Patent-based technological developments and surfactants application of lithium-ion batteries fire-extinguishing agent

While newer,more efficient Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)and extinguishing agents have been developed to reduce the occurrence of thermal runaway accidents,there is still a scarcity of research focused on the application of surfactants in different LIBs extinguishing agents,particularly in terms of patented technologies.The aim of this review paper is to provide an overview of the technological progress of LIBs and LIBs extinguishing agents in terms of patents in Korea,Japan,Europe,the United States,China,etc.The initial part of this review paper is sort out LIBs technology development in different regions.In addition,to compare LIBs extinguishing agent progress and challenges of liquid,solid,combination of multiple,and microencapsulated.The subsequent section of this review focuses on an in-depth analysis dedicated to the efficiency and challenges faced by the surfactants corresponding design principles of LIBs extinguishing agents,such as nonionic and anionic surfactants.A total of 451,760 LIBs-related patent and 20 LIBs-fire-extinguishing agent-related patent were included in the analyses.The extinguishing effect,cooling performance,and anti-recombustion on different agents have been highlighted.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents,this review suggests that temperature-sensitive hydrogel extinguishing agent is ideal for the effective control of LIBs fire.The progress and challenges of surfactants have been extensively examined,focusing on key factors such as surface activity,thermal stability,foaming properties,environmental friendliness,and electrical conductivity.Moreover,it is crucial to emphasize that the selection of a suitable surfactant must align with the extinguishing strategy of the extinguishing agent for optimal firefighting effectiveness.

A review of fire-extinguishing agent on suppressing lithium-ion batteries fire

Safety issue of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)such as fires and explosions is a significant challenge for their large scale applications.Considering the continuously increased battery energy density and wider large-scale battery pack applications,the possibility of LIBs fire significantly increases.Because of the fast burning and the easy re-ignition characteristics of LIBs,achieving an efficient and prompt LIBs fire suppression is critical for minimizing the fire hazards.Different from conventional fire hazards,the LIBs fire shows complicated and comprehensive characteristics,and an effective and suitable fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs is highly desirable.Considerable efforts have been devoted to this topic,to the best of our knowledge,a comprehensive review on this regard is still rare.Moreover,in practice,a guidance for the design and selections of a proper fire-extinguishing agent for LIBs is urgently needed.Herein,the special mechanisms and characteristics for LIBs fire and the corresponding design principles for LIBs fire-extinguishing agent were introduced.It is revealed that a fire-extinguishing agent developed for LIBs fire will most likely need a high heat capacity,high wetting,low viscosity and low electrical conductivity.After a comprehensive comparison of these agents in terms of these performances,water-based fire-extinguishing agents show best.Several typical fire-extinguishing agents such as gaseous agents,dry powders,water-based and aerosol fire-extinguishing agents were then introduced,and their fire extinguishment mechanisms were presented.Finally,their effectiveness in suppressing the fire were summarized.Water-based fire-extinguishing agents possess high cooling capacity and excellent anti-reflash performance for the fire.We believe this review could shed light on developing an efficient fire-extinguishing agent particularly designed for LIBs.

温敏水凝胶的改性及其在正渗透工艺中的应用

温敏水凝胶是一种能够响应外界温度变化的聚合物材料。由于温敏水凝胶具一定的渗透压与易于脱水特性,因此可作为汲取剂应用于正渗透(FO)工艺中。但传统温敏水凝胶的溶胀能力较弱,导致FO工艺的水通量较低。因此需要对温敏水凝胶进行改性,从而获得更高的溶胀性能和渗透压,使温敏水凝胶在FO工艺中具有更广阔的应用前景。介绍了几种通过无机、有机改性的温敏水凝胶,以及其在FO中的应用情况。研究表明:通过添加具有亲水性物质(如无机物污泥灰、氧化石墨烯等,有机物如丙烯酸钠、聚乙二醇等)可有效提高水凝胶的溶胀性能,从而在FO工艺中获得更多的水通量;此外,添加碳颗粒、γ-Fe_(2) O_(3) 等材料可以提高水资源回收率,降低回收能耗。因此,改性后的温敏水凝胶在FO工艺中具有更广阔的应用前景。

