A METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF CONCENTRATION OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN PERMEATED IN MULTI-LAYER STRUCTURE WALL OF HYDROGENATION REACTORS

It was proposed how the concentration distribution was calculated in the treble lager wall of hgdrogenation reactor according to the principle of hydrogen diffusion at the steady state in this paper. Based on the steady hydrogen permeation current density i∞ measund with the hydrogen probe at a given temperature, the hydmpen concentrationson the key interfaces and hydrogen distribution at any given mdial profile in the single, double or treble layer wall of hydrogenation reactor could be found by applying the presented equations throoph suitable parmeters ioput. The theoretical bases were provided for developing the nondestructive probing technique of the concentration of atomic hydmpen in the wallS of hydrogenation reactors.

Feasibility neutronic design for the reactor core configurations of a 5 MWth transportable block-type HTR

Small long-life transportable high temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTRs) are interesting because they can safely provide electricity or heat in remote areas or to industrial users in developed or developing countries.This paper presents the neutronic design of the U-Battery,which is a 5 MWth block-type HTR with a fuel lifetime of 5–10 years.Assuming a reactor pressure vessel diameter of less than 3.7 m,some possible reactor core configurations of the 5 MWth U-Battery have been investigated using the TRITON module in SCALE 6.The neutronic analysis shows that Layout 12×2B,a scattering core containing 2 layers of 12 fuel blocks each with 20% enriched235U,reaches a fuel lifetime of 10 effective full power years(EFPYs).When the diameter of the reactor pressure vessel is reduced to 1.8 m,a fuel lifetime of 4 EFPYs will be achieved for the 5 MWth U-Battery with a 25-cm thick graphite side reflector.Layouts 6×3 and 6×4 with a 25-cm thick BeO side reflector achieve a fuel lifetime of 7 and 10 EFPYs,respectively.The comparison of the different core configurations shows that,keeping the number of fuel blocks in the reactor core constant,the annular and scattering core configurations have longer fuel lifetimes and lower fuel cost than the cylindrical ones.Moreover,for the 5 MWth U-Battery,reducing the fuel inventory in the reactor core by decreasing the diameter of fuel kernels and packing fraction of TRISO particles is more effective to lower the fuel cost than decreasing the 235U enrichment.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF WELL-DEFINED BLOCK COPOLYMERS CONTAINING PENDANT,SELF-COMPLEMENTARY QUADRUPLE HYDROGEN BONDING SITES

The title block copolymer (defined as PSUEA) containing pendant,self-complementary quadruple hydrogen bonding sites has been prepared successfully by three steps.First,poly(styrene-b-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (defined as PSHEA) was prepared by living radical polymerizing 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) initiated by polystyrene (PSt) macro- initiator,which was prepared via nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) technique.After treated by excessive 3-isocyanatomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl isocyanate (IPDI),...

Preparation, Structure and Properties of 3D Supramolecular Architecture, on the Basis of Hydrogen Bonds and π-π Stacking Between 2D Layers, with Windmill Building Blocks

A novel three-dimensional（3D） supramolecular architecture, {[Nd（OH-BDC）（OH-HBDC）（H2O）2]·2HaO）n（1） （OH-H2BDC=5-hydroxyisophthalic acid）, which was formed through hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking between two-dimensional（2D） layers, was hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Windmill building blocks, which consist of two nine-coordinated metal centers and four OH-H2BDC groups are connected through two carboxyl groups, to lead to a one-dimensional infinite inorganic chain（… M--O--C--O--M…） along the [100] direction. An observed intense blue luminescence with an emission band peaked at 390 nm for compound 1 may results from ligand-to-metal charge transfer（LMCT）. Variable-temperature magnetic susceptibility of compound 1 was investigated and the value was deviated from the Curie-Weiss law.

