Rational design of Ni-MoO_(3–x) catalyst towards efficient hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived bio-oil into naphthenes

Design of a robust catalyst with high activity but the low cost for the hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) of biooils is of great importance to bring the biorefinery concept into reality.In this study,density functional theory(DFT) calculation was adopted to analyze the optimal location of Ni on MoO_(3-x) containing oxygen vacancy,and the corresponding result demonstrated that metallic Ni cluster located at the neighborhood of oxygen vacancies would significantly evoke HDO activity.Enlightened by DFT results,NiMoO_(4) was first hydrothermally synthesized and then employed to fabricate Ni-MoO_(3-x) catalyst via a low-temperature reduction,where Ni escaped from NiMoO_(4) and was reduced to its metallic state.Such an evolution of Ni species also induced the formation of oxygen vacancies around metallic Ni cluster.In the HDO of p-cresol,Ni-MoO_(3-x) exhibited high activity with a complete conversion and a methylcyclohexane selectivity of 99.4% at 150℃.Moreover,the catalyst showed good versatility in catalyzing HDO of diverse lignin-derived oxygenates and lignin oil.2D HSQC NMR,gas chromatograph and elemental analysis of the lignin oil demonstrated the high deoxygenation efficiency and saturation of the benzene ring over Ni-MoO_(3-x).In the upgrading of crude lignin oil,the deoxygenation degree was up to 99%,and the overall carbon yield of the naphthenes was as high as 69.4%.Importantly,the structures and carbon numbers of the naphthene products are similar to jet fuel-range cycloalka nes,which are expected to have a high density that can be blended into jet fuel to raise the range(or payload) of airplanes.This work demonstrates the feasibility for improving the targeted catalytic reactivity by rational tailoring the catalyst structure under the guidance of theoretical analysis,and provides an energy-efficient route for the upgrading of lignin crude oil into valuable naphthenes.

Enhanced hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived anisole to arenes catalyzed by Mn-doped Cu/Al_(2)O_(3)

Lignin is a renewable carbon resource to produce arenes due to its abundant aromatic structures.For the liquid-phase hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)based on metallic catalysts,the preservation of aromatic rings in lignin or its derivatives remains a challenge.Herein,we synthesized Mndoped Cu/Al_(2)O_(3) catalysts from layered double hydroxides(LDHs)for liquid-phase HDO of lignin-derived anisole.Mn doping significantly enhanced the selective deoxygenation of anisole to arenes and inhibited the saturated hydrogenation on Cu/Al_(2)O_(3).With Mn doping increasing,the surface of Cu particles was modified with MnO_(x) along with enhanced generation of oxygen vacancies(Ov).The evolution of active sites structure led to a controllable adsorption geometry of anisole,which was beneficial for increasing arenes selectivity.As a result,the arenes selectivity obtained on 4Cu/8Mn4AlO_(x) was increased to be more than 6 folds of that value on 4Cu/4Al_(2)O_(3) over the synergistic sites between metal Cu and Ov generated on MnO_(x).

Construction of N,O co-doped carbon anchored with Co nanoparticles as efficient catalyst for furfural hydrodeoxygenation in ethanol

Hydrodeoxygenation of furfural(FF)into 2-methylfuran(MF)is a significant biomass utilization route.However,designing efficient and stable non-noble metal catalyst is still a huge challenge.Herein,we reported the N,O co-doped carbon anchored with Co nanoparticles(Co-SFB)synthesized by employing the organic ligands with the target heteroatoms.Raman,electron paramagnetic resonance(EPR),electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)characterizations showed that the co-doping of N and O heteroatoms in the carbon support endows Co-SFB with enriched lone pair electrons,fast electron transfer ability,and strong metal-support interaction.These electronic properties resulted in strong FF adsorption as well as lower apparent reaction activation energy.At last,the obtained N,O co-doped Co/C catalyst showed excellent catalytic activity(nearly 100 mol%FF conversion and 94.6 mol%MF yield)and stability for in-situ dehydrogenation of FF into MF.This N,O co-doping strategy for the synthesis of highly efficient catalytic materials with controllable electronic state will provide an excellent opportunity to better understand the structure-function relationship.

