Reconcile the contradictory wettability requirements for the reduction and oxidation half-reactions in overall CO_(2) photoreduction via alternately hydrophobic surfaces

The overall photocatalytic CO_(2) reduction reaction(OPCRR)that can directly convert CO_(2) and H_(2)O into fuels represents a promising renewable energy conversion technology.As a typical redox reaction,the OPCRR involves two half-reactions:the CO_(2) reduction half-reaction(CRHR)and the water oxidation half-reaction(WOHR).Generally,both half-reactions can be promoted by adjusting the wettability of catalysts.However,there is a contradiction in wettability requirements for the two half-reactions.Specifically,CRHR prefers a hydrophobic surface that can accumulate more CO_(2) molecules on the active sites,ensuring the appropriate ratio of gas-phase(CO_(2))to liquid-phase(H_(2)O)reactants.Conversely,the WOHR prefers a hydrophilic surface that can promote the departure of the gaseous product(O_(2))from the catalyst surface,preventing isolation between active sites and the reactant(H_(2)O).Here,we successfully reconciled the contradictory wettability requirements for the CRHR and WOHR by creating an alternately hydrophobic catalyst.This was achieved through a selectively hydrophobic modification method and a charge-transfer-control strategy.Consequently,the collaboratively promoted CRHR and WOHR led to a significantly enhanced OPCRR with a solar-to-fuel conversion efficiency of 0.186%.Notably,in ethanol production,the catalyst exhibited a 10.64-fold increase in generation rate(271.44μmol g^(-1)h~(-1))and a 4-fold increase in selectivity(55.77%)compared to the benchmark catalyst.This innovative approach holds great potential for application in universal overall reactions involving gas participation.

HYDROPHOBICITY－HYDROPHILICITY BALANCE RELATIONSHIPSFORCOLLECTORLESSFLOTATIONOFSULPHIDEMINERALS

ＨＹＤＲＯＰＨＯＢＩＣＩＴＹ－ＨＹＤＲＯＰＨＩＬＩＣＩＴＹＢＡＬＡＮＣＥＲＥＬＡＴＩＯＮＳＨＩＰＳＦＯＲＣＯＬＬＥＣＴＯＲＬＥＳＳＦＬＯＴＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＵＬＰＨＩＤＥＭＩＮＥＲＡＬＳＨＹＤＲＯＰＨＯＢＩＣＩＴＹ－ＨＹＤＲＯＰＨＩＬＩＣＩＴＹＢＡＬＡ...

Hydrophilic/hydrophobic characters of antimicrobial peptides derived from animals and their effects on multidrug resistant clinical isolates

Multidrug resistant（MDR） pathogen infections are serious threats to hospitalized patients because of the limited therapeutic options. A novel group of antibiotic candidates, antimicrobial peptides（AMPs）, have recently shown powerful activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Unfortunately, the viability of using these AMPs in clinical settings remains to be seen, since most still need to be evaluated prior to clinical trials and not all of AMPs are potent against MDR clinical isolates. To find a connection between the characteristics of several of these AMPs and their effects against MDR pathogens, we selected 14 AMPs of animal origin with typical structures and evaluated their in vitro activities against clinical strains of extensive drugresistant Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus, extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli. Our results showed that these peptides＇ hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics, rather than their secondary structures, may explain their antibacterial effects on these clinical isolates. Peptides that are amphipathic along the longitudinal direction seemed to be effective against Gramnegative pathogens, while peptides with hydrophilic terminals separated by a hydrophobic intermediate section appeared to be effective against both Gramnegative and Gram-positive pathogens. Among these, cathelicidin-BF was found to inhibit all of the Gram-negative pathogens tested at dosages of no more than 16 mg/L, killing a pandrug-resistant A. baumannii strain within 2 h at 4×MICs and 4 h at 2×MICs. Tachyplesin III was also found capable of inhibiting all Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens tested at no more than 16 mg/L, and similarly killed the same A. baumannii strain within 4 h at 4×MICs and 2×MICs. These results suggest that both cathelicidin-BF and tachyplesin III are likely viable targets for the development of AMPs for clinical uses.