Sulfonated fluorinated multi-block copolymer hybrid containing sulfonated(poly ether ether ketone) and graphene oxide: A ternary hybrid membrane architecture for electrolyte applications in proton exchange membrane fuel cells

A ternary hybrid membrane architecture consisting of sulfonated fluorinated multi-block copolymer （SFMC）, sulfonated （poly ether ether ketone） （SPEEK） and I or 5 wt% graphene oxide （GO） was fabricated through a facile solution casting approach. The simple, but effective monomer sulfonation was performed for SFMC to create compact and rigid hydrophobic backbone structures, while conventional random sulfonation was carried-out for SPEEK. Hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic structure of SFMC enhances the compatibility with SPEEK and GO and allows for an unprecedented approach to alter me- chanical strength and proton conductivity of ternary hybrid membrane, as verified from universal test machine （UTM） curves and alternating current （AC） impedance plots. The impact of GO integration on the morphology and roughness of hybrid membrane was scrutinized using field emission scanning electron microscope （FE-SEM） and atomic force microscope （AFM）. Ternary hybrid showed uniform intercalation of GO nanosheets throughout the entire surface of membrane with an increased surface roughness of 8.91 nm. The constructed ternary hybrid membrane revealed excellent water absorption, ion exchange capacity and gas barrier properties, while retaining reasonable dimensional stability. The well-optimized ternary hybrid membrane containing 5 wt% GO revealed a maximum proton conductivity of 111.9 mS/cm, which is higher by a factor of two-fold with respect to that of bare SFMC membrane. The maximum PEMFC power density of 528.07mW/cm2 was yielded by ternary hybrid membrane at a load current density of 1321.1 mA/cm2 when operating the cell at 70 ℃ under 100% relative humidity （RH）. In comparison, a maximum power density of only 182.06 mW/cm2 was exhibited by the bare SFMC membrane at a load current density of 455.56 mA/cm2 under same operating conditions.

Avalanche boron fusion by laser picosecond block ignition with magnetic trapping for clean and economic reactor

Measured highly elevated gains of proton–boron(HB11) fusion(Picciotto et al., Phys. Rev. X 4, 031030(2014))confirmed the exceptional avalanche reaction process(Lalousis et al., Laser Part. Beams 32, 409(2014); Hora et al.,Laser Part. Beams 33, 607(2015)) for the combination of the non-thermal block ignition using ultrahigh intensity laser pulses of picoseconds duration. The ultrahigh acceleration above 10^(20) cm s^(-2)for plasma blocks was theoretically and numerically predicted since 1978(Hora, Physics of Laser Driven Plasmas(Wiley, 1981), pp. 178 and 179) and measured(Sauerbrey, Phys. Plasmas 3, 4712(1996)) in exact agreement(Hora et al., Phys. Plasmas 14, 072701(2007)) when the dominating force was overcoming thermal processes. This is based on Maxwell's stress tensor by the dielectric properties of plasma leading to the nonlinear(ponderomotive) force f_(NL)resulting in ultra-fast expanding plasma blocks by a dielectric explosion. Combining this with measured ultrahigh magnetic fields and the avalanche process opens an option for an environmentally absolute clean and economic boron fusion power reactor. This is supported also by other experiments with very high HB11 reactions under different conditions(Labaune et al., Nature Commun.4, 2506(2013)).

Integrated Photothermal Nanoreactors for Effi cient Hydrogenation of CO_(2)

To alleviate the energy crisis and global warming,photothermal catalysis is an attractive way to effi ciently convert CO_(2)and renewable H_(2) into value-added fuels and chemicals.However,the catalytic performance is usually restricted by the trade-off between the dispersity and light absorption property of metal catalysts.Here we demonstrate a simple SiO 2-protected metal-organic framework pyrolysis strategy to fabricate a new type of integrated photothermal nanoreactor with a comparatively high metal loading,dispersity,and stability.The core-satellite structured Co@SiO_(2)exhibits strong sunlight-absorptive abil-ity and excellent catalytic activity in CO_(2)hydrogenation,which is ascribed to the functional separation of diff erent sizes of Co nanoparticles.Large-sized plasmonic Co nanoparticles are mainly responsible for the light absorption and conversion to heat(nanoheaters),whereas small-sized Co nanoparticles with high intrinsic activities are responsible for the catalysis(nanoreactors).This study provides a new concept for designing effi cient photothermal catalytic materials.

Preparation of Pd/c-Al_(2)O_(3)/nickel foam monolithic catalyst and its performance for selective hydrogenation in a rotating packed bed reactor

Selective hydrogenation plays an important role in chemical industries,yet its selectivity is usually limited by the mass transfer.In this work,the enhanced hydrogenation selectivity was achieved in a rotating packed bed(RPB)reactor with excellent mass transfer efficiency.Aiming to be used under the centrifugal filed,a monolithic catalyst Pd/c-Al_(2)O_(3)/nickel foam suiting for the shape and size of the rotor of RPB reactor was prepared by the electrophoretic deposition method.The mechanical strength of the catalyst can meet the requirement of high centrifugal force in the RPB.The hydrogenation selectivity in the RPB reactor using the 3-methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol hydrogenation system was 3–8 times higher than that in a stirred tank reactor under similar conditions.This work proves the feasibility of intensifying the selectivity of hydrogenation process in the RPB reactor.

