<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present study deals with the unsteady dynamics of cavitation around the NACA 0015 hydrofoil in a channel. A finite element model is proposed to solve the governin...<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present study deals with the unsteady dynamics of cavitation around the NACA 0015 hydrofoil in a channel. A finite element model is proposed to solve the governing equations of momentum and mass conservation. Turbulent flows around the hydrofoil are described by the Prandtl-Kolmogorov model. The cavitation phenomenon is modeled through a mixture model involving liquid and vapor flows and the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB) model is considered to evaluate the transport of the water vapor fraction. The variational finite element model formulation includes the mixing of the characteristic method and the finite element. Also, at the open sides of the channel flow, an open boundary condition is imposed. Numerical experiments are performed for cavitation numbers 0.8 and 0.4. The presented model predicts the essential features of unsteady cavitating flows, the generation of vapor cavities, the time-dependent oscillations of the variables and the presence of vortical flow structures associated to vapor volume concentrations during the shedding process.</span>展开更多
This paper deals with time dependent performance characteristics of cavitating hydrofoils, the flow around which has been simulated using pressure-based finite volume method. A bubble dynamics cavitation model was use...This paper deals with time dependent performance characteristics of cavitating hydrofoils, the flow around which has been simulated using pressure-based finite volume method. A bubble dynamics cavitation model was used to investigate the unsteady behavior of cavitating flow and describe the generation and evaporation of vapor phase. For choosing the turbulence model and mesh size a non cavitating study was conducted. Three turbulence models such as Spalart-Allmaras, Shear Stress Turbulence （SST） κ-ω model, Re-Normalization Group （RNG） κ-ε model with enhanced wall treatment are used to capture the turbulent boundary layer along the hydrofoil surface. The cavitating study presents an unsteady behavior of the partial cavity attached to the foil at different time steps for σ = 0.8 and σ = 0.4. Moreover, this study is focused on cavitation inception, the shape and general behavior of sheet cavitation, lift and drag forces for different cavitation numbers.展开更多
Large Eddy Simulation （LES） was coupled with a mass transfer cavitation model to predict unsteady 3-D turbulent cavita- ting flows around a twisted hydrofoil. The wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity （WALE） model wa...Large Eddy Simulation （LES） was coupled with a mass transfer cavitation model to predict unsteady 3-D turbulent cavita- ting flows around a twisted hydrofoil. The wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity （WALE） model was used to give the Sub-Grid Scale （SGS） stress term. The predicted 3-D cavitation evolutions, including the cavity growth, break-off and collapse downstream, and the shedding cycle as well as its frequency agree fairly well with experimental results. The mechanism for the interactions between the cavitation and the vortices was discussed based on the analysis of the vorticity transport equation related to the vortex stretching, volumetric expansion/contraction and baroclinic torque terms along the hydrofoil mid-plane. The vortical flow analysis demonstrates that cavitation promotes the vortex production and the flow unsteadiness. In non-cavitation conditions, the streamline smoothly passes along the upper wall of the hydrofoil with no boundary layer separation and the boundary layer is thin and attached to the foil except at the trailing edge. With decreasing cavitation number, the present case has O＂ = 1.07, and the attached sheet cavitation beco- mes highly unsteady, with periodic growth and break-off to form the cavitation cloud. The expansion due to cavitation induces boun- dary layer separation and significantly increases the vorticity magnitude at the cavity interface. A detailed analysis using the vorticity transport equation shows that the cavitation accelerates the vortex stretching and dilatation and increases the baroclinic torque as the major source of vorticity generation. Examination of the flow field shows that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms in- crease in the cavitating case to the same magnitude as the vortex stretching term, while for the non-cavitating case these two terms are zero.展开更多