Rational design of MoS_(2)-based catalysts toward lignin hydrodeoxygenation:Interplay of structure,catalysis,and stability

The MoS_(2)-based materials are a vital class of heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of lignin and its model compounds to produce value-added chemicals especially because of their unique selectivity to aromatics.The rational design of MoS_(2)-based catalyst greatly depends on the comprehensive understanding of its structure-activity relationship.However,an intensive summary and critical analysis are still scarce to date.In this review,we attempt to provide an in-depth understanding of the interplay of structure,catalysis,and stability of MoS_(2)-based catalysts for lignin hydrodeoxygenation.The recognition of intrinsic active sites on MoS_(2) structure was firstly discussed,followed by the illustration of MoS_(2)-catalyzed hydrodeoxygenation structural models.Afterward,based on the studies on the MoS_(2)-catalyzed lignin model compounds hydrodeoxygenation,the current active site modification strategies including structural modification of monometallic MoS_(2) catalysts and collaborative modification were summarized and emphatically discussed,which aims to elucidate the structure-activity relationship at the atomic-level.The deactivation mechanism and stabilization strategies were also illustrated to provide instructive suggestion for the rational design of efficient and stable MoS_(2)-based catalysts.Finally,the real lignin depolymerization over MoS_(2)-based catalysts was summarized to point out the advantages and difficulties.This review attempts to highlight the remaining challenges and provide some perspectives for the future development of MoS_(2)-based catalysts for lignin hydrodeoxygenation.

Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil on Bimetallic Catalysts: From Model Compound to Real Feed

Two series of bimetallic Ni-Co catalysts and corresponding monometallic catalysts with ca. 20 wt% metal loading were evaluated in hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenol as a model compound for bio-oil. The bimetallic catalysts outperformed the corresponding monometallic catalyst in terms of conversion and cyclohexane selectivity. This could be attributed to the formation of Ni-Co alloy, which caused a decrease in metal particle size and stabilized Ni active sites in the near surface region. The balanced combination of formed Ni-Co alloy with acidity from supports allowed performing all individual steps in the reaction network toward desired products at high rate. Consequently, the two best-performing catalysts were tested in HDO of wood based bio-oil, showing that the bimetallic catalyst 10Ni10Co/HZSM-5 was more effective than 20Ni/HZSM-5 in terms of degree of deoxygenation and upgraded bio-oil yield. These findings might open an opportunity for development of a novel cheap but effective catalyst for a key step in the process chain from biomass to renewable liquid fuels.

Coconut Fiber Pyrolysis: Bio-Oil Characterization for Potential Application as an Alternative Energy Source and Production of Bio-Degradable Plastics

The current energy crisis could be alleviated by enhancing energy generation using the abundant biomass waste resources. Agricultural and forest wastes are the leading organic waste streams that can be transformed into useful alternative energy resources. Pyrolysis is one of the technologies for converting biomass into more valuable products, such as bio-oil, bio-char, and syngas. This work investigated the production of bio-oil through batch pyrolysis technology. A fixed bed pyrolyzer was designed and fabricated for bio-oil production. The major components of the system include a fixed bed reactor, a condenser, and a bio-oil collector. The reactor was heated using a cylindrical biomass external heater. The pyrolysis process was carried out in a reactor at a pressure of 1atm and a varying operating temperature of 150˚C, 250˚C, 350˚C to 450˚C for 120 minutes. The mass of 1kg of coconut fiber was used with particle sizes between 2.36 mm - 4.75 mm. The results show that the higher the temperature, the more volume of bio-oil produced, with the highest yield being 39.2%, at 450˚C with a heating rate of 10˚C/min. The Fourier transformation Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy analysis was used to analyze the bio-oil components. The obtained bio-oil has a pH of 2.4, a density of 1019.385 kg/m3, and a calorific value of 17.5 MJ/kg. The analysis also showed the presence of high-oxygenated compounds;carboxylic acids, phenols, alcohols, and branched oxygenated hydrocarbons as the main compounds present in the bio-oil. The results inferred that the liquid product could be bestowed as an alternative resource for polycarbonate material production.