水凝胶灭火剂制备与应用研究进展

从合成制备和应用场景两个方面对国内外水凝胶灭火剂研究进展进行了综述。介绍了水凝胶灭火剂的灭火机理,按照水凝胶灭火剂主要合成原料可分为淀粉类、纤维素类、壳聚糖类、有机合成高分子类和其他天然物及其衍生物类,并对其做了详细介绍。又从煤矿火灾、液体火灾、森林火灾、建筑火灾和锂电池火灾5个典型的应用场景,分析了该类灭火剂应用在各类火灾现场的可行性。对水凝胶灭火剂未来发展趋势作出了展望,为后续研究和应用提供参考。

Preparation of Hydrogel Based on Acryl Amide and Investigation of Different Factors Affecting Rate and Amount of Absorbed Water

Hydrogel is considered as an important material in our world nowadays as it is used in many important and significant applications such as in tissue engineering and agriculture. There are hundreds of types of such materials, where most of them can be easily prepared. The main objective of this work is to prepare one of the hydrogel types which could be very useful in the agriculture of deserts where plants in dry places require water in order to grow up. There are many places around the world where raining occurs only once or twice a year. There are also places where it does not rain at all. Therefore, hydrogels are required in order to absorb water in large quantities either during raining or irrigation instead of escaping to underground and then eject them to the roots of plants over time as the plants require watering. In this research a hydrogel based on acryl amide, Poly 2-Acrylamide-2-Methyl-1-Propane Sulphonic Acid, (PAMPS) was prepared by using different percentages of a suitable cross-linking agent, Methylene-bis-Acrylamide. The cross-linker content is very important factor affects the rate and amount of absorbed water. The highest amount of absorbed water at 25°C was observed by using 0.6% cross-linking agent based on monomer mass. The temperature of absorbed water and its pH value are also essential factors that affect the rate and the amount of absorbed water and were investigated in this work. The highest amount of absorbed water was recorded at pH = 12 and at 60°C. The amount and the rate of water absorbed by Sodium Polyacrylate Hydrogel were also investigated at 25°C. The agriculture applications of hydrogel based on Sodium Polyacrylate were examined using Fenugreek seeds implanting.

A crosslinking hydrogel binder for high-sulfur content S@pPAN cathode in rechargeable lithium batteries

High-energy density lithium-sulfur(Li-S) batteries have received intensive attention as promising energy storage system.Among diverse sulfur-based cathodes,sulfurized pyrolyzed poly(acrylonitrile)(S@pPAN)cathode delivered superior electrochemical performance.However,the sulfur content of S@pPAN is relatively low(<50 wt%),which significantly limits the energy density.Herein,a hydrogel SA-Cu binder was proposed with a crosslinking network constructed by Cu^(2+) ions.The introduction of Cu^(2+) ions enabled excellent electrochemical behaviors of S@pPAN cathode even with high sulfur content of 52.6 wt% via chemical interaction with sulfur and polysulfide.Moreover,a favorable cathode interphase was formed containing electrochemically active and conductive CuSx.S@pPAN/SA-Cu exhibited a high sulfur utilization of 85.3%,long cycling stability over 1000 cycles and remarkable capacity of 1200 mAh g_(s)^(-1) even at10 C.Furthermore,ascribed to the improved electrode structure,high-loading electrode(sulfur loading:4 mg cm^(-2)) displayed stable cycling with areal capacity of 5.26 mAh cm^(-2)(1315 mAh g_(s)^(-1)) after 40 cycles.This study provides new directions to prepare high-sulfur content and high-loading S@pPAN cathode for higher energy density.

Microemulsion-based hydrogels of itraconazole:Evaluation of characteristics and stability

Itraconazole (ITZ) is a broad spectrum triazole antifungal drug and commercially available as oral forms. However, effective topical forms are interesting to avoid systemic adverse effects,to directly deliver antifungal drugs to the target sites and to enhance patient compliance (1)Microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH), a semisolid form of microemulsion (ME), is one of novel formulations practically used as topical drug carriers [2].