Hydrophobic versus hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens on posterior capsule opacification: a Meta-analysis

AIM: To conduct a Meta-analysis pooling randomized controlled trials(RCTs) to compare hydrophobic with hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses in terms of posterior capsule opacification(PCO) development.METHODS: Electronic databases including PubMed,Embase, and the Cochrane Library were queried from their starting till January 2020. RCTs investigating the impact of hydrophobic versus hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses on PCO were considered eligible in this study. The pooled effect estimates were calculated using the random-effects model.RESULTS: Thirteen RCTs comprising of 939 patients(1263 eyes) were covered in this study. Patients with hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses had a lower PCO score than those with a hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses [standard mean difference:-1.80;95% confidence interval(CI):-2.62 to-0.98;P<0.001]. Moreover, the frequency of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet(Nd:YAG)capsulotomy in patients with hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses was significantly lower than patients with hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses(relative risk: 0.38;95%CI: 0.20-0.71;P=0.003).CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that hydrophobic acrylic intraocular lenses are superior to hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lenses in patients after cataract surgery due to lower PCO score and reduced Nd:YAG capsulotomy. While similar studies are conducted by other researchers, the present study conducted subgroup analyses that show superior results with hydrophobic lenses in trials conducted in western countries.

STUDY ON A HYDROPHOBIC-HYDROPHILIC GRADIENT ROD

A hydrophobic-hydrophilic gradient rod with a length of 40 mm and a diameter of 3 mm was prepared by heating a polymethylsilsesquioxane rod in a cylindrical stove with temperature gradient. The rod was thus pyrolyzed under a temperature gradient condition. The organic end of the gradient rod appears hydrophobic with a contact angle of 109.9° while the other end is hydrophilic with a contact angle of 62.4°. The gradient chemical structure and the gradient microstructure along the rod were characterized by FTIR and SEM, respectively.

A Metal-organic Framework with Alternately Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Layers Based on Tetrazole Derivative:Synthesis,Structure and Luminescent Property

A new metal-organic framework based on ethyl 1H-tetrazole-5-acetate （Hetza）, [Ag4（etza）4] （1）, has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, thermal gravimetric and X-ray structural analysis. Crystal data for the title complex are as follows： triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 11.0771（6）, b = 11.6636（6）, c = 13.2925（8）, a = 102.3710（10）, β =103.3810（10）, γ = 90.0890（10）°, V = 1629.60（16） A3, Mr = 1052.06, Z = 2, F（000） = 1024, Dc = 2.144 g/cm3, μ（MoKa） = 2.438 mm^-1, the final R = 0.0538 and wR = 0.1475 （I 〉 2σ（I））. Complex 1 adopts the （4.82） topological network and the alternately hydrophilic-hydrophilic and hydropho- bic-hydrophobic arrangements. The luminescent properties of complex 1 and the free Hetza ligand have been studied in the solid states.

PHASE SEPARATION AND MICROVOID FORMATION AT PHASE INTERFACES OF HYDROPHOBIC-HYDROPHILIC POLYMER BLENDS DURING WET PROCESSING

In this paper,morphological structure,thermodynamic compatibility and relationship be-tween porosities and blend ratios of the wet coagulated PU/PVA sheets were studied by meansof observation of scanning electronic micrographies,tests of dynamic mechanical properties,moisture regain and vapor permeability.Furthermore,the formation of microvoids at interfacesof separated phases was discussed and a microvoid formation mechanism at phase interfaces ofhydrophobic-hydrophilic blends was suggested and compared with that ofhydrophobic-hydrophobic blends.

Synthesis and Characterization of a HydrophilicHydrophobic IPN Composed of Poly(vinyl alcohol)and Polystyrene

A hydrophilic/hydrophobic interpenetrating polymer network （IPN） of poly （vinyl alcohol） / polystyrene was prepared by conversion of the IPN of poly （vinyl acetate）/polystyrene. The hydrophilic/hydrophobic IPN was characterized by FT-IR and DSC, and the swelling ratios of the IPN in different solvents were measured.

The choice of antimicrobial polymers:Hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

Owing to the spread of COVID-19,it is difficult to ignore the existence and importance of antimicrobial polymers(AMPs)because most protective appliances are made of polymers.Generally,bacteria prefer hydrophilic compounds,while fungi prefer hydrophobic ones.In recent decades,AMPs have made significant strides due to the versatile design of the functional groups or units for hydrophilic,hydrophobic,or amphiphilic performances.This review summarizes the advances of AMPs itself from the perspective of their wettability.Moreover,this study aims to clarify how the functional groups determine the interaction between the polymer and microorganisms directly affects the antimicrobial efficacy of the designed polymers.Based on the advances,the challenges and outlooks of AMPs from the perspective of wettability are systematically discussed to build a bridge between the structural design of AMPs and the requirements of practical applications.

