Review of the Configuration and Transient Stability of Large-scale Renewable Energy Generation through Hybrid DC Transmission

Based on the complementary advantages of Line Commutated Converter(LCC)and Modular Multilevel Converter(MMC)in power grid applications,there are two types of hybrid DC system topologies:one is the parallel connection of LCC converter stations and MMC converter stations,and the other is the series connection of LCC and MMC converter stations within a single station.The hybrid DC transmission system faces broad application prospects and development potential in large-scale clean energy integration across regions and the construction of a new power system dominated by new energy sources in China.This paper first analyzes the system forms and topological characteristics of hybrid DC transmission,introducing the forms and topological characteristics of converter-level hybrid DC transmission systems and system-level hybrid DC transmission systems.Next,it analyzes the operating characteristics of LCC and MMC inverter-level hybrid DC transmission systems,provides insights into the transient stability of hybrid DC transmission systems,and typical fault ride-through control strategies.Finally,it summarizes the networking characteristics of the LCC-MMC series within the converter station hybrid DC transmission system,studies the transient characteristics and fault ridethrough control strategies under different fault types for the LCC-MMC series in the receiving-end converter station,and investigates the transient characteristics and fault ride-through control strategies under different fault types for the LCC-MMC series in the sending-end converter station.

CONTROL STRATEGY OF A PARALLEL HYBRID CAR WITH A METAL BELT-PLANETARY GEAR CONTINUOUSLY VARIABLE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

The most remarkable characteristic of a metal belt-planetary gearcontinuously variable transmission is a wider ratio range and a bigger torque capacity than aconventional metal pushing belt continuously variable transmission. A parallel hybrid car with thistransmission system not only can reduce fuel consumption and pollutant emission at a ECE city cycle,but also can keep the motor working in the most efficiency area and can be started by a lower powermotor by oneself. At the same time, the continuously variable transmission system can realize thesmooth switch between the motor and the engine.

Economic feasibility of large-scale hydro–solar hybrid power including long distance transmission

Solar PV is expected to become the most cost-competitive renewable energy owing to the rapidly decreasing cost of the system. On the other hand, hydropower is a high-quality and reliable regulating power source that can be bundled with solar PV to improve the economic feasibility of long-distance transmitted power. In this paper, a quantification model is established taking into account the regulating capacity of the reservoir, the characteristics of solar generation, and cost of hydro and solar PV with long-distance transmission based on the installed capacity ratio of hydro–solar hybrid power. Results indicate that for hydropower stations with high regulating capacity and generation factor of approximately 0.5, a hydro–solar installed capacity ratio of 1:1 will yield overall optimal economic performance, whereas for hydropower stations with daily regulating capacity reservoir and capacity factor of approximately 0.65, the optimal hydro–solar installed capacity ratio is approximately 1:0.3. In addition, the accuracy of the approach used in this study is verified through operation simulation of a hydro–solar hybrid system including ultra high-voltage direct current(UHVDC) transmission using two case studies in Africa.

SER analysis and power allocation for hybrid cooperative transmission system

The symbol-error-rate（SER） and power allocation for hybrid cooperative（HC） transmission system are investigated.Closed-form SER expression is derived by using the moment generating function（MGF）-based approach.However,the resultant SER contains an MGF of the harmonic mean of two independent random variables（RVs）,which is not tractable in SER analysis.We present a simple MGF expression of the harmonic mean of two independent RVs which avoids the hypergeometric functions used commonly in previous studies.Using the simple MGF,closed-form SER for HC system with M-ary phase shift keying（M-PSK） signals is provided.Further,an approximation as well as an upper bound of the SER is presented.It is shown that the SER approximation is asymptotically tight.Based on the tight SER approximation,the power allocation of the HC system is investigated.It is shown that the optimal power allocation does not depend on the fading parameters of the source-destination（SD） channel and it only depends on the source-relay（SR） and relay-destination（RD） channels.Moreover,the performance gain of the power allocation depends on the ratio of the channel quality between RD and SR.With the increase of this ratio,more performance gain can be acquired.