可调孔骨胶水凝胶的制备以及在治理土壤重金属污染中的应用

以骨胶为基材,戊二醛为交联剂,添加调孔剂(由水、异丙醇、异丙醇铝、硝酸组成),制备了一种可调节孔隙大小的三维网络结构水凝胶。考察了调孔剂含量为1%、2%、3%时,水凝胶对重金属离子(Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)、Ni^(2+)、Cu^(2+))的吸附性能。结果表明:当调孔剂含量为2%时,水凝胶吸附性能最好,对Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)、Ni^(2+)和Cu^(2+)最大吸附平衡浓度分别为276mg/g、321mg/g和218mg/g;吸附动力学拟合和吸附等温模型拟合表明,水凝胶对Cr_(2)O_(7)^(2-)的吸附过程符合伪二级动力学模型,属于单层化学吸附;对Ni^(2+)和Cu^(2+)的吸附过程符合伪一级动力学模型,属于单层物理吸附。

水凝胶灭火剂对磷酸铁锂电池组灭火效能研究

为探索针对磷酸铁锂电池组热失控行为的高效灭火剂,搭建锂电池燃烧-抑制试验平台,选取27 Ah磷酸铁锂电池组,以300 W外部热源过热诱发电池热失控至起火。在水阻断磷酸铁锂电池热失控行为试验基础上,开展水凝胶灭火剂对磷酸铁锂电池组热失控行为阻断效果试验研究,对比分析锂离子电池组热失控爆发时间、温度变化速率等参数。结果表明:水对锂电池组冷却深度不足且利用率不高,无法有效阻断电池组间热失控传播。水凝胶灭火剂可快速扑灭明火,结束喷放后电池表面温度始终低于热失控临界温度,可有效阻断电池组热失控行为。灭火剂喷放速率越大,阻止电池组热失控传播越明显,大流量的水凝胶灭火剂可完全阻止热失控在电池组单体间传播。

响应面优化温敏水凝胶汲取剂的制备及性能

随温度变化可逆吸水脱水的热响应水凝胶作为正渗透(FO)汲取剂,在降低回收能耗、减少泄漏方面有巨大的潜力,然而较低的溶胀速率限制了其在FO工艺中的发展,而加入亲水性离子基团可提高水凝胶的吸水膨胀压力,从而产生更高的水通量。通过自由基聚合法制备了简易回收且无反向溶质扩散的聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸钠-蒙脱土)[P(NIPAM/SA-MMT)]水凝胶,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征水凝胶的化学结构和内部形貌,使用响应面法优化3个因素(交联剂、丙烯酸钠、蒙脱土)的添加量。由于亲水性羧酸根和羟基含量的增加,P(NIPAM/SA-MMT)水凝胶的平衡溶胀率及热刺激下的脱水量相较于聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)水凝胶大幅提高;以去离子水为原料液,0.5h内的初始水通量达0.87L/(m^(2)·h),且随着原料液浓度的升高,水通量逐渐降低;过水12h后,将其置于60℃温度刺激下脱水60min,水回收率达98.1%。结果表明,制备的水凝胶表现出良好的水通量及水回收性能。

以鸡蛋壳为致孔剂制备多孔海藻酸钠水凝胶小球及其性能

以海藻酸钠(SA)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)为原料,鸡蛋壳粉末为致孔剂制备得到了多孔SA/PVA水凝胶小球,以溶胀率为主要指标,通过单因素条件实验对不同鸡蛋壳质量分数、盐酸浓度、SA/PVA质量比和交联方式等因素进行优化,确定了水凝胶小球的最佳制备条件。通过对其结构、形貌的表征,探讨了其结构与性能的关系。实验结果表明,各因素对水凝胶小球的微观形貌及溶胀率等均有一定影响,随着致孔剂用量和盐酸浓度的增大,水凝胶小球的溶胀率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;而SA与PVA质量比不但会影响水凝胶小球的成球性能,也会影响小球孔结构;当鸡蛋壳质量分数为20%、盐酸浓度为1 mol/L、SA/PVA的质量比为1∶1.5以及采用化学交联法时,制备得到的水凝胶小球溶胀率最大,为1 033.21%,扫描电镜观察到在该条件下制备得到的小球表面具有丰富、连接紧密且稳定的多孔结构,孔形状规则且分布均匀,便于水分子在更多的渠道迅速通过,使得溶胀性能有较大改善。通过红外光谱分析揭示了交联机理:经化学交联后,Ca^(2+)与SA中的—COO—形成络合,硼酸根离子与PVA交联,形成双重交联结构。通过热失重分析表明,最佳制备条件下的水凝胶小球的质量损失最大时的温度为440℃,相较于SA、PVA和鸡蛋壳粉末均有较大提高,表明耐热性能得到了改善。研究为以鸡蛋壳粉末为致孔剂制备多孔水凝胶材料提供了一定的理论和实验基础。

