Hydrogen Content and Porosity Behavior of Hypereutectic Aluminum-silicon Alloy with Phosphorus

By making castings that pick up gas from moisture in red sand molds,the porosity generated at different cooling rates was discussed during solidification of hypereutectic Al-25%Si alloy without and with phosphorus additions. The effect of phosphorus addition on hydrogen content in the melt was also studied. It was observed that the phosphorus addition made hydrogen content in alloy melts present a “see-saw' tendency.In addition to primary silicon refinement,the phosphorus promoted gas porosity formed not only in slowly cooled sections, but also in rapidly cooled sections. There was a small difference in density of full dense sample between P-refined and unrefined castings, with a larger density associated with phosphorous addition. The change of the surface tension seemed more reasonable to explain the mechanism of porosity behavior.

Effect of hydrogen content and stress state on room-temperature mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy

This work aims to investigate the effects of hydrogen content(in the range of 0%-0.5%,mass fraction)and stress state (tension and compression)on the room-temperature mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy through mechanical properties tests. The effects of hydrogen content on microstructure evolution of Ti-6Al-4V alloy is also examined by optical microscopy,X-ray diffractometry,transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.The results show that hydrogen content and stress state have important effects on the room-temperature mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy.Tensile strength and ultimate elongation decrease with increasing the hydrogen content,while compressive strength and ultimate reduction are improved after hydrogenation.The reason is that the intergranular deformation dominates at the state of tension.Hydrogen atoms in solid solution and hydrides at grain boundaries increase with increasing the hydrogen content and they can promote the initiation and propagation of cracks along grain boundaries.While the intragranular deformation dominates at the state of compression.The plastic beta phase and hydrides increase with increasing the hydrogen content and they improve the ultimate reduction and compressive strength.

Effect of hydrogen content on dielectric strength of the silicon nitride film deposited by ICP-CVD

The inductively coupled plasma chemical vapor deposition(ICP-CVD) deposited silicon nitride(SiN_(x)) thin film was evaluated for its application as the electrical insulating film for a capacitor device.In order to achieve highest possible dielectric strength of SiN_(x),the process parameters of ICP-CVD were carefully tuned to control hydrogen in SiN_(x) films by means of tuning N_(2)/SiH_(4) ratio and radio frequency(RF) power.Besides electrical measurements,the hydrogen content in the films was measured by dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry(D-SIMS).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and micro Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the SiN_(x) films by measuring Si-H and N-H bonds’ intensities.It was found that the more Si-H bonds lead to the higher dielectric strength.

Evolution of interfacial heat transfer,contact behavior and microstructure during sub-rapid solidification of molten steel with different hydrogen contents

Typical Q235 low-carbon steel samples with different hydrogen contents(0.0004,0.0008,and 0.0013 wt.%)were prepared by adjusting the environment humidity and moisture.The effects of hydrogen on interfacial heat transfer,contact behavior,and microstructure evolution were investigated using a novel droplet solidification technique.The results revealed that when the hydrogen content increases from 0.0004 to 0.0013 wt.%,the maximum heat flux between the molten steel and cooling substrate decreases from 8.01 to 6.19 MW/m^(2),and the total heat removed in the initial 2 s reduces from 10.30 to 8.27 MJ/m^(2).Moreover,the final contact angle between the molten steel and substrate increases from 103.741°to 113.697°,and the number of pores on the droplet bottom surface increases significantly from 21 to 210 with the increase in hydrogen.The surface roughness of the droplet bottom surface increases from 20.902 to 49.181 pm.In addition,the average grain size of the droplet increases from 14.778 to 33.548 pm with the increase in the hydrogen content.The interfacial contact condition becomes worse due to the escape of hydrogen from the steel matrix during the cooling process,which leads to the reduction in the interfacial heat transfer and the increase in the grain size.