OPTIMAL TORQUE CONTROL STRATEGY FOR PARALLEL HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE WITH AUTOMATIC MECHANICAL TRANSMISSION

In parallel hybrid electrical vehicle （PHEV） equipped with automatic mechanical transmission （AMT）, the driving smoothness and the clutch abrasion are the primary considerations for powertrain control during gearshift and clutch operation. To improve these performance indexes of PHEV, a coordinated control system is proposed through the analyzing of HEV powertrain dynamic characteristics. Using the method of minimum principle, the input torque of transmission is optimized to improve the driving smoothness of vehicle. Using the methods of fuzzy logic and fuzzy-PID, the engaging speed of clutch and the throttle opening of engine are manipulated to ensure the smoothness of clutch engagement and reduce the abrasion of clutch friction plates. The motor provides the difference between the required input torque of transmission and the torque transmitted through clutch plates. Results of simulation and experiments show that the proposed control strategy performs better than the contrastive control system, the smoothness of driving and the abrasion of clutch can be improved simultaneously.

Chromosomal Transmission in F_2BC_1Hybrid Progenies between Sugarcane and Erianthus fulvus

[ Objective ] This study aimed to provide a scientific basis for breeding new sugarcane varieties with hybrid progenies of Erianthus fulvus and modifying existing sugarcane cultivars. [ Method] Chromosomal slides of the F2 and F2 BC1 hybrid progenies between sugarcane and E. fu/vus （2n = 20） and those of parental materials were prepared with the wall degradation hypotonic method, to further analyze the chromosomal transmission in the F2 and F2BC1 hybrid progenies and to investigate the chromosome transmission mechanism. [ Result ] The results showed that, somatic chromosome number varied in various hybrid progenies; chromo- somes from parents were transmitted into the somatic cells of F2 hybrids in ＂2n ＋ n＂ pattern and transmitted into the somatic cells of F2BC1 hybrids in ＂n ＋ n＂ pattern. [ Conclusion ] This study provided a preliminary cytological basis for further use of these materials in sugarcane breeding.

Design Method for the Power Shifting Transmission of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A novel method of scheme design is proposed for power shifting transmissions of parallel hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs).First,shift sequences considering the path of power flow and shift logics are analyzed based on the graph theory model,abstracted from the degree-of-freedom(DOF)of the schemes.Second,the scheme of gear-pair and shaft,defined as the scheme that ignores the arrangement of synchronizers,is derived from the basic configuration,defined as the scheme of gear-pair and shaft that contains only one of each type of the variable connections,and the numbers of each type of the variable connections.Finally,a multi-parameter scheme,including the arrangement of synchronizers and gear ratios,is designed to optimize the results of synthesis.This method helps to gain a deeper understanding of the systematic design of other fixed gear transmission schemes,such as automated mechanical transmission,dual clutch transmission,and even some novel multi-input transmission.

MMC-MTDC Transmission System with Partially Hybrid Branches

This paper proposes a hybrid submodule modular multilevel converter(MMC)topology which is suitable for multi terminal direct current(MTDC)transmission systems.Each arm of the proposed MMC topology consists of a half-bridge submodule(HBSM)branch and two parallel full-bridge submodule(FBSM)branches.Comparing with the conventional MTDC transmission system,the proposed topology can selectively block the DC fault current and isolate the corresponding fault line without expensive DC circuit breakers(DCCBs).Thus,the influence range of the DC fault can be reduced and the reliability of the power supply can be improved as well.The corresponding modulation and voltage balancing strategies are developed for the proposed hybrid MMC topology.The feasibility of the proposed topology and control strategy is verified in the MATLAB/Simulink simulation.

Energy control strategy for parallel hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles

Aimed at the relatively lower energy density and complicated coordinating operation between two power sources,a special energy control strategy is required to maximize the fuel saving potential.Then a new type of configuration for hydrostatic transmission hybrid vehicles(PHHV) and the selection criterion for important components are proposed.Based on the optimization of planet gear transmission ratio and the analysis of optimal energy distribution for the proposed PHHV on a representative urban driving cycle,a fuzzy torque control strategy and a braking energy regeneration strategy are designed and developed to realize the real-time control of energy for the proposed PHHV.Simulation results demonstrate that the energy control strategy effectively improves the fuel economy of PHHV.