The objective of this paper is to improve the understanding of the influence of multiphase flow on the turbulent closure model, the interplay between vorticity fields and cavity dynamics around a pitching hydrofoil. T...The objective of this paper is to improve the understanding of the influence of multiphase flow on the turbulent closure model, the interplay between vorticity fields and cavity dynamics around a pitching hydrofoil. The effects of pitching rate on the sub- cavitating and cavitating response of the pitching hydrofoil are also investigated. In particular, we focus on the interactions between cavity inception, growth, and shedding and the vortex flow structures, and their impacts on the hydrofoil performance. The calculations are 2-D and performed by solving the incompressible, multiphase Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes （URANS） equations via the commercial CFD code CFX. The k-co SST （Shear Stress Transport） turbulence model is used along with the transport equation-based cavitation models. The density correction function is considered to reduce the eddy viscosity according to the computed local fluid mixture density. The calculation results are validated with experiments conducted by Ducoin et al. （see Computational and experimental investigation of flow over a transient pitching hydrofoil, Eur J Mech/B Fluids, 2009, 28：728-743 and An experimental analysis of fluid structure interaction of a flexible hydrofoil in vari- ous flow regimes including cavitating flow, Eur J Mech B/fluids, 2012, 36： 63-74）. Results are shown for a NACA66 hydro- foil subject to slow （quasi static, t2=6~/s, ＆＊ =0.18） and fast （dynamic, ＆=63~/s, dr＂ =1.89） pitching motions from a =0~ to a =15~. Both subcavitaing （or =8.0） and cavitating （cr=3.0） flows are considered. For subcavitating flow （or=8.0）, low frequency fluctuations have been observed when the leading edge vortex shedding occurs during stall, and delay of stall is ob- served with increasing pitching velocity. For cavitating flow （tr=3.0）, small leading edge cavities are observed with the slow pitching case, which significantly modified the vortex dynamics at high angles of attack, leading to high frequency fluctuations of the hydrodynamic coefficients and different stall behaviors compared to the subcavitating flow at the same pitching rate. On the other hand, for the fast pitching case at or=3.0, large-scale sheet/cloud cavitation is observed, the cavity behavior is un- steady and has a strong impact on the hydrodynamic response, which leads to high amplitude fluctuations of the hydrodynamic coefficients, as well as significant changes in the stall and post-stall behavior. The numerical results also show that the local density modification helps to reduce turbulent eddy viscosity in the cavitating region, which significantly modifies the cavity lengths and shedding frequencies, particularly for the fast pitching case. In general, compared with the experimental visualiza- tions, the numerical results with local density correction have been found to agree well with experimental measurements and observations for both slow and fast transient pitching cases.展开更多
为了研究不同亚格子模型在计算绕二维Clark-Y水翼非定常空化流动中的适用性,基于均相流假设及Zwart空化模型,并分别利用Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity(WALE),Smagorinsky-Lilly,Algebraic Wall-Modeled LES Model(WMLES)及Dynamic...为了研究不同亚格子模型在计算绕二维Clark-Y水翼非定常空化流动中的适用性,基于均相流假设及Zwart空化模型,并分别利用Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity(WALE),Smagorinsky-Lilly,Algebraic Wall-Modeled LES Model(WMLES)及Dynamic Kinetic Energy Sub-grid Scale Model(KET)4种不同亚格子模型对控制方程组进行封闭.得到了云空化时不同亚格子模型预测的翼型升阻力系数、不同位置处流场时均速度分布、空泡形态周期性变化等非定常流动特征,并与相应试验数据进行对比.研究表明:与其他亚格子模型的预测结果相比,WALE模型模拟得到的平均升力系数与试验测量值最吻合,二者相对误差仅在1%以内,且其预测的瞬时升力系数与相应试验值也呈现较为一致的震荡规律;WALE模型能更准确地捕捉云空化阶段空泡非定常演变特征,包括翼型前缘附着型空穴增长,以及在回射流作用下片状空泡的断裂和云空泡脱落行为.基于WALE模型的计算结果,采用Q准则表达了水翼空化尾迹的旋涡结构,发现空泡的脱落及云状空泡的形成诱发了旋涡产生.展开更多
A two-phase mixture model was established to study unsteady cavitating flows. A local compressible system of equations was derived by introducing a density-pressure function to account for the two-phase flow of water/...A two-phase mixture model was established to study unsteady cavitating flows. A local compressible system of equations was derived by introducing a density-pressure function to account for the two-phase flow of water/vapor and the transition from one phase to the other. An algorithm for solving the variable-density Navier-Stokes equations of cavitating flow problem was put forward. The numerical results for unsteady characteristics of cavitating flows on a 2D NACA hydrofoil coincide well with experimental data.展开更多
Unsteady cavitating flow is extremely complicated and brings more serious damages and unignorable problems compared with steady cavitating flow.CFD has become a practical way to model cavitation;however,the popularly ...Unsteady cavitating flow is extremely complicated and brings more serious damages and unignorable problems compared with steady cavitating flow.CFD has become a practical way to model cavitation;however,the popularly used full cavitation model cannot reflect the pressure-change that the bubble experiences during its life path in the highly unsteady flow like cloud cavitating.Thus a dynamic cavitation model(DCM)is proposed and it has been considered to have not only the first-order pressure effects but also zero-order effect and can provide greater insight into the physical process of bubble producing,developing and collapsing compared to the traditional cavitation model.DCM has already been validated for steady cavitating flow,and the results were reported.Furthermore,DCM is designed and supposed to be more accurate and efficient in modeling unsteady cavitating flow,which is also the purpose of this paper.The basic characteristic of the unsteady cavitating flow,such as the vapor volume fraction distribution and the evolution of pressure amplitude and frequency at different locations of the hydrofoil,are carefully studied to validate DCM.It is found that not only these characteristics mentioned above accord well with the experimental results,but also some detailed transient flow information is depicted,including the re-entrant jet flow that caused the shedding of the cavity,and the phenomenon of two-peak pressure fluctuation in the vicinity of the cavity closure in a cycle.The numerical results validate the capability of DCM for the application of modeling the complicated unsteady cavitating flow.展开更多