Surface-state controlled synthesis of hydrophobic and hydrophilic carbon dots

It is of great significance to synthesize carbon dots(CDs)with desirable hydrophilicity for the ever-growing application of CDs in different fields.In this study,the hydrophilic and hydrophobic CDs were facilely prepared by solvothermal treatment of o-dihydroxybenzene and urea in N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF).Optimization experiments revealed that the solvothermal temperature has a great impact on the surface states of the CDs.The hydrophobic CDs with a contact angle of 110.7°was obtained at 200℃.The structural and optical characterizations,along with theoretical calculations elucidated that the lipophilic nature of the CDs was resulting from the formation of polymer chains.The presence of extended conjugated sp^(2)-domains and amino groups contributed to the red emission of the CDs synthesized at low reaction temperatures(160-200℃).With the further increase of solvothermal temperature,the hydrophobic CDs were gradually transformed to the hydrophilic state accompanying the blue shift of the fluorescence of the CDs.The highly hydrophilic CDs with a contact angle of 25.9°were obtained at 240℃ due to the increased formation of hydrophilic functional groups on the surface of CDs.The red emissive CDs exhibited a sensitive color and fluorescence response to ethanol content while the fluorescence of the blue emissive CDs remained constant.By combining the two kinds of CDs,a dual-emission sensor was constructed,which was successfully applied for the evaluation of the alcoholic strength in commercial Baijiu commodities in both fluorometric and colorimetric modes.

The Rise and Fall of the Hydrophobic Effect in Protein Folding and Protein-Protein Association, and Molecular Recognition

In the beginning everything was explained in Biochemistry in terms of hydrogen-bonds (HB). Then, the devastating blow, known as the HB-inventory argument came;hydrogen bonding with water molecules compete with intramolecular hydrogen-bonds. As a result, the HBs paradigm fell from grace. The void created was immediately filled by Kauzmann’s idea of hydrophobic (HφO) effect which reigned supreme in biochemical literature for over 50 years (1960-2010). Cracks in the HB-inventory argument on one hand, and doubts about the adequacy of Kauzmann’s model for the HφO effect, have led to a comeback of the HBs, along with a host of new hydrophilic (HφI) effects. The HφO effects lost much of its power - which it never really had - in explaining protein folding and protein-protein association. Instead, the more powerful and richer repertoire of HφI effects took over the reins. The interactions also offered simple and straightforward answers to the problems of protein folding, and protein-protein association.

医用介入导丝用疏水和亲水涂层的研究进展

医用介入导丝被广泛应用于各类介入手术,是目前经皮冠状动脉成形(PTCA)术及经皮血管成形术(PTA)中常用的医疗器械之一。在医用介入导丝表面添加亲水或疏水涂层,可以减小导丝在临床应用中的组织摩擦和组织损伤,有效提高导丝的通过性、抗菌性和生物相容性,减少炎症。综述了近年来国内外医用介入导丝亲水和疏水涂层材料,介绍了这些涂层的机理、附着力优化、抗菌修饰等方面内容,重点介绍了聚四氟乙烯、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮、聚丙烯酰胺、聚乙二醇、聚对二甲苯等涂层材料体系的研究进展,介绍了不同材料体系在医用导丝亲水和疏水涂层的作用机理和实际应用,同时介绍了亲疏水涂层的制备工艺,重点阐述了层层自组装、紫外光接枝、等离子体接枝和化学气相沉积等制备方法的可操作性、优势和劣势。最后在总结前人研究成果的基础上,对医用介入导丝涂层的现状及面临的问题进行了探讨,并对医用介入导丝涂层的发展方向及提高涂层综合性能等方面进行了展望。

一步水热改性石英砂支撑剂及性能研究

为提高石英砂在压裂液中的分散稳定性,采用十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)对传统石英砂表面进行改性。结果表明,CTAC质量分数为0.6%,在80℃中性条件下与石英砂反应120 min,可以使石英砂的沉降速度降低44.85%。改性前后石英砂与水的接触角由28.233°增至87.853°,表明石英砂表面的疏水性有大幅度改善,石英砂颗粒与水分子之间的排斥力增大。表面自由能由83.342 mJ/m^(2)降至22.379 mJ/m^(2),表面自由能降低使系统更加稳定,从能量的角度解释了改性后石英砂沉降速度降低的原因。改性后石英砂的zeta电位是改性前的2倍,石英砂颗粒之间的静电斥力明显增大,从而使颗粒之间不容易聚沉,体系更加稳定。