高分子水凝胶灭火剂扑灭西南松树林火灾试验研究

为探索针对西南林区松树林火灾的高效灭火剂,搭建松木木垛燃烧-灭火剂喷放试验平台,选取西南地区马尾松、云南松等松木条构建木垛,模拟室外松树林木燃烧,对比测试高分子水凝胶与普通泡沫灭火剂在混合比0.3%和0.5%下的灭火效果,并计算水凝胶灭火剂的灭火强度。研究结果表明:高分子水凝胶灭火剂的灭火时间少于普通泡沫灭火剂灭火时间,能快速抑制室外松木火焰的燃烧和传播,结束喷放后木垛温度始终低于复燃临界温度;混合比相同时,水凝胶降温速率高于泡沫灭火剂,其灭火效果优于泡沫灭火剂;计算得出高分子水凝胶灭火剂扑灭松树林火灾强度约为0.065 L/(s·m^( 2)),水凝胶灭火用量仅为所需水的54%,约为同样情况下所需泡沫灭火剂用量的87%。研究结果可为西南地区森林防灭火提供参考与借鉴。

可注射用合成水凝胶在手术患者伤口的应用与护理探讨

为探究可注射水凝胶在肝移植手术患者创面应用的效果,采用随机分配的原则将患者分为A、B、C组,A组注射可注射水凝胶,B组注射0.9%氯化钠注射液,C组注射纤维蛋白胶,观察患者的出血量和出血时间、7 d后的血常规、体质量及凝血等指标。结果表明,采用的可注射水凝胶组的平均出血时间是(34.8±1.30)s,显著缩短(P<0.01);术后7 d的血常规、体质量及凝血等指标基本一致,只有在PLT、HCT二项指标上的差异显著,其中可注射水凝胶组的PLT水平最高;在腹腔内粘连程度方面,各组间无统计学意义(P>0.05)。采用可注射水凝胶的止血效果大致等同于纤维蛋白胶,但出血时间和出血量优势明显。

水凝胶在油田开采领域的研究进展

围绕高性能水凝胶,总结评述了其在油田开发领域作为堵漏、驱油以及油水分离过滤材料的研究进展,归纳分析了不同种类水凝胶的特点及应用,最后对其发展前景进行了展望。

水凝胶灭火剂的性能与应用研究进展

随着现代社会的不断发展,自然灾害对人类影响减小,但是火灾仍然给人们的生命财产安全带来了极大的威胁。因此,消防技术的发展和灭火剂的研究成了重要的研究方向。水凝胶灭火剂作为一种新型的灭火剂,具有吸水性强、黏度大、稳定性高等特点,在消防领域中得到了广泛的关注。本文从水凝胶灭火剂的制备方法、物理化学性质、应用领域和效果评估、机理研究以及未来发展趋势和挑战等方面进行了探讨。

Innovative hydrogel-based delivery systems for immunotherapy:A review of pre-clinical progress

Immunotherapy has markedly reinvented how we treat cancer,as shown by numerous Food and Drug Administration(FDA)drug approvals that have made significant clinical impact and ongoing clinical trials.However,undesirable side effects,such as autoimmunity and inflammation,and inconsistent clinical outcomes remain a major challenge.Improving response rates across various immunotherapeutic reagents is imperative to enhance overall effectiveness and reduce adverse side effects.To address this challenge,interdisciplinary approaches have been explored by incorporating immunotherapies into hydrogels,enabling finecontrolled delivery to target tissues.This review focuses on recent progress in the utilization of hydrogel-based delivery systems for cancer immunotherapy and their potential to further enhance treatment response rates.Specifically,recent preclinical advances in hydrogels implemented with immune checkpoint inhibitors,combination therapies,and vaccines,along with selfassembled peptide hydrogels,are reviewed.We also discuss technological advances and drawbacks in this area and provide insights to ultimately realize the clinical application of hydrogels in cancer immunotherapy.