Combined hybrid energy storage system and transmission grid model for peak shaving based on time series operation simulation

This study proposes a combined hybrid energy storage system(HESS) and transmission grid(TG) model, and a corresponding time series operation simulation(TSOS) model is established to relieve the peak-shaving pressure of power systems under the integration of renewable energy. First, a linear model for the optimal operation of the HESS is established, which considers the different power-efficiency characteristics of the pumped storage system, electrochemical storage system, and a new type of liquid compressed air energy storage. Second, a TSOS simulation model for peak shaving is built to maximize the power entering the grid from the wind farms and HESS. Based on the proposed model, this study considers the transmission capacity of a TG. By adding the power-flow constraints of the TG, a TSOS-based HESS and TG combination model for peak shaving is established. Finally, the improved IEEE-39 and IEEE-118 bus systems were considered as examples to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model.

Recent progress on advanced transmission electron microscopy characterization for halide perovskite semiconductors

Halide perovskites are strategically important in the field of energy materials. Along with the rapid development of the materials and related devices, there is an urgent need to understand the structure–property relationship from nanoscale to atomic scale. Much effort has been made in the past few years to overcome the difficulty of imaging limited by electron dose,and to further extend the investigation towards operando conditions. This review is dedicated to recent studies of advanced transmission electron microscopy(TEM) characterizations for halide perovskites. The irradiation damage caused by the interaction of electron beams and perovskites under conventional imaging conditions are first summarized and discussed. Low-dose TEM is then discussed, including electron diffraction and emerging techniques for high-resolution TEM(HRTEM) imaging. Atomic-resolution imaging, defects identification and chemical mapping on halide perovskites are reviewed. Cryo-TEM for halide perovskites is discussed, since it can readily suppress irradiation damage and has been rapidly developed in the past few years. Finally, the applications of in-situ TEM in the degradation study of perovskites under environmental conditions such as heating,biasing, light illumination and humidity are reviewed. More applications of emerging TEM characterizations are foreseen in the coming future, unveiling the structural origin of halide perovskite’s unique properties and degradation mechanism under operando conditions, so to assist the design of a more efficient and robust energy material.

一种适用于混合三端直流输电线路的故障定位方法

针对因结构复杂导致的混合三端直流输电线路故障定位困难的问题,提出了一种结合变分模态分解算法与改进卷积神经网络(CNN)的故障定位方法(VMD-CNN)。首先,利用PSCAD/EMTDC软件构建混合三端直流输电系统模型,获得故障电流数据,应用克拉克变换对其解耦,获取故障电流的线模分量;其次,对得到的线模分量进行变分模态分解(VMD),得到多个本征模态函数(IMF)分量,选取特征信息最丰富的IMF分量作为VMD-CNN模型的输入;然后,利用高效的分类模型支持向量机(SVM)判别故障发生的区域,将提取到的IMF分量作为SVM输入进行训练学习,可以准确判断出故障发生区域;最后,搭建VMD-CNN模型进行故障定位,挖掘出行波信号中蕴藏的故障信息,同时通过麻雀搜索算法优化CNN中的超参数,实现混合三端直流输电线路的精确定位。仿真结果表明:过渡电阻为100Ω,不同故障位置情况下的定位相对误差均在0.17%以内;故障位置为460 km,不同过渡电阻情况下的定位相对误差均在0.25%以内;过渡电阻为50Ω,不同故障类型情况下的相对误差均在0.3%以内。所提方法能够提升不同故障位置、过渡电阻和故障类型下的定位准确性。

Traveling Wave Characteristics Based Pilot Protection Scheme for Hybrid Cascaded HVDC Transmission Line