XGBoost-based model for predicting hydrogen content in electroslag remelting

An Xtreme Gradient Boosting(XGBoost)-based endpoint hydrogen content prediction model was proposed for the electroslag remelting process,the data collected in the field were pre-processed,and the characteristic variables of the physical parameters related to the variation of hydrogen content in the electroslag remelting process were selected by machine learning analysis and metallurgical mechanism.The kernel ridge regression model,ridge regression model,XGBoost model,support vector regression model and gradient boosting regression model were developed and validated using the electroslag remelting data collected from the steel mills,and the model structure and parameters were adjusted several times.The prediction accuracy of hydrogen content was compared horizontally.The XGBoost model was validated for the test set with the following hit rates:70.59%,82.35% and 100% for the endpoint hits at the allowable hydrogen content error of ±0.05×10^(-6),±0.10×10^(-6) and ±0.50×10^(-6),respectively.

Improvement of the determination of hydrogen content in a multicomponent sample by D-T generator

If a D T generator is used as a neutron source to simultaneously measure the content of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a multicomponent sample by NIPGA （Neutron Induced Prompt Gamma-ray Analysis）, the 14 MeV neutron flux can be regarded as a constant value. The relationship between the production of the hydrogen characteristic gamma-rays and its content is nonlinear. In this paper, we use MCNP （Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport code） to simulate the relationship and analyze it. In practical measurement of the characteristic gamma-ray, it＇s impossible to get the net count. Therefore, we use the experiment to obtain the relationship between the hydrogen content and the total count of its characteristic gamma-rays. If we use the relationship combined with the simulation result to calculate the hydrogen content, the metrical precision can be much increased. The deviation of hydrogen content between NIPGA and chemical analysis is less than 0.25%, which meets the requirement of coal industry.

Infrared-transmission spectra and hydrogen content of hydrogenated amorphous silicon

In this paper, two kinds of methods of calculating the hydrogen content of a-Si:H thin film by means of the wagging mode and the stretching modes of infrared-transmission spectra , are investigated. The reason for the difference in these two calculation results is analyzed. If the contents of SiH2 and (SiH2)n are indicated in terms of a structure factor F=(I840+I880)/I2000, it is shown that the calculation results obtained from the two different methods are almost equal when the refractive index n is approximately 3.4 or the fitting thickness is between 0.71 and 0.89 mm in the case of a small F. It is shown that the ways of fabrication of thin film can influence silicon-hydrogen bonding configuration of a-Si:H film, and different ways of fabrication can lead to different contents of SiH2 and (SiH2)n. The uniformity of the thin film with a big F is bad. In this case, there is great difference between the thickness measured by the SurfCom408A surface profile apparatus and the thickness obtained by fitting the fringes; and the hydrogen contents of a-Si:H films obtained by means of the wagging mode and the stretching modes are different, too. But the fabrication of the MWECR CVD assisted by CAT CVD can effectively restrain the formation of SiH2 and (SiH2)n.

Influence of S Contents on the Hydrogen Blistering and Hydrogen Induced Cracking of A350LF2 Steel

In the present work, the effects of chemical compositions on the hydrogen blistering and hydrogen induced cracking of A350LF2 steel with different S contents were studied. Four types of A350LF2 steels were evaluated by immersing samples in H2S-saturated NACE solution. The hydrogen blistering, crack length rate(CLR), crack thickness rate(CTR) and crack sensitivity rate(CSR) were evaluated. The results show that there are many hydrogen blisters on the sample surface with S content of 0.021%, a few on the sample surface with S content of 0.019% and 0.012% and no one on the surface with S content of 0.002%. There were 12, 2 and 1 strips of cracks of longer than 0.3 mm on the evaluated cross sections with S content of 0.021%, 0.019% and 0.012%, respectively. There was no any crack in the sample with 0.002% S. The corrosion rate was also evaluated. The S content has no obvious influence on the corrosion rate.

