shunt, 24(70.58%) patients had a GOS score of 4(vegetative state), and 10(29.42%) patients had a GOS score of 3(severe disabled).After lumboperitoneal shunt, 18(52.94%) patients had improvement in GOS(11 patients improve from GOS 4 to GOS 3, 5 patients from GOS 3 to GOS 2 and 2 patients from GOS 3 to GOS 1), 22(64.71%) patients achieved improvement in their GCS(14 patients GCS improvements ≥2 and 8 patients GCS improvement=1), 21(61.76%) patients had EI improvement(18 patients with EI<0.3).There was no complication in this study.Conclusion: Lumboperitoneal shunt placement is safe and effective for PTH, and serious complications are not observed.

Early fault prediction and detection of hydrocephalus shunting system

Trends of various intracranial pressure (ICP) parameters for high pressure hydrocephalus patients are utilized to detect various shunt faults in their early stages, as well as, to monitor the effect of such faults on shunt performance. A method was proposed to predict the time required for ICP to be abnormal and for the valve to reach full blockage condition. Furthermore, an auto valve schedule updating method is proposed and used to temporarily deal with detected faults until the patient is checked up by his/her physician. The proposed algorithms were evaluated using numerical simulation.

Effect of Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt on the Recovery of Brain Function in Children with Hydrocephalus

Objective:To analyze the effect of ventriculoperitoneal shunt on the recovery of brain function in children with hydrocephalus.Methods:The clinical data of 40 children with hydrocephalus were retrospectively analyzed.Ventriculoperitoneal shunt was performed with 9003 shunt tube and P.S.Shunt tube,B.C.E.shunt tube.Electroencephalogram(EEG),and brain CT/MRI were performed before and after surgery,and postoperative follow-up was carried out to observe the therapeutic effect.Results:In this study,there were seven cases of intracranial injury,seven cases of congenital hydrocephalus,11 cases of ventricular end obstruction,three cases of abdominal end obstruction,nine cases complicated with bacterial infection,and 3 cases of shunt entering the scrotum.The prognosis of all the children was good,and there were no significant changes in eight cases.Conclusion:Ventriculoperitoneal shunt is effective in the treatment of children with hydrocephalus.

Pressure-adjustable shunt in treatment of hydrocephalus associated with congenital intracranial anomalous venous return

Objective To investigate the value of Codman Hakim pressure adjustable shunt in the treatment of hydrocephalus associated with congenital intracranial anomalous venous return. Methods 2 patients whose diagnosis were confirmed by CT,MRI,MRV and DSA and programmable ventriculoperitoneal shunting was given.

Visual acuity evaluation in children with hydrocephalus:An electrophysiological study with sweep visual evoked potential

The objective was to measure the visual acuity (VA) of children with the diagnosis of hydrocephalus with or without peritoneal-ventricular shunt (PVS). A total of 55 children were included in the study (34 Female), with an age range of 0 to 291 weeks. The VA was measured by the sweep visual evoked potential technique. Of those with a PVS, in 31 the ventricular valve was inserted before 15 days after the diagnosis whereas in 14 the ventricular valve was inserted after 15 days. The sweep VEP was performed in all children, 95 exams (94%) were abnormal and only 6 were normal. There was a statistical difference in the VA between children with a PVS inserted before 15 days of the diagnosis and children with a PVS after 15 days (p = 0.038) or those without a shunt (p = 0.031). Children with no complications of the PVS had a better VA as compared to those with shunt complications (p < 0.001). In the group of children with complications, again those who had a shunt inserted be-fore 15 days had better VA results in com- parison to those in whom the shunt was inserted after 15 days (p = 0.029). No statistical difference in the VA was found between children without the PVS and with those in which the shunt was inserted after 15 days of the di-agnosis of hydrocephalus (p = 0.699). We conclude that the delayed insertion of the PVS may compromise the visual development of these children.