The hybrid cascaded high-voltage direct current(HVDC)transmission system has various operation modes,and some operation modes have sharply increasing requirements for protection rapidity,while the traditional pilot differential protection(PDP)has poor rapidity,and even refuses to operate when faults occur on the DC line.Therefore,a novel pilot protection scheme based on traveling wave characteristics is proposed.First,the adaptability of the traditional PDP applied in engineering is analyzed for different operation modes.Then,the expressions of the forward traveling wave(FTW)and backward traveling wave(BTW)on the rectifier side and the inverter side are derived for different fault locations.From the theoretical derivation,the difference between the BTW and FTW on the rectifier side is less than zero,and the same is true on the inverter side.However,in the event of an external fault of DC line,the difference between the BTW and FTW at nearfault terminal protection installation point is greater than zero.Therefore,by summing over the product of the difference between BTW and FTW of the rectifier side and that of the inverter side,the fault identification criterion is constructed.The simulation results show that the proposed pilot protection scheme can quickly and reliably identify the short-circuit faults of DC line in different operation modes.

Characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS Tapes Under Short-Circuit Current Impacts in Hybrid Energy Transmission Pipelines

A hybrid energy transmission pipeline is proposed with the aim of long-distance cooperative transmission of electricity and chemical fuels, which is composed of an inner high-temperature superconducting (HTS) power cable and outer liquefied natural gas (LNG) pipeline. The flowing LNG could maintain the operating temperature of the inner HTS power cable within the range of 85 K-90 K, thus the Bi-2223 superconductors in the HTS power cable produce little Joule loss with the transmission current below the critical current. Owing to the advantages of high power density, low transmission losses and economical manufacturing costs, the hybrid energy transmission pipeline is expected to be widely utilized in the near future. In order to ensure the safety of the HTS power cable and explosive LNG in case of short-circuit faults, this paper tests and analyzes the characteristics of Bi-2223 HTS tapes of the Type HT-CA, Type HT-SS and Type H models under short-circuit current impacts at the LNG cooling temperature (85 K-90 K). An experimental platform is designed and established for the ampacity tests of HTS tapes above LN2 cooling temperature (77 K). The AC over-current impact tests at 85 K-90 K are carried out on each sample of Bi-2223 tapes respectively, and the experimental results are analyzed and compared to evaluate their performances under different operating conditions. The results indicate that the Type HT-CA tape can withstand 50 Hz short-circuit current impact with the amplitude of 1108 A (10 times of critical current Ic ) for 100 ms at 90 K, and its resistance is the smallest of the three tested samples under similar current impacts. Therefore, the Type HT-CA Bi-2223 tape is the optimal superconductor of the HTS power cable in the hybrid energy transmission pipeline.

Parameters Matching and Control Method of Hydraulic Hybrid Vehicles with Secondary Regulation Technology

Hydraulic hybrid vehicles （HHV） with secondary regulation technology has the potential of improving fuel economy by operating the engine in the optimum efficiency range and making use of regenerative braking. Hydrostatic transmission technology has the advantage of higher power density and the ability to accept the high rates and high frequencies of charging and discharging, both of which are not favorable for batteries, but the lower energy density requires special power matching design and control strategy to coordinate all the powertrain components in an optimal manner. A multi-objective optimization method is proposed to distinguish the components size values of HHV by considering the requirements of driving cycles and technology aspects. The regenerative braking strategy and energy control strategy based on the optimized HHV is proposed to recovery the braking energy and distribute the regenerated braking energy. Simulation results show that by taking the optimized configuration of HHV, adopting the regenerative braking strategy and energy control strategy are helpful to improve the system efficiency and fuel economy of HHV under urban driving cycles.

Recent advances in atomic imaging of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites

Three-dimensional organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites(OHPs)hold a great prospect for photovoltaic applications due to their outstanding electronic and optical properties.These fascinating properties of OHPs in combination with their scalable and low-cost production make OHPs promising candidates for next-generation optoelectronic devices.The ability to obtain atomistic insights into physicochemical properties of this class of materials is crucial for the future development of this field.Recent advances in various scanning probe microscopy techniques have demonstrated their extraordinary capability in real-space imaging and spectroscopic measurements of the structural and electronic properties of OHPs with atomic-precision.Moreover,these techniques can be combined with light illumination to probe the structural and optoelectronic properties of OHPs close to the real device operation conditions.The primary focus of this review is to summarize the recent progress in atomic-scale studies of OHPs towards a deep understanding of the phenomena discovered in OHPs and OHP-based optoelectronic devices.