Required catalytic properties for alkane production from carboxylic acids: Hydrodeoxygenation of acetic acid

The supported Pt catalysts(1 wt%)were prepared by the incipient impregnation method and analyzed using synchrotron-based X-ray diffraction,BET surface area,oxygen adsorption,CO pulse chemisorption,temperature-programmed desorption(TPD)of acetic acid,H2-TPD,NH3-TPD,O2-TPD,and H2-TPR.The reactivity of Pt-based catalysts was studied using a fixed bed reactor at 300 C and 4 MPa for hydrodeoxygenation of acetic acid,where Pt/TiO2 was very selective for ethane production.TPD experiments revealed that several conditions must be satisfied to achieve this high selectivity to ethane from acetic acid,such as Pt sites,moderate acidity,and medium metal-oxygen bond strength in the oxide support.This work provides insights in developing novel catalytic materials for hydrocarbon productions from various organics including bio-fuels.

Preparation of Ni2P/Al-SBA-15 catalyst and its performance for benzofuran hydrodeoxygenation

The Al-doped Ni_2P/Al-SBA-15 catalyst with high hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) activity was synthesized by temperature programmed reduction at a relatively low reduction temperature of 400 °C. The as-prepared catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), H_2 temperature-programmed reduction(H_2-TPR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), transmission electron microscope(TEM), NH3 temperature programmed desorption(NH_3-TPD), N_2 adsorption–desorption and CO uptake. The effect of Al on benzofuran(BF) HDO performance was investigated. The result indicates that the incorporation of Al into the SBA-15 support can promote the formation of much uniform, smaller, highly dispersed Ni_2 P particles on the catalyst. The Al also contributes to suppress the enrichment of P and promote more exposed Ni sites on the surface. In addition, the incorporation of Al can enhance the acid strength. The total deoxygenated product yield over Ni_2P/Al-SBA-15 reached 90.3%, which is an increase of 19.4%, when compared with that found for Ni_2P/SBA-15(70.9%).

Effect of a second metal(Co,Fe, Mo and W) on performance of Ni_2P/SiO_2 for hydrodeoxygenation of methyl laurate

NiP/SiOand bimetallic Ni MP/Si O2(M = Co, Fe, Mo, W; Ni/M atomic ratio=5) catalysts were prepared by the temperature-programmed reduction method. The catalysts and their precursors were characterized by means of UV–Vis DRS, H-TPR, XRD, TEM, CO chemisorption and NH-TPD. Their performance for the deoxygenation of methyl laurate was tested on a fixed-bed reactor. The results show that the main phase was NiP in all catalysts, and M(M = Co, Fe, Mo, W) entered the lattice of NiP forming solid solution. Different from Fe and Co, the introduction of Mo and W into NiP/SiOreduced the phosphide particle size and increased the acid amount. In the deoxygenation reaction, the turnover frequency of methyl laurate increased on the catalysts in the order of NiMoP/SiO, NiP/SiO, Ni WP/Si O2, NiFeP/SiOand NiCoP/SiO, which is influenced by the size of phosphide particles and the interaction between Ni and M(M = Fe, Co, Mo or W). The introduction of the second metal(especially Mo and W) into NiP/SiOpromoted the hydrodeoxygenation pathway. This is mainly attributed to the interaction between Ni and the second metal. Finally, the Ni MoP/SiOcatalyst was tested at 340 oC, 3 MPa, methyl laurate WHSV of 14 h-1and H/methyl laurate molar ratio of 25 for 132 h, and its deactivation took place. We found that the catalyst deactivation mainly resulted from carbonaceous deposit rather than the sintering of metal phosphide crystallites.