Management of Idiopathic Chronic Hydrocephalus of the Adult in Guinea: A Prospective Study in 16 Patients

Object: Incidence of Idiopathic chronic hydrocephalus of the adult (ICHA) is increasing in Guinea due to the aging of the population. The goal of this study was to describe its epidemiology, clinical presentation, and surgical outcome in a low-resource medical environment. Method: Sixteen patients operated for a probable ICHA were prospectively studied according to a uniform protocol from June 2019 to December 2020. On computerized tomography, all operated patients had a clinical triad of gait disturbance, incontinence, dementia associated with ventriculomegaly, and transependymal edema. In addition, all patients underwent a single lumbar tap, improved clinically, and were subsequently offered a shunt consisting of a simple catheter in 37.5% and a non-adjustable high-pressure valve in 62.5%. Result: The mean age was 68.31 ± 10.4 (range 49 - 89). The sex ratio H/F was 1.67/1. Clinically, the most frequent comorbidity was a combination of hypertension and diabetes in 56.5% of cases. The mean time to diagnosis was 8.31 ± 2.75 months (range 3 - 14). The immediate postoperative mortality was 12.5% from a status epilepticus and pulmonary sepsis. In addition, we observed 2 cases of chronic subdural hematoma (12.5%) and 2 cases of shunt dysfunction (12.5%) in the first three months. The functional outcome was good in 23% of patients at one month (N = 13), 50% at three months (N = 10), and 87.5% at six months (N = 8). Conclusion: In carefully selected cases, the surgical outcome of ICHA in Guinea is comparable to high-income countries. Efforts need to be put in helping patients get covered with universal insurance and generally promote Neurosurgery in the country to improve the quality of care.

Surgical Treatment for Neonatal Hydrocephalus: Catheter-Based Cerebrospinal Fluid Diversion or Endoscopic Intervention?

Neonatal hydrocephalus can arise from a multitude of disturbances, among them congenital aqueductal stenosis, myelomeningocele or posthemorrhagic complications in preterm infants. Diagnostic work-up comprises transfontanellar ultrasonography, T2 weighted MRI and clinical assessment for rare inherited syndromes. Classification of hydrocephalus and treatment guidelines is based on detailed consensus statements. The recent evidence favors catheter-based cerebrospinal fluid diversion in children below 6 months, but emerging techniques such as neuroendoscopic lavage carry the potential to lower shunt insertion rates. More long-term study results will be needed to allow for individualized, multidisciplinary decision making. This article gives an overview regarding contemporary pathophysiological concepts, the latest consensus statements and most recent technical developments.

Migration of the distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt catheter into the stomach with or without trans-oral extrusion:A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Intra-gastric migration of the distal ventriculoperitoneal shunt(VPS)catheter clinically presenting with or without trans-oral extrusion is one of the rare complications of VPS catheter insertion.AIM To identify the demographics,clinical presentation,clinical findings,and results of surgical therapy offered for the treatment of intra-gastric migration of the distal VPS catheter,clinically presented with or without trans-oral extrusion.METHODS An online search was performed for the extraction/retrieval of the published/available literature pertaining to the above-mentioned VPS complication.Manuscripts were searched from PubMed,PMC(PubMed Central),ResearchGate,and Google Scholar databases using various terminology relating to the VPS complications.The first case of migration of a VPS catheter into the stomach was reported in the year 1980,and the data were retrieved from 1980 to December 2022.Cases were categorized into two groups;Group A:Cases who had migration of the distal VPS catheter into the stomach and clinically presented with trans-oral extrusion of the same,and Group B:Cases who had migration of the distal VPS catheter into the stomach,but presented without trans-oral extrusion.RESULTS A total of n=46 cases(n=27;58.69%male,and n=19;41.3%females)were recruited for the systematic review.Group A included n=32,and Group B n=14 cases.Congenital hydrocephalus was the indication for the primary VPS insertion for approximately half of the(n=22)cases.Approximately sixty percent(n=27)of them were children≤5 years of age at the time of the diagnosis of the complication mentioned above.In seventy-two percent(n=33)cases,this complication was detected within 24 mo after the VPS insertion/last shunt revision.Clinical diagnosis was evident for the entire group A cases.Various diagnostic modalities were used to confirm the diagnosis for Group B cases.Various surgical procedures were offered for the management of the complication in n=43 cases of both Groups.In two instances,intra-gastric migration of the distal VPS catheter was detected during the autopsy.This review documented four deaths.CONCLUSION Intra-gastric migration of the peritoneal end of a VPS catheter is one of the rare complications of VPS catheter implantation done for the treatment of hydrocephalus across all age groups.It was more frequently reported in children,although also reported in adults and older people.A very high degree of clinical suspicion is required for the diagnosis of a case of an intra-gastric migration of the distal VPS catheter clinically presenting without transoral extrusion.