Effect of hydrogen combustion reaction on the dehydrogenation of ethane in a fixed-bed catalytic membrane reactor

A two-dimensional non-isothermal mathematical model has been developed for the ethane dehydrogenation reaction in a fixed-bed catalytic membrane reactor. Since ethane dehydrogenation is an equilibrium reaction,removal of produced hydrogen by the membrane shifts the thermodynamic equilibrium to ethylene production.For further displacement of the dehydrogenation reaction, oxidative dehydrogenation method has been used.Since ethane dehydrogenation is an endothermic reaction, the energy produced by the oxidative dehydrogenation method is consumed by the dehydrogenation reaction. The results show that the oxidative dehydrogenation method generated a substantial improvement in the reactor performance in terms of high conversions and signi ficant energy saving. It was also established that the sweep gas velocity in the shell side of the reactor is one of the most important factors in the effectiveness of the reactor.

船用金属氢化物储氢技术研究综述

金属氢化物储氢是一种基于化学吸收原理的氢气储存方法,具有高体积储氢密度和高安全性的特点,在船舶储氢领域的应用潜力备受关注。在此背景下,对于金属氢化物储氢技术在船舶上的应用,有着材料性能、反应器性能、热管理系统、成本等一系列有待研究的问题。首先,对金属氢化物储氢技术进行归纳,总结梳理金属氢化物的工作原理及材料性能方面的研究进展,并介绍金属氢化物在船舶上的应用情况;然后,结合氢能船舶的应用环境及需求,分析金属氢化物储氢技术在船舶上应用的技术、经济可行性,并以满足氢能船舶对氢气储量和放氢速率要求为目标,介绍船用金属氢化物储氢系统的研究,包括储氢系统性能研究、储氢反应器结构、反应器结构优化、耦合船舶燃料电池的热管理系统和储氢系统设计思路;最后,结合上述研究内容,对船用金属氢化物储氢系统的研究方向进行总结与展望。

表面完整性对制氢反应器材料耐腐蚀性影响

为研究某制氢反应器用钢表面完整性对其耐腐蚀性的影响,基于制氢反应器所产生的酸性介质腐蚀工况,对某制氢反应器用钢开展静态腐蚀试验。分别分析了不同表面粗糙度、不同表面残余应力对某制氢反应器用钢腐蚀速率、腐蚀后表面粗糙度与拉伸性能衰退的影响规律,并从晶间应力等方面分析表面完整性对耐腐蚀性的影响。通过试验发现:粗糙度较大的试样随腐蚀时间增加腐蚀速率降低,当表面粗糙度Ra为0.05μm时试样腐蚀速率随腐蚀时间增加而增大;腐蚀后粗糙度较大的试样表面粗糙度增大,而较小的试样表面粗糙度减小;腐蚀后材料的力学性能出现随表面粗糙度先增大后减小的趋势;随试件表面残余应力增大,腐蚀速率出现先减小后增大的趋势;腐蚀后表面粗糙度随初始残余应力的增大而增大;当初始表面残余应力为-293 MPa时,试样腐蚀后力学性能相对较好。

中子成像技术在元素分析中的应用

中子成像作为一种快速、直观的无损检测技术,在核工业、航空航天、新能源、地质、考古、先进制造等多个领域得到广泛应用。中子成像利用中子不带电、穿透能力强、对轻元素敏感、可区分同位素和近邻元素等特性,非常适合开展含氢元素、近邻元素和同位素等材料的无损检测。通过概述中子成像技术的基本原理及特点,并结合中国先进研究堆(CARR)中子成像装置上的应用案例,重点综述了国内外中子成像技术在储氢材料、燃料电池、岩石、核燃料元件、古代文物等领域的典型应用。随着中子成像技术的不断发展和广泛应用,有望为我国更多领域研究提供更强有力的技术支撑。