Synergistic interaction of metal–acid sites for phenol hydrodeoxygenation over bifunctional Ag/TiO_2 nanocatalyst

The use of silver metal for hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) applications is scarce and different studies have indicated of its varying HDO activity. Several computational studies have reported of silver having almost zero turnover frequency for HDO owing to its high C\\O bond breaking energy barrier and low carbon and oxygen binding energies.Herein this work, titania supported silver catalysts were synthesized and firstly used to examine its phenol HDO activity via experimental reaction runs. BET, XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDX, ICP–OES, Pyridine-FTIR, NH_3-TPD and H_2-TPD analyses were done to investigate its physicochemical properties. Phenomena of hydrogen spillover and metal–acid site synergy were examined in this study. With the aid of TiO_2 reducible support, hydrogen spillover and metal–acid site interactions were observed to a certain extent but were not as superior as other Pt, Pd, Ni-based catalysts used in other HDO studies. The experimental findings showed that Ag/TiO_2 catalyst has mediocre phenol conversion but high benzene selectivity which confirms the explanation from other computational studies.

Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenolic Model Compounds over MoS2 Catalysts with Different Structures

不同结构的几 MoS2 催化剂，准备了由在铵Keptamolyb日期( AHM )和铝 naphthenate ( MoNaph )的 situ 分解，并且由 MoS2 脱落( TDM )，被赌注描绘，X光检查衍射( XRD )，精力散X光检查( EDX )和传播电子显微镜学( TEM )。分析证明那 MoS2 结构依赖于准备过程。催化剂的活动被用在氢并且温度从 320 鈥 ? 70qC 的 2.8 MPa 操作的一个批压热器反应堆测量酚， 4-methylphenol 和 4-methoxyphenol 的 hydrodeoxygenation (HDO ) 决定。由比较变换，催化剂的反应顺序是：AHM > TDM-D > MoNaph > 热 > MoS2 粉末 > TDM-W。另外， HDO 变换上的反应温度的效果以可逆反应动力学的平衡被解释。为酉分的混合物的 HDO 的主要产品被煤气的层析 / 团 spectrometry (GC/MS ) 识别。结果证明产品分发和 HDO 选择与反应温度被相关。二条平行反应线路，直接 hydrogenolysis 和联合 hydrogenation-hydrogenolysis，被产品分发的分析证实。高温度为酚和 4-methoxyphenol 的 HDO 在加氢上赞成了 hydrogenolysis，而为 4-methylphenol 颠倒是真的。

Alcohol-assisted hydrodeoxygenation as a sustainable and cost-effective pathway for biomass derivatives upgrading

Hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)is one of the most promising strategies for the upgrading of biomass-derived compounds to chemicals and fuels.However,the conventional HDO process accompanied by insecure high-pressure H_(2)leads to the hefty infrastructure cost on the industrial scale and inevitably trigger overall hydrogenation which is considered as an uncontrollable and risky approach.Accordingly,the developments of alcohol-assisted HDO can be viewed as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative.This review critically summarizes the potentials and challenges of alcohol-assisted strategy from diverse perspectives including safety,economics and catalytic efficiency.Based on the discrepancies of in-situ hydrogen generation,the alcohol-assisted strategy is divided into combined reforming-HDO route and catalytic transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis(CTH)route.Furthermore,describe different catalytic behaviors and elaborate their applications among several upgrading processes of representative biomass model compounds,aiming to illustrate their potentials in biomass utilization.The influence of alcohols is highlighted because they act both hydrogen donor and solvent.At last,the current challenges and perspectives of alcohol-assisted HDO are proposed for further development and improvement.

Effect of ethanedioic acid functionalization on Ni/Al_2O_3 catalytic hydrodeoxygenation and isomerization of octadec-9-enoic acid into biofuel: kinetics and Arrhenius parameters

The effect of ethanedioic acid（Ed A） functionalization on Al2O3 supported Ni catalyst was studied on the hydrodeoxygenation（HDO）, isomerization, kinetics and Arrhenius parameters of octadec-9-enoic acid（OA） into biofuel in this report. This was achieved via synthesis of two catalysts; the first, nickel alumina catalyst（Ni/Al2O3） was via the incorporation of inorganic Ni precursor into Al2O3; the second was via the incorporation nickel oxalate（Ni Ox） prepared by functionalization of Ni with Ed A into Al2O3 to obtain organometallic Ni Ox/Al2O3 catalyst. Their characterization results showed that Ni species present in Ni/Al2O3 and Ni Ox/Al2O3 were 8.2% and 9.3%, respectively according to the energy dispersive X-ray result. Ni Ox/Al2O3 has comparably higher Ni content due to the Ed A functionalization which also increases its acidity and guarantees high Ni dispersion with weaker metal-support-interaction leading to highly reducible Ni as seen in the X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, TPR and Raman spectroscopy results. Their activities tested on the HDO of OA showed that Ni Ox/Al2O3 did not only display the best catalytic and reusability abilities, but it also possesses isomerization ability due to its increased acidity. The Ni Ox/Al2O3 also has the highest rate constants evaluated using pseudo-first-order kinetics,but the least activation energy of 176 k J/mol in the biofuel formation step compared to 244 k J/mol evaluated when using Ni/Al2O3. The result is promising for future feasibility studies toward commercialization of catalytic HDO of OA into useful biofuel using organometallic catalysts.