脑积水腰大池⁃腹腔分流术预后影响因素分析

目的筛查脑积水患者腰大池⁃腹腔分流术后短期神经功能预后的影响因素。方法纳入2014年10月至2020年1月在首都医科大学宣武医院行腰大池⁃腹腔分流术的136例脑积水患者,出院时采用改良Rankin量表(mRS)评价脑积水术后短期神经功能预后,单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析筛查术后短期神经功能预后不良的影响因素。结果共136例患者根据出院时mRS评分分为预后良好(mRS评分≤3分)组(65例)和预后不良(mRS评分>3分)组(71例),Logistic回归分析,入院时Glasgow昏迷量表(GCS)评分9~12分(OR=7.800,95%CI:7.205~8.443;P=0.000)和3~8分(OR=6.299,95%CI:5.744~6.907;P=0.006),病因为颅脑创伤(OR=27.681,95%CI:24.270~31.572;P=0.000)、脑出血(OR=13.017,95%CI:11.473~14.769;P=0.005)、蛛网膜下腔出血(OR=17.682,95%CI:15.683~19.935;P=0.001)和其他原因(OR=5.851,95%CI:5.166~6.628;P=0.050)是脑积水患者腰大池⁃腹腔分流术后短期神经功能预后不良的危险因素。结论脑积水患者腰大池⁃腹腔分流术后神经功能预后受多种因素影响,不同入院时GCS评分、不同病因患者预后不同,应根据具体情况制定个性化治疗方案。

脑室-腹腔分流术联合颅骨修补术同期治疗脑积水的效果分析

目的在脑积水患者的治疗中同期开展脑室-腹腔分流术、颅骨修补术并分析其效果。方法选取2016年9月—2023年8月在盐城市第三人民医院行相关手术治疗的60例脑积水患者为研究对象。采用随机系统抽选法,将患者分为两组,对照组(30例)先做脑室-腹腔分流手术、后做颅骨修补手术,而观察组(30例)则同期进行以上两种手术。对比分析临床治疗效果。结果观察组患者日常生活活动能力表评分、运动功能、认知功能、格拉斯哥预后分级评分和卡氏功能状态评分均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);观察组治疗总有效率高达96.67%,相较对照组的73.33%显著更高,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=6.405,P=0.011);观察组并发症发生率相较对照组显著更低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论脑室-腹腔分流术和颅骨修补术同期用于脑积水患者治疗中,具有治疗意义。

脑室腹腔分流术治疗犬脑积水的病例分析

为了探索犬脑积水(Hydrocephalus)的替代疗法并提高患犬生活质量,本文分析了1例临床50日龄患有脑积水的边境牧羊犬,初期尝试药物管理和最终采用手术治疗的方案。结果显示,采取药物保守治疗,目的为减少患犬脑脊液(CSF)的产生并增加其排出,但2周后临床症状无明显改善,遂进行脑室腹腔分流术治疗。术后患犬神经症状有所缓解,影像学检测结果显示CSF有所减少。术后约1个月,患犬因厌食、器官衰竭和手术引流失败而死亡。结果表明,在药物控制无效的情况下,脑室腹腔分流术可作为脑积水的替代治疗方法。虽然本病例患犬最终死亡,但为脑积水的诊断和治疗提供了参考。

结核性脑积水患者的侧脑室和腰大池脑脊液参数相关性分析

目的探讨在脑室腹腔分流术治疗结核性脑积水时,使用侧脑室脑脊液和使用腰大池脑脊液化验结果作为分流参考指标的差异。方法回顾性纳入28例结核性脑积水患者。在进行脑室腹腔分流术之前,分别从腰大池和侧脑室取脑脊液,送常规与生化检测。对上述来源两个不同部位的脑脊液进行参数分析,并随访患者手术疗效。结果腰大池有核细胞、葡萄糖、氯化物、蛋白质含量与侧脑室这些指标有明显相关性(P<0.05);腰大池脑脊液有核细胞和蛋白水平明显高于侧脑室(P<0.05)。后期随访过程中,除1例失去联系,其余患者手术效果良好。结论由于侧脑室脑脊液与腰大池脑脊液存在明显差异,脑室腹腔分流术应取侧脑室脑脊液作为分流的临床参考指标。