中子成像技术在元素分析中的应用

中子成像作为一种快速、直观的无损检测技术,在核工业、航空航天、新能源、地质、考古、先进制造等多个领域得到广泛应用。中子成像利用中子不带电、穿透能力强、对轻元素敏感、可区分同位素和近邻元素等特性,非常适合开展含氢元素、近邻元素和同位素等材料的无损检测。通过概述中子成像技术的基本原理及特点,并结合中国先进研究堆(CARR)中子成像装置上的应用案例,重点综述了国内外中子成像技术在储氢材料、燃料电池、岩石、核燃料元件、古代文物等领域的典型应用。随着中子成像技术的不断发展和广泛应用,有望为我国更多领域研究提供更强有力的技术支撑。

超大规格风电用连铸圆坯的氢含量控制

针对直径大于等于800 mm的超大规格风电用连铸圆坯因氢含量高出现探伤不合缺陷的问题,通过检测原辅料水分、利用Hydris定氢仪探究全工序钢水氢含量的变化规律。结果表明,铸坯氢含量的主要来源是原辅料水分、炉气气氛潮湿、耐火材料不完全分解。为降低铸坯氢含量,提出了工艺改进措施:转炉吹炼8 min后应不加或加入水分含量较低的原辅料;LF精炼工序投入较少的原辅料;入VD工序前小渣量控制,破空后低速喂线,控制喂线数量及种类在较小范围;小火烘烤连铸中间包60 min,定期清理中间包透气孔。工艺优化后,VD到站钢水w(H)≤3.6×10^(-6),VD离站钢水w(H)≤0.77×10^(-6),连铸中间包首炉钢水w(H)≤2.0×10^(-6),第2炉w(H)≤1.6×10^(-6),连浇炉次w(H)≤1.1×10^(-6),成功降低了超大规格风电用连铸圆坯的氢含量,保证了成品锻件的质量。

用于MTO装置中的乙炔选择加氢催化剂研究

在MTO工艺装置生产乙烯的过程中,乙烯中常含有50~200μL/L左右的微量乙炔,现有的石油烃蒸汽裂解制乙烯装置中常用的碳二加氢催化剂或适用于微量乙炔选择加氢的乙烯精制催化剂并不是MTO工艺中乙炔选择加氢的最好选择。通过研究Pd含量变化对催化剂性能的影响,发现降低Pd含量能够提高催化剂的乙烯选择性,降低催化剂的乙炔合格温度,在保证乙炔加氢合格的情况下,通过控制较低的氢炔比还能获得更好的乙烯选择性。通过添加适当的助剂,控制助剂的用量也能够提高催化剂的乙烯选择性。和商业碳二加氢催化剂BC2相比,采用浸渍法制备的BC2-MTO催化剂活性组分Pd含量降低了50%以上,活性金属Pd的分散度提高了69%,能够在较低的反应温度和氢炔比条件下使用,具有更好的催化活性和乙烯选择性。

碘量法测定天然气中硫化氢标准适应性研究

GB/T 11060.1—2010中碘量法是天然气气质中硫化氢限制指标的测定方法之一,是GB 17820—2018《天然气》中硫化氢含量的仲裁方法。现行GB/T 11060.1—2010被广泛应用,在应用中发现存在的主要技术问题:(1)硫代硫酸钠标准滴定溶液配制和标定与GB/T 601—2016规定不完全相同;(2)对于产品天然气中硫化氢含量低,按该标准要求分析一个样品需要4~9 h,方法使用受到限制;(3)按标准规定的试样参考用量,吸收硫化氢的溶液中硫化锌沉淀多、颗粒大,滴定终点的颜色不明显,影响测量结果准确度。通过开展GB/T 11060.1—2010标准适应性研究,考察了标准溶液的配制和标定方法,以及不同的取样量、取样流速和吸收器等对测量结果的影响。研究结果表明:按照GB/T 601—2016配制的0.1 mol/L硫代硫酸钠标准滴定溶液并标定,由于滴定管校准、滴定速度和分析天平精度原因,标定结果不能完全符合GB/T 601—2016要求;硫化氢含量<28.7 mg/m^(3)试样参考用量降低为50 L,其重复性和再现性完全满足标准要求。根据实验结果、标准适用性和操作性等因素,提出了GB/T11060.1—2010的修订内容并修订发布GB/T 11060.1—2023。针对GB/T1106.1—2023新标准进行解读,以便使用者能更好地理解和掌握新标准,确保新标准的有效实施。