Deep Unfolding for Cooperative Rate Splitting Multiple Access in Hybrid Satellite Terrestrial Networks

Rate splitting multiple access(RSMA)has shown great potentials for the next generation communication systems.In this work,we consider a two-user system in hybrid satellite terrestrial network(HSTN)where one of them is heavily shadowed and the other uses cooperative RSMA to improve the transmission quality.The non-convex weighted sum rate(WSR)problem formulated based on this model is usually optimized by computational burdened weighted minimum mean square error(WMMSE)algorithm.We propose to apply deep unfolding to solve the optimization problem,which maps WMMSE iterations into a layer-wise network and could achieve better performance within limited iterations.We also incorporate momentum accelerated projection gradient descent(PGD)algorithm to circumvent the complicated operations in WMMSE that are not amenable for unfolding and mapping.The momentum and step size in deep unfolding network are selected as trainable parameters for training.As shown in the simulation results,deep unfolding scheme has WSR and convergence speed advantages over original WMMSE algorithm.

Serologic and molecular survey for major viral pathogens in grazing hybrid wild boars in Northeast China

Hybrid wild boar husbandry is an important component of livestock production in Northeast China.However,the current disease situation of these animals is largely unknown due to a lack of disease surveillance.The present study was conducted to determine the prevalence of several important viral diseases in the hybrid wild boar population of Northeast China.Between September 2015 to December 2016,169 blood and 61 tissue samples were collected from apparently healthy hybrid wild boars from farms in Jilin,Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang provinces.ELISA detected serum antibodies against classical swine fever virus(CSFV),porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),pseudorabies virus(PRV),porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2)and Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV),but not against African swine fever virus(ASFV),with PCV2 having the highest seropositive rate(87.2–100%in different farms).RT-PCR or PCR performed on the processed samples detected only PCV2,with 33.1%(56/169)of blood samples and 32.8%(20/61)of spleen samples being positive,respectively,indicating widespread PCV2 infection in hybrid wild boars.Phylogenetic analysis of 15 PCV2 ORF2 sequences showed that they belong to genotypes PCV2a,PCV2b and PCV2d,with nucleotide and deduced amino acid homologies of 88.5–100%and 88.1–100%,respectively.

Power flow analysis in a hybrid phononic crystal structure

To reveal the energy transmission through a hybrid phononic crystal structure, power flow analysis is carried out in this paper. Hysteretic damping having significant relationship with power flow is added and corresponding theoretical formulas of the dispersion relation are derived. Besides, the power flow in the hybrid structure is calculated by using the finite element method. The results show that as the damping increases, the boundaries of the band gaps become smoother and dimmer, i.e., broader width. With the increase of damping, the power flow is lowered at the resonance frequencies, while slightly increases near the resonance frequencies. The power flow maps manifest energy distribution in the hybrid structure within and out of the band gaps, which can be exploited in the optimization of the structure design.

Influence of Terabit Signal in Hybrid System with Multi-Rate and Multi-Modulation Format Channels

We proposed a hybrid transmission system consist of 1Tbit/s Nyquist WDM channels,100Gbit/s PDM-QPSK WDM channels and 10Gbit/s NRZ WDM channels to study whether Terabit Nyquist WDM signal could transmit in the existing hybrid systems with DCM(dispersion compensation module). The simulation results demonstrated the influence of all these three kinds of signals. The 1Tbit/s Nyquist WDM channels introduced 1.5d B Q penalty to the 100Gbit/s PDM-QPSK signals and their influence on the 10Gbit/s NRZ signals was extremely slight. In the hybrid optical system,1Tbit/s Nyquist channel has 5d B Q penalty due to the inline DCM and 2.5d B Q penalty due to the channel interference from existing channels. Therefore,the total Q penalty is 7.5d B caused by strong nonlinear effects at the launch power of 0d Bm. The results have the guiding significance for the design of future backbone system and also support the feasibility of future dynamic optical system.