改良VPS治疗脑室出血后脑积水的效果及对神经功能、铁离子和水通道蛋白-4的影响

目的 探讨改良脑室-腹腔分流术(VPS)在脑室出血(IVH)后脑积水患者治疗中的应用价值。方法 选取2021年1月至2023年1月洛阳市中心医院收治的102例IVH后脑积水患者,采用简单随机化法分为两组,各51例。对照组接受传统VPS治疗,研究组接受改良VPS治疗。比较两组手术相关指标、神经功能评分[美国国立卫生院卒中量表(NIHSS)]及相关因子[白蛋白商(QAlb)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)]、血清铁离子(Fe)、水通道蛋白-4(AQP-4)水平、认知功能[蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分]、生活能力[日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分]、步态障碍评分(Tinetti评分)、并发症及术后6个月情况良好率。结果 研究组通气时间、住院时间、住院费用均较对照组低(P<0.05);术后第7天,研究组NIHSS评分、脑脊液NSE和QAlb、血清Fe和AQP-4水平均较对照组低(P<0.05);研究组术后第6个月MoCA评分、ADL评分、Tinetti评分均较对照组高(P<0.05);研究组并发症发生率较对照组低,术后6个月预后良好率较对照组高(P<0.05)。结论 改良VPS治疗IVH后脑积水患者,可减轻神经功能损伤,恢复认知功能和步态,增强日常生存能力,改善患者预后,且能减少并发症及住院时间,减轻患者负担。

手术治疗儿童脑脊液分流并发症:单中心回顾性分析

目的总结需手术治疗的儿童脑脊液分流并发症的原因、手术方式及病儿预后。方法回顾性分析85例行脑脊液分流术的<16岁的病儿资料。统计病儿的年龄、性别、脑脊液循环障碍的病因等资料。对出现脑脊液分流并发症需手术干预的24位病儿的并发症类型、处理措施及预后进行分析总结,统计需外科治疗的分流并发症与病儿年龄、性别、脑脊液循环障碍的病因及分流类型的相关性。结果≤1岁的脑脊液分流病儿中有54.2%的病儿因出现分流并发症实施再次手术;脑外伤导致的脑积水病儿发生分流修正的比例最低(4.2%);先天性脑积水分流术后发生并发症需手术治疗的比例最高(41.7%)。分流管堵塞、外露及断裂是分流术后需外科处理的常见原因。结论低龄(≤1岁)是儿童脑脊液分流术后需再次手术治疗的危险因素。

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后分流依赖性脑积水的预测研究进展

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血是一种常见的神经外科疾病,其高致死率和致残率以及众多并发症给患者和社会带来了很大负担。其中分流依赖性脑积水是该病的并发症之一,部分患者在发病早期可能没有症状,难以诊断,从而导致患者预后不良甚至死亡。随着研究的不断进展,已有文献报道了多个对分流依赖性脑积水具有预测作用的指标。本文旨在综述这些预测指标,以帮助临床医务人员早期识别动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后分流依赖性脑积水高危患者,从而积极采取干预措施,改善患者预后。

脑出血术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行颅骨修补术和脑室-腹腔分流术疗效分析

目的分析脑出血术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水同期行颅骨修补术和脑室-腹腔分流术(VP分流术)的疗效。方法选取2021年1月至2023年9月蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院神经外科收治的45例脑出血术后骨缺损合并脑积水患者,观察组为同期行颅骨修补术和VP分流术21例,对照组为VP分流术后3个月内行颅骨修补术24例。统计术后并发症发生率,术前、术后2周比较V/Bp值,术前、术后3个月比较NIHSS评分、ADL评分、预后优良率。结果术前观察组与对照组V/Bp值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后2周两组V/Bp值均明显降低,且观察组数值较对照组更低(P<0.05)。术前观察组与对照组NIHSS、ADL评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后3个月观察组与对照组NIHSS、ADL评分均明显改善,且观察组评分较对照组改善更多(P<0.05)。术后3个月预后优良率观察组(95.24%)高于对照组(70.83%)(P<0.05)。术后观察组并发症发生率(4.76%)低于对照组(33.33%)(P<0.05)。结论脑出血术后颅骨缺损合并脑积水患者同期行颅骨修补术和VP分流术术后患者脑积水改善明显、神经功能和生活能力提高、预后优良率高且并发症少,患者术后疗效更好。