Recent Progress on Water-based Liquid Embolic Agents in Endovascular Treatment

Vascular embolization treatment,a minimally invasive surgery for various blood vessel-related conditions,has emerged as a crucial method in treating such as hemorrhage,arteriovenous malformation,aneurysms,and hypervascular tumors.Liquid embolic agents are gaining prominence due to their distinct advantage in infiltrating distal regions,expanding the scope of embolization beyond the reach of solid agents.Recent strides in biomaterials and technologies have spurred the development of novel liquid embolic agents,addressing challenges posed by traditional options.This mini-review provides a concise overview of the recent progress in water-based liquid embolic agents,highlighting their potential to overcome limitations associated with current embolic materials.By presenting selected research outcomes,we illuminate advancements that enhance the efficacy of liquid embolic agents.Furthermore,the review outlines essential properties for effective liquid embolic agents,offering insights for future developments in this field.

Multifunctional photothermal hydrogels: Design principles, various functions, and promising biological applications

Photothermal hydrogels with excellent photo responsive and thermal conversion ability had attract a great deal of attention from researchers to explore their biological applications.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of photothermal hydrogels,focusing on their design principles,various functions,and biological applications.Firstly,several classifications of photothermal hydrogels were given according to different photothermal agents(metal,metal sulfide/oxide,MXene,carbon-based,dyes,black phosphorus,and polymer)utilized in hydrogel construction.The photothermal conversion mechanism and hydrogel fabrication were also discussed in detail.Then,the relationship between their photothermal conversion property and functions,together with some indispensable property such as biocompatibility,adhesion,mechanical properties,and self-healing properties was fully introduced.Furthermore,the ap-plications of photothermal hydrogels in the biomedical(i.e.,wound healing,antibacterial treatments,con-trolled drug release,bone repair,and tumor treatment)was summarized.Finally,the future opportunities and challenges of photothermal hydrogels were proposed.We believe that this review could provide a new horizon for further preparation of photothermal hydrogels,and could promote their applications in widerfields.

交联剂对PVP／PCL共聚凝胶性能的影响

研究了N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)、戊二醛(GDA)两种交联剂对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)/聚己内酯(PCL)共聚水凝胶性能的影响。交联剂含量低于NVP的0.7%时,GDA交联凝胶平衡溶胀率ESR较高,高于0.7%时,NMBA交联凝胶的ESR较高。DSC分析表明,GDA交联凝胶结合水含量较高。NMBA、GDA交联凝胶的Fick动力学参数n分别为0.462、0.267,说明GDA交联凝胶的溶胀过程偏离Fick模型。降解实验表明,GDA交联凝胶中PCL降解较慢。力学性能测试表明,GDA交联凝胶表现出较高的断裂强度和断裂伸长率。

快速响应温敏凝胶及其在生物分离中的应用研究

采用减小尺寸与加入C aCO3粒子作致孔剂两种方法,研究了如何提高共聚温敏凝胶P(N IPA-co-GM A-D ex)的响应速度.考察了不同尺寸和多孔凝胶的退溶胀动力学、再溶胀动力学,实验结果表明:减小凝胶尺寸和加入致孔剂对提高凝胶的温度响应速度是有效的.研究了P(N IPA-co-GM A-D ex)凝胶对牛血清蛋白(BSA)的浓缩分离效果,发现P(N IPA-co-GM A-D ex)凝胶对蛋白质溶液有较好的浓缩分离能力.在实验的基础上,设计了一套用于蛋白质提纯的机械模型,测试了其对蛋白质溶液的分离能力,证实了机械模型的可行性.