感应加热中间包钢液氢含量控制

重轨钢氢含量是影响质量的关键因素之一。包钢感应加热中间包运行初期,重轨钢等钢种常常出现首炉氢超标的现象。基于此,本文详细分析了感应加热中间包钢液氢含量超标的主要原因,并对中间包材料、耐火材料和连铸工艺进行了优化改造。研究发现,中间包感应加热上线后,预制件数量较多,常规烘烤方式很难实现有效烘烤,这是导致包钢钢液氢含量偏高的主要原因;通过改进耐火材料材质,使用PVC管替代铁皮作为通道模具,利用下线铸坯和中间包的余热以及外置烧嘴对流钢通道预烘烤,烘烤时添加烘烤喷嘴,同时提前对预制件进行烘烤、浇注前氩气置换以及浇注工艺优化等方式,有效实现了浇次首炉氢含量低于2 ppm的目标。中包感应加热运行后生产了154个浇次不同钢种,氢含量全部满足目标要求,同时碳偏析指数平均降低了0.013,提高质量的同时获得了显著的经济效益。

顶空气相色谱法测定氢气纳米气泡水中的总氢含量

氢气纳米气泡在环境修复、能源燃料和医疗健康等领域具有广泛的应用前景。目前氢气纳米气泡水中总氢含量的测定方法还相对有限,无法准确评定相关发生设备的性能。顶空气相色谱法通过加热使顶空瓶内体系达到气液平衡的方式将水样中的氢气转移到气相中,利用气相色谱仪来测定氢气纳米气泡水中的总氢含量。结果表明:样品的最佳平衡温度为50℃,平衡时间为15 min。通过对氢气纳米气泡水中氢气纳米气泡的数量浓度及粒径分布的检测,证实了该顶空气相色谱法适用于大多数纳米气泡产生方式所制备的氢气纳米气泡水体系,即氢气纳米气泡数量浓度范围为106~108个/mL,平均粒径范围为100~300 nm。当氢气纳米气泡数量浓度为6.7×10^(6)~3.8×10^(8)个/mL时,对应测得的氢含量为0~3.12 mg/L,氢气纳米气泡数量浓度与对应氢含量变化一致,且能在2 min内完成检测。该方法简单高效,可以满足不同数量浓度氢气纳米气泡水的测试要求,为测定氢气纳米气泡水中总氢含量提供了可行的选择,有助于进一步研究氢气纳米气泡在各领域的重要应用并进行发生设备的性能评价。

半再生重整装置催化剂硅中毒现象及分析

某炼油企业的半再生重整装置因重整催化剂活性下降而停工,更换了第一反应器和第二反应器的催化剂。对旧催化剂进行分析后发现,第一反应器催化剂二氧化硅质量分数高达20.40%,因此判断重整催化剂发生了硅中毒。在硅中毒期间:第一反应器的温降由初期的73.70℃下降到末期的20.12℃,重整反应后移到第二反应器;循环氢的氢气纯度上升到90%,纯氢产率下降到2.17%;稳定汽油RON(研究法辛烷值)下降到83.7。重整催化剂硅中毒较为罕见,其表现与氮中毒相似,容易误判为催化剂氮中毒。对硅进行溯源,确认是原油携带。分析认为:重整预加氢捕硅剂无法完全捕获所有硅,导致部分硅穿透预加氢系统;硅对预加氢催化剂的影响小于对重整催化剂的影响;硅中毒会导致催化剂的氯流失,需要加大注氯量。