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;">The present study deals with the unsteady dynamics of cavitation around the NACA 0015 hydrofoil in a channel. A finite element model is proposed to solve the governing equations of momentum and mass conservation. Turbulent flows around the hydrofoil are described by the Prandtl-Kolmogorov model. The cavitation phenomenon is modeled through a mixture model involving liquid and vapor flows and the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri (ZGB) model is considered to evaluate the transport of the water vapor fraction. The variational finite element model formulation includes the mixing of the characteristic method and the finite element. Also, at the open sides of the channel flow, an open boundary condition is imposed. Numerical experiments are performed for cavitation numbers 0.8 and 0.4. The presented model predicts the essential features of unsteady cavitating flows, the generation of vapor cavities, the time-dependent oscillations of the variables and the presence of vortical flow structures associated to vapor volume concentrations during the shedding process.</span>
文摘This paper deals with time dependent performance characteristics of cavitating hydrofoils, the flow around which has been simulated using pressure-based finite volume method. A bubble dynamics cavitation model was used to investigate the unsteady behavior of cavitating flow and describe the generation and evaporation of vapor phase. For choosing the turbulence model and mesh size a non cavitating study was conducted. Three turbulence models such as Spalart-Allmaras, Shear Stress Turbulence （SST） κ-ω model, Re-Normalization Group （RNG） κ-ε model with enhanced wall treatment are used to capture the turbulent boundary layer along the hydrofoil surface. The cavitating study presents an unsteady behavior of the partial cavity attached to the foil at different time steps for σ = 0.8 and σ = 0.4. Moreover, this study is focused on cavitation inception, the shape and general behavior of sheet cavitation, lift and drag forces for different cavitation numbers.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51206087, 51179091)the Major National Scientific Instrument and Equipment Development Project (Grant No. 2011YQ07004901)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant Nos. 2011M500314,2012T50090)
文摘Large Eddy Simulation （LES） was coupled with a mass transfer cavitation model to predict unsteady 3-D turbulent cavita- ting flows around a twisted hydrofoil. The wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity （WALE） model was used to give the Sub-Grid Scale （SGS） stress term. The predicted 3-D cavitation evolutions, including the cavity growth, break-off and collapse downstream, and the shedding cycle as well as its frequency agree fairly well with experimental results. The mechanism for the interactions between the cavitation and the vortices was discussed based on the analysis of the vorticity transport equation related to the vortex stretching, volumetric expansion/contraction and baroclinic torque terms along the hydrofoil mid-plane. The vortical flow analysis demonstrates that cavitation promotes the vortex production and the flow unsteadiness. In non-cavitation conditions, the streamline smoothly passes along the upper wall of the hydrofoil with no boundary layer separation and the boundary layer is thin and attached to the foil except at the trailing edge. With decreasing cavitation number, the present case has O＂ = 1.07, and the attached sheet cavitation beco- mes highly unsteady, with periodic growth and break-off to form the cavitation cloud. The expansion due to cavitation induces boun- dary layer separation and significantly increases the vorticity magnitude at the cavity interface. A detailed analysis using the vorticity transport equation shows that the cavitation accelerates the vortex stretching and dilatation and increases the baroclinic torque as the major source of vorticity generation. Examination of the flow field shows that the vortex dilatation and baroclinic torque terms in- crease in the cavitating case to the same magnitude as the vortex stretching term, while for the non-cavitating case these two terms are zero.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11172040 and 51306020)