低温加氢催化剂CT6-13在硫磺尾气处理系统的应用

中国石油四川石化有限责任公司硫磺回收装置采用加氢还原吸收工艺及专用加氢催化剂进行尾气处理。将低温加氢催化剂CT6-13与常规加氢催化剂CT6-5B从物性、装填方法及预硫化、技术性能等方面进行了对比。深入对比分析CT6-5B和CT6-13在尾气加氢反应器的应用情况,发现采用CT6-13催化剂,节能降耗效果明显,尾气排放满足总硫不大于50μL/L、SO_(2)排放浓度不大于100 mg/m^(3)的设计要求。配套高效脱硫剂CT8-26及烟气洗涤技术,可实现开工过程尾气达标排放及日常运行过程尾气SO_(2)排放浓度不大于5 mg/m^(3)的超低排放。在节能降耗的同时解决了开停工及异常工况下的绿色生产及制约硫磺回收装置尾气焚烧炉长周期运行瓶颈问题。

高黏附性Pd/SiO_(2)/NF整体式催化剂的制备及加氢性能研究

旋转填充床反应器(RPB)中液体的高速冲刷和较强的离心力容易导致整体式催化剂的涂层和活性组分从基体表面脱落造成损失,限制了整体式催化剂在RPB反应器中的应用。因此,研究整体式催化剂涂层和活性组分的黏附性,以提升催化剂在RPB反应器中的催化活性和使用寿命具有重要意义。基于此,采用超重力喷涂法在泡沫镍(NF)基体表面负载氧化硅(SiO_(2))涂层,制备了具有高黏附性的Pd/SiO_(2(x))/NF整体式催化剂,通过超声振荡、BET、XRD、SEM和XPS等对整体式催化剂进行测试和分析。当RPB反应器的转速为1200 r/min时,整体式催化剂具有优异的黏附性能,涂层的脱落率为4%。以对硝基苯甲醚(PNA)催化加氢制备对氨基苯甲醚(PA)为探针反应,RPB反应器中Pd/SiO_(2(1200))/NF整体式催化剂具有较好的催化活性,180 min时PNA转化率为98.9%。本工作可为开发高黏附性的整体式催化剂提供新的途径。

电气化甲烷重整技术研究进展

甲烷重整是强吸热反应,通过燃烧甲烷供热(约占甲烷总消耗的30%),不仅会导致排烟热损失,还会伴随CO_(2)排放,无法满足双碳目标下对清洁氢能的需求。电气化甲烷重整技术通过高效电热转化形式,将可再生电能引入甲烷重整反应器,可大幅减少甲烷重整过程的CO_(2)排放,消除传统甲烷重整过程的排烟热损失,提升甲烷和可再生电能制氢效率。综述了传统甲烷重整技术、电气化甲烷重整反应器(电阻加热、微波加热、电磁感应加热和等离子体加热)、电气化甲烷重整系统和电气化甲烷重整催化剂的研究进展。电加热不仅可以有效提升反应器功率密度、减小反应器规模,还可以通过与催化剂相互作用,实现催化活性和甲烷转化率的提升。电气化甲烷重整技术为我国能源绿色低碳转型提供了新的途径。

甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢装置及系统研究进展

氢能具有高热值、无污染的特性,是21世纪新兴发展能源之一,规模化消纳转化可再生能源新思路“液态阳光”的提出,使甲醇重整制氢能源供应体系受到广泛关注。甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢工艺因反应温度温和、产物中氢气浓度高而成为最具有商用前途的制氢方式之一。甲醇水蒸汽重整反应为吸热反应,不同供热方案形成了多样化制氢技术。该文以甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢所需热量来源为牵引,综述自热型甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢技术、光热转换甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢技术和余热利用型甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢技术的最新研究进展,总结并对比不同技术路线中重整反应器结构、系统设计方案及制氢性能。最后,对3种甲醇水蒸汽重整制氢技术的发展趋势及应用前景进行展望。

氢气爆炸事故下溶液堆系统结构安全评估

溶液堆在运行过程中持续产生氢气,存在氢气爆炸风险。氢气爆炸事故下放射性包容边界的结构安全问题受到设计方和安全审查方的高度关注。本文建立了从氢气爆炸载荷模拟到结构力学响应分析的化-热-力耦合完整分析流程,以我国正在研发的医用同位素试验堆为对象开展了氢气爆炸事故下的结构安全评估。基于计算流体动力学方法和燃烧模型建立了氢气爆炸数值模拟控制方程,针对溶液堆系统结构特点分别开展了容器和管道结构中氢气爆炸试验验证计算;以溶液堆系统为对象建立了实尺寸数值计算模型,开展了不同点火位置下氢气爆炸载荷环境模拟;进一步地,开展了氢气爆炸热力载荷作用下结构力学响应分析和评价。结果表明:所建立的氢气爆炸数值模拟方法能够较好地模拟氢气爆炸载荷特征,适用于溶液堆系统;当溶液堆系统内部发生氢气爆炸时,放射性包容边界内部会产生明显的超压和高温,在管道端头点火导致的氢气爆炸危害性更大;在氢气爆炸热力载荷作用下,溶液堆能够保证结构安全。本文研究思路和成果为保障溶液堆系统结构安全提供技术支撑。