高固含低黏度生物基氟碳树脂的合成及性能

将生物基原料氢化松香醇与三乙胺、对羟基苯甲醚、丙烯酰氯反应制备了可聚合的丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯,然后其与一系列丙烯酸及其衍生物通过共聚,制备了高固含低黏度生物基氟碳树脂。结合分子动力学模拟,分析了丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯降黏机理,探究了生物基氟碳树脂成膜后的涂膜性能。结果表明,随着丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯质量分数的增加,改性氟碳树脂运动黏度降低;当丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯质量分数为18.6%时,改性氟碳树脂固含量为78.56%,其运动黏度与石油树脂叔碳酸乙烯酯改性氟碳树脂相当,远低于不含大体积侧基的改性氟碳树脂;与叔碳酸乙烯酯相比,丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯的空间体积更大,侧基体积效应更明显,分子间作用力小,降黏效果好;丙烯酸氢化松香醇酯改性氟碳涂膜硬度、附着力高于叔碳酸乙烯酯改性氟碳涂膜,耐化学腐蚀性略低于叔碳酸乙烯酯改性氟碳涂膜。

膜内掺Pt含量对质子交换膜电解水性能与氢渗透的影响

针对质子交换膜电解水制氢中存在的氢渗透安全隐患,该文通过超声喷涂将纳米Pt颗粒负载到膜上,并经过热压制备掺Pt复合膜,以缓解运行中的氢渗透。在保持膜电极总Pt含量不变的条件下,研究膜内不同掺Pt含量对性能与氢渗透的影响。结果表明,通过超声喷涂和热压成功将纳米Pt颗粒负载到膜中,并有效缓解了氢渗透。随着膜内掺Pt含量的增加,氢渗透通量降低,同时由于阴极Pt含量降低、欧姆损失增大,电解性能呈现逐渐降低的趋势。综合考虑氢渗透和电解性能,最佳的掺Pt含量为0.01 mg/cm^(2),在0.1 A/cm^(2)时,氧中氢含量仅为0.82%,与无Pt复合膜相比,氢渗透降低了50.32%,而电解电压仅增加约20 mV。长时间运行电解电压和氧中氢浓度相对较稳定,氧中氢浓度低于氢气爆炸下限。

35CrMo钢锭样坯裂纹成因分析

35CrMo液压室钢锭样坯在精加工时发现内孔壁有多条细微裂纹。为了查找裂纹成因,取样进行化学成分分析、低倍检验、金相检验和EDS分析。结果表明液压室钢锭样坯微裂纹系锻造时白点缺陷。分析了白点缺陷形成的主要因素为氢浓度、内应力(主要是组织应力)和夹杂物,在此基础上提出了白点缺陷的主要预防措施。

硫黄回收装置加氢催化剂的钝化

介绍了大连石化270 kt/a硫黄回收装置停工加氢催化剂钝化过程的关键步骤与控制要点。催化剂钝化过程中根据床层的温升情况调整加氢反应器入口过程气的氧含量,在低温下将沉积在催化剂表面的硫化亚铁氧化为二氧化硫和三氧化二铁,通过分析反应器出口过程气的氧含量确认钝化效果,同时,采用在急冷水系统注入碱液的方法防止后续设备酸腐蚀。

一种TC18钛合金酸洗工艺的应用研究

钛合金酸洗是钛合金材料零件荧光检查前必不可少的一道工序,这种工艺对钛合金的增氢量和腐蚀去除量有着严格的要求。本文通过工艺试验,摸索出了一种添加了十二烷基硫酸钠抑制剂的TC18钛合金酸洗工艺方法。采用这种工艺方法酸洗后,试样的外观表面光滑,具有银白色或者银灰色的金属光泽,无腐蚀坑或未酸洗掉的斑点及氧化皮;增氢量能满足ASTME 1447的要求(≤0.002%)。腐蚀速率测试结果表明,对材料的腐蚀去除量可控制在0.005~0.01 mm范围内。