Bulk Ni-Mo Composites Prepared by Solid Reaction Method and Their Hydrodeoxygenation Performance

Bulk Ni-Mo composites were prepared by a simple solid reaction method and the hydrodeoxygenation activity of samples was examined. The test results showed that the Ni-Mo catalysts possessed high catalytic activity for hydrogenation of p-cresol under mild conditions. The XRD, N_2 isothermal adsorption, NH_3-TPD characterization analyses indicated that the excellent hydrogenation performance of Ni-Mo catalysts could be attributed to their incorporated Mo metal, the developed pore system, and the strong acidity.

The effect of rosin acid on hydrodeoxygenation of fatty acid

In this study, inhibition of tall oil fatty acid hydrodeoxygenation(HDO) activity due to addition of rosin acid over sulfided Ni Mo/Al_2O_3 was investigated. Oleic acid and abietic acid were used as model compounds for fatty acid and rosin acid respectively in tall oil. After completion of each HDO experiment,the Ni Mo catalysts were recovered and used again under the same conditions. The results showed that the oleic acid HDO activity of sulfided catalysts was inhibited by addition of abietic acid due to competitive adsorption and increased coke deposition. The rate of carbon deposition on the catalysts increased when abietic acid was added to oleic acid feed. Moreover, the coke was in a more advanced form with higher stability for the catalysts exposed to both oleic acid and abietic acid. Furthermore, a clear correlation between the rate of coke formation and concentration of abietic acid was observed.

MgFe hydrotalcites-derived layered structure iron molybdenum sulfide catalysts for eugenol hydrodeoxygenation to produce phenolic chemicals

Hydrodeoxygenation（HDO） is an effective alternative to produce value-added chemicals and liquid fuels by removing oxygen from lignin-derived compounds. Sulfide catalysts have been proved to have good activity for the HDO and particularly high selectivity to phenolic products. Herein, we presented a novel way to prepare the layered structure sulfide catalysts（MgFeMo-S） derived from MgFe hydrotalcites via the intercalation of Mo in consideration of the memory effect of the calcined hydrotalcite. By varying the Mg/Fe mole ratio, a series of MgFeMo-S catalysts were successfully prepared and characterized by nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, transmission electron microscopy（TEM）,and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer（ICP-OES）. The characterization results indicated that the MgFeMo-S catalyst has retained the unique layered structure, which can facilitate uniform dispersion of the MoS2 species on both the surface and interlayer of the catalysts. For the HDO of eugenol, the Mg1Fe2Mo-S catalysts exhibited the best HDO activity among all the catalysts due to its higher active metal contents and larger pore size. The HDO conversion was 99.6% and the yield of phenolics was 63.7%, under 5 MPa initial H2 pressure（measured at RT） at 300 ℃ for 3 h. More importantly,MoS2 species deposited on the interlayer galleries in the MgFeMo-S catalysts resulted in dramatically superior HDO activity to MoS2/Mg1Fe2-S catalyst. Based on the mechanism investigation for eugenol, the HDO reaction route of eugenol under sulfide catalytic system has been proposed for the first time. Further applicability of the catalyst on HDO of more lignin-derived compounds was operated, which showed good HDO activity and selectivity to produce aromatic products.