基于活塞式反应器的氨在线制氢研究

提出一种基于活塞式反应器原理的氨在线制氢方法并探究了其可行性.通过结合均质充量压燃反应器零维仿真模型并优化传热模型和氨热解机理,研究了氩摩尔分数、进气条件、压缩比和氧摩尔分数等参数对氨转化率和产氢率的影响,分析了关键参数对氨分解制氢的反应动力学影响机制.结果表明:初始温度和氧摩尔分数对氨分解制氢的影响最为显著.当初始温度从373 K提高到573 K时,氨转化率将提升80%,这主要是由于高温下关键基元反应速率的提升;当氧摩尔分数为0.0248时,氨在线制氢量达到最高,这是由于关键基元反应NH+H=H_(2)+N反应比的增加.此外,适当提高氩摩尔分数、降低转速、提高初始压力和压缩比对氨分解制氢也具有促进作用.通过适当设计和优化热化学边界条件,活塞式反应器有可能成为一种有效的氨在线制氢方法.

透水NaA分子筛膜强化的CO_(2)加氢高效制甲醇

近年来,利用可再生能源产生的绿氢与CO_(2)反应制备甲醇备受关注。然而,由于CO_(2)催化加氢反应受热力学平衡限制,CO_(2)的转化率与甲醇选择性较低;另外,副产物水易导致催化剂失活。本研究采用母液晶种法在α-Al_(2)O_(3)膜管外制备了无缺陷的单通道NaA分子筛外膜,通过在膜管外填充Cu基催化剂,构建了一种分子筛膜-催化剂反应分离双功能反应体系,以同时实现CO_(2)加氢生成甲醇和在线选择性除水。通过XRD、SEM、N_(2)等温吸附-脱附、H_(2)-TPR表征技术对NaA分子筛膜和催化剂进行理化性质表征,并在膜反应器上对催化剂的CO_(2)催化加氢性能进行评价。结果表明,与传统固定床反应器对比,本反应体系可有效拉动反应平衡,大幅提高CO_(2)转化率。在250℃、3MPa条件下,CO_(2)转化率由3.34%提高至28.78%,甲醇收率由3.28%提高至27.62%。

基于机器学习的CO_(2)催化加氢制航空煤油筒式反应器数学模拟分析与优化

借助Fe基催化剂,CO_(2)通过加氢反应可成功转化为高附加值的航空煤油,具有很好的工业应用潜力。目前缺少准确适宜的CO_(2)加氢合成航空煤油的反应器模型,因此亟需对其反应模型进行构建,为相关工艺的工业化提供参考。通过机器学习探究实验条件和关键组分CO和CO_(2)物质的量分数关系,构建了关键组分CO和CO_(2)预测模型;基于Anderson-Schulz-Flory分布规律,构建了碳链增长模型,进一步构建了产物分布模型;基于催化床层物料衡算、热量衡算和压降计算,建立了筒式固定床反应器的一维拟均相模型;通过模拟一定工艺条件得到了CO_(2)加氢合成航空煤油的反应结果,并对工艺条件进行了模拟优化。模拟结果表明,反应器进口温度升高、空速增大,CO_(2)转化率降低,航空煤油集总组分C_(11)H_(24)时空产率增加;操作压力增大,CO_(2)转化率增加,C_(11)H_(24)时空产率在反应压力为2.0 MPa时最高;饱和沸腾水温度升高,CO_(2)转化率和C_(11)H_(24)时空产率增加。最佳CO_(2)加氢制航空煤油反应条件:反应器进口温度为275℃、进口压力为2.0 MPa、空速为4000 h-1和饱和沸腾水温度为294℃。此时CO_(2)转化率为21.95%,C_(11)H_(24)时空产率为12.14g/(L·h),床层压降为0.20MPa。