文摘The objective of this paper is to improve the understanding of the influence of multiphase flow on the turbulent closure model, the interplay between vorticity fields and cavity dynamics around a pitching hydrofoil. The effects of pitching rate on the sub- cavitating and cavitating response of the pitching hydrofoil are also investigated. In particular, we focus on the interactions between cavity inception, growth, and shedding and the vortex flow structures, and their impacts on the hydrofoil performance. The calculations are 2-D and performed by solving the incompressible, multiphase Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes （URANS） equations via the commercial CFD code CFX. The k-co SST （Shear Stress Transport） turbulence model is used along with the transport equation-based cavitation models. The density correction function is considered to reduce the eddy viscosity according to the computed local fluid mixture density. The calculation results are validated with experiments conducted by Ducoin et al. （see Computational and experimental investigation of flow over a transient pitching hydrofoil, Eur J Mech/B Fluids, 2009, 28：728-743 and An experimental analysis of fluid structure interaction of a flexible hydrofoil in vari- ous flow regimes including cavitating flow, Eur J Mech B/fluids, 2012, 36： 63-74）. Results are shown for a NACA66 hydro- foil subject to slow （quasi static, t2=6~/s, ＆＊ =0.18） and fast （dynamic, ＆=63~/s, dr＂ =1.89） pitching motions from a =0~ to a =15~. Both subcavitaing （or =8.0） and cavitating （cr=3.0） flows are considered. For subcavitating flow （or=8.0）, low frequency fluctuations have been observed when the leading edge vortex shedding occurs during stall, and delay of stall is ob- served with increasing pitching velocity. For cavitating flow （tr=3.0）, small leading edge cavities are observed with the slow pitching case, which significantly modified the vortex dynamics at high angles of attack, leading to high frequency fluctuations of the hydrodynamic coefficients and different stall behaviors compared to the subcavitating flow at the same pitching rate. On the other hand, for the fast pitching case at or=3.0, large-scale sheet/cloud cavitation is observed, the cavity behavior is un- steady and has a strong impact on the hydrodynamic response, which leads to high amplitude fluctuations of the hydrodynamic coefficients, as well as significant changes in the stall and post-stall behavior. The numerical results also show that the local density modification helps to reduce turbulent eddy viscosity in the cavitating region, which significantly modifies the cavity lengths and shedding frequencies, particularly for the fast pitching case. In general, compared with the experimental visualiza- tions, the numerical results with local density correction have been found to agree well with experimental measurements and observations for both slow and fast transient pitching cases.
文摘为了研究不同亚格子模型在计算绕二维Clark-Y水翼非定常空化流动中的适用性,基于均相流假设及Zwart空化模型,并分别利用Wall-Adapting Local Eddy-Viscosity(WALE),Smagorinsky-Lilly,Algebraic Wall-Modeled LES Model(WMLES)及Dynamic Kinetic Energy Sub-grid Scale Model(KET)4种不同亚格子模型对控制方程组进行封闭.得到了云空化时不同亚格子模型预测的翼型升阻力系数、不同位置处流场时均速度分布、空泡形态周期性变化等非定常流动特征,并与相应试验数据进行对比.研究表明:与其他亚格子模型的预测结果相比,WALE模型模拟得到的平均升力系数与试验测量值最吻合,二者相对误差仅在1%以内,且其预测的瞬时升力系数与相应试验值也呈现较为一致的震荡规律;WALE模型能更准确地捕捉云空化阶段空泡非定常演变特征,包括翼型前缘附着型空穴增长,以及在回射流作用下片状空泡的断裂和云空泡脱落行为.基于WALE模型的计算结果,采用Q准则表达了水翼空化尾迹的旋涡结构,发现空泡的脱落及云状空泡的形成诱发了旋涡产生.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 10372061) and the National Defense Key Laboratory on Hydrodynamics
文摘A two-phase mixture model was established to study unsteady cavitating flows. A local compressible system of equations was derived by introducing a density-pressure function to account for the two-phase flow of water/vapor and the transition from one phase to the other. An algorithm for solving the variable-density Navier-Stokes equations of cavitating flow problem was put forward. The numerical results for unsteady characteristics of cavitating flows on a 2D NACA hydrofoil coincide well with experimental data.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51276157)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation(Grant No.LY12E060026)
文摘Unsteady cavitating flow is extremely complicated and brings more serious damages and unignorable problems compared with steady cavitating flow.CFD has become a practical way to model cavitation;however,the popularly used full cavitation model cannot reflect the pressure-change that the bubble experiences during its life path in the highly unsteady flow like cloud cavitating.Thus a dynamic cavitation model(DCM)is proposed and it has been considered to have not only the first-order pressure effects but also zero-order effect and can provide greater insight into the physical process of bubble producing,developing and collapsing compared to the traditional cavitation model.DCM has already been validated for steady cavitating flow,and the results were reported.Furthermore,DCM is designed and supposed to be more accurate and efficient in modeling unsteady cavitating flow,which is also the purpose of this paper.The basic characteristic of the unsteady cavitating flow,such as the vapor volume fraction distribution and the evolution of pressure amplitude and frequency at different locations of the hydrofoil,are carefully studied to validate DCM.It is found that not only these characteristics mentioned above accord well with the experimental results,but also some detailed transient flow information is depicted,including the re-entrant jet flow that caused the shedding of the cavity,and the phenomenon of two-peak pressure fluctuation in the vicinity of the cavity closure in a cycle.The numerical results validate the capability of DCM for the application of modeling the complicated unsteady cavitating flow.