Transformation of bio-derived acids into fuel-like alkanes via ketonic decarboxylation and hydrodeoxygenation： Design of multifunctional catalyst, kinetic and mechanistic aspects

The combination of a low cost source of Biofine＇s levulinic acid with available way of valeric acid synthesis opens up new opportunities for valeric acid as a promising bio-derived source for synthesis of valuable compounds for transportation sector. The present review illustrates the development of different approaches to one–pot synthesis of fuel-like alkanes from lignocellulose derived carboxylic acids where particular focus is given to valeric acid consecutive decarboxylative coupling（ketonization） and ketone hydrodeoxygenation in a single reactor over one catalyst bed. The key factors that influence the catalytic performance on both ketonization and hydrodeoxygenation steps as well as their cross-influence will be clarified to provide insights for the design of more efficient catalysts for the one-pot transformation. Valeric acid is considered as a potential acid source from viewpoint of cost effectiveness and feasibility of such transformation with reasonable alkane yield. The both reaction mechanisms and kinetics will also be discussed to understand deeply how the selective C–C coupling and following C=O hydrogenation can be achieved.

An efficient bifunctional Ni-Nb_(2)O_(5)nanocatalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of anisole

The Ni-Nb_(2)O_(5)nanocatalysts have been prepared by the solgel method,and the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation(HDO)performance of anisole as model compound is studied.The results show that Nb exists as amorphous Nb_(2)O_(5)species,which can promote Ni dispersion.The addition of Nb_(2)O_(5)increases the acidity of the catalyst.However,when the content of niobium is high,there is an inactive Nb-Ni-O mixed phase.The size and morphology of Ni grains in catalysts are different due to the difference of Nb/Ni molar ratio.The Ni_(0.9)Nb_(0.1)sample has the largest surface area of 170.8 m^(2)·g^(-1)among the catalysts prepared in different Nb/Ni molar ratios,which is mainly composed of spherical nanoparticles and crack pores.The HDO of anisole follows the reaction route of the hydrogenation HYD route.The Ni_(0.9)Nb_(0.1)catalyst displayed a higher HDO performance for anisole than Ni catalyst.The selectivity to cyclohexane over the Ni_(0.9)Nb_(0.1)sample is about 10 times that of Ni catalyst at 220℃and 3 MPa H_(2).The selectivity of cyclohexane is increased with the increase of reaction temperature.The anisole is almost completely transformed into cyclohexane at 240℃,3 MPa H_(2)and 4 h.

木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧反应中产物选择性的影响因素

由于木质素模型化合物是由-OH,-OCH3和苯环构成的复杂结构分子,其加氢脱氧反应有可能沿着多种反应路径进行,因此,提高目标产物选择性是该反应的主要挑战。文章对影响产物选择性的因素进行了综述。首先,讨论了木质素模型化合物加氢脱氧的反应机理和反应路径。其次,从两方面总结了影响产物选择性的因素:一方面是催化剂相关因素,包括加氢脱氧催化剂的主组分、助剂、载体和制备方法;另一方面是反应条件,包括反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间和溶剂。

NiMoRe/HZSM-5催化剂的制备及其催化脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧

使用浸渍法制备了5 kg NiMoRe/HZSM-5催化剂,结合X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱(ICP-OES)等表征手段对催化剂进行理化性质分析,并对该催化剂用于硬脂酸甲酯加氢脱氧反应的最佳条件进行探究。研究结果表明:相比3种商用催化剂,NiMoRe/HZSM-5中金属Ni具有较小颗粒,且分散均匀,BET比表面积(S_(BET))更大,为239.1 m^(2)/g,具有更好的催化活性。在温度260℃、0.3 g催化剂用量、反应时间4 h、初始H 2压力3 MPa的最优反应条件下,原料转化率和烷烃选择性均为100%,且催化剂稳定性较佳,第5次循环原料转化率仍高达96.1%,加氢脱氧(HDO)反应的选择性(S HDO/DCO),即HDO反应与脱羧脱羰(DCO)反应的比值由1.2降至0.56。将催化剂NiMoRe/HZSM-5用于脂肪酸甲酯无溶剂条件下的加氢脱氧反应放大实验后进行中试,采用2.8 L固定床对25 kg脂肪酸甲酯进行连续加氢性能评价,经过15循环后脂肪酸甲酯的转化率达到98%。