高压氧辅助早期康复干预对腹腔镜腰大池腹腔分流术治疗的颅脑损伤并脑积水患者神经功能恢复的作用

目的探讨高压氧辅助早期康复干预对腹腔镜腰大池腹腔分流术治疗的颅脑损伤并脑积水患者神经功能恢复的作用。方法本研究共纳入150例颅脑损伤并脑积水患者,所有病例均来源于河南省南阳医专第一附属医院,选取时间为2021年3月至2023年3月,进行回顾性分析,按照护理干预方法的不同分为对照组(75例,给予常规护理干预)和研究组(75例,在常规护理干预的基础上联合早期康复干预措施)。所有患者均接受高压氧辅助腹腔镜腰大池腹腔分流术治疗。将两组患者护理前后神经功能评分、运动功能评分、脑组织损伤,以及生活质量评分进行对比。结果护理后两组患者NIHSS评分均相较于护理前下降,且研究组患者相较于对照组下降,而两组患者FMA评分均相较于护理前上升,且研究组患者上述评分相较于对照组上升(均P<0.05);护理后两组患者血清NSE、S100β指标水平均相较于护理前下降(均P<0.05),而护理后两组患者NSE、S100β指标水平经对比,均未见明显差异(均P>0.05);护理后两组患者生理功能、生理职能、躯体疼痛等各项生活质量评分均相较于护理前上升,且研究组患者上述评分均相较于对照组上升(均P<0.05)。结论高压氧辅助早期康复干预应用于腹腔镜腰大池腹腔分流术治疗的颅脑损伤并脑积水患者中,可使血清NSE、S100β指标水平下降,有助于患者神经功能的改善,并促进肢体运动的改善,提升生活质量,临床价值较高。

脑积水性脑室-腹腔分流术后护理质量评价指标体系的构建及应用

目的:构建脑积水性脑室-腹腔分流术后护理质量评价指标体系,并经临床应用研究其临床效果。方法:通过德尔菲法专家函询法筛选、修订,最终构建完整的脑积水性脑室-腹腔分流术后护理质量评价指标体系。采用便利抽签法选取我院2021年1月—12月和2022年1月—12月收治的脑积水性脑室-腹腔分流术病人,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组,各55例。从2022年1月1日开始应用该方案,在此之前采用常规护理模式。比较两组在康复指标(活动能力、神经功能)、术后并发症及生活质量方面的差异。结果:本研究专家两轮函询问卷有效回收率均为100%;专家权威系数为0.881和0.909。肯德尔和谐系数(Kendall′s W)为0.357(P<0.001),第2轮Kendall′s W值为0.427(P<0.001),专家意见趋于一致。本研究构建的脑积水性脑室-腹腔分流术后护理质量评价指标体系包括3个一级指标、7个二级指标、23个三级指标。指标变异系数为0.05~0.13,可靠性较高。应用研究结果显示,观察组病人活动能力、神经功能指标优于对照组(均P<0.05),观察组术后并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),且观察组生活质量评分优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:脑积水性脑室-腹腔分流术后护理质量评价指标体系的构建和应用有效规范病人围术期护理流程,促进病人术后康复,降低术后并发症,提高病人生活质量。

Clinical Usage of Laparoscopic Technique in Cerebrospinal Fluid Ventriculo-peritoneal Shunt

Laparoscopic technique was used to place peritonesl terminal tube incerebrospinal fluid shunt in six patients with hydrocephalus in our series.Three kinds ofmethods were introduced.The results showed that the laparoscopic fine trocar puncture andsubcutaneous fixation method was the most efficient one.This approach was simple,reliableand less time-consuming.No complications associated with the technique were encountered.