表面润湿性对球体斜射入水过程的影响研究

针对球体表面润湿性对倾斜入水空泡演化过程及球体动力特性的影响开展研究,以便能够进一步理解润湿性对入水过程的影响并且能够为多种情况下的入水现象提供理论依据.基于球体入水过程空泡形态观察、采集与测量实验平台,分析了亲水性和疏水性球体入水过程中入水喷溅和空泡的演变规律,并深入讨论了不同速度下球体表面润湿性对球体入水过程中动力特性的影响.研究表明,不同表面润湿性球体在入水过程中的喷溅及入水空泡演化与动力特性存在明显区别.在相同入水速度下,亲水性球体的三相接触点远高于疏水性球体,而喷溅的高度却低于疏水性球体,但该差异随入水速度的增加反而减小.随着入水速度的增大,亲水性球体依次经历了无空泡、浅闭合和面闭合3种闭合方式,而疏水性球体先后只出现了深闭合和面闭合两种.但是,随着入水速度的增加,球体表面润湿性对空泡演化过程的影响逐渐减弱,当速度增加到11.25 m/s时,二者不存在区别.同时发现,在入水过程中,在相同速度下生成入水空泡较无入水空泡其总流动阻力系数降低49.94%;亲水性球体生成空泡体积更小,空泡带来的附加质量力也更小,减阻效果更好.

智能表面可润湿性材料的研究进展

润湿现象广泛存在于自然界和工程应用中,智能表面可润湿性材料日益成为研究的热点,近年来引起了人们的广泛关注。综述了润湿性的理论模型、疏水/亲油行为理论和亲水/水下超疏油理论,同时对近些年来国内外可润湿性的不同响应系统(电、pH、光、热、离子等响应刺激系统)进行了综述,改变响应材料的表面和化学性质,导致材料可润湿性的改变。展望了未来可润湿性的研究方向,对润湿表面理论和应用方面存在的一些挑战进行了总结和建议。

高效液相色谱-质谱技术在蛋白质组学中的应用

蛋白质组学研究在生物医学领域发挥了重要作用,然而研究面临的主要难点在于其研究对象的复杂性和多样性。随着质谱技术的快速发展,高效液相色谱-质谱(HPLC-MS)分离分析复杂生物样品已经成为蛋白质组学研究的基础工具。蛋白质组学的研究从肽段分离,延伸到蛋白质和蛋白质复合物的分离,随着分析物的分子质量不断增大,其结构和组成复杂性也持续增加,分子特性也发生改变。面对不同的蛋白质组学研究对象,选择不同的分离模式、分离条件以及固定相参数是进行深度蛋白质组学研究的关键。本文综述了实验室常用的液相色谱分离模式,包括反相色谱(RPLC)、亲水相互作用色谱(HILIC)、疏水相互作用色谱(HIC)、离子交换色谱(IEC)和体积排阻色谱(SEC),以及其不同的组合模式与质谱联用在自下而上(bottom-up)分析、自上而下(top-down)分析、蛋白-蛋白相互作用分析中应用的研究。具体分析了色谱流动相与被分析对象之间的兼容性问题、色谱流动相与质谱兼容性问题,以及多维色谱中不同色谱模式之间流动相的兼容性问题。重点关注存在不兼容问题时研究者所提出的解决方案。此外,本文还评述了HPLC-MS结合样本前处理的方法在外泌体和单细胞蛋白质组学中的应用研究。总之,文章聚焦于近年来HPLC-MS技术在蛋白质组学中的研究进展,旨在为未来蛋白质组学领域的研究提供参考。

煤气化细渣疏水-亲水双液炭/灰分离实验

这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。煤气化细渣是煤气化过程中产生的一种固体废物,其中残炭严重制约了其资源化利用,从煤气化细渣中提取残炭是一个紧迫的问题。本研究应用疏水-亲水双液分离技术来提取煤气化细渣中残碳,其主要的影响因素有搅拌速度、搅拌时间、疏水液体用量、矿浆浓度、矿浆温度和疏水液体种类。疏水-亲水双液分离技术对煤气化细渣有优异的提碳降灰效果,其碳产品的灰分可达30%以下,灰质产品的灰分可达95%以上。通过表征分析揭示了分离机理,结果表明残炭对煤油的吸附强度远超灰质,使得煤油处理过的残炭疏水性大幅度增加,容易被油相捕获。本研究可为煤气化细渣的高效提碳降灰提供重要指导,有助于实现煤气化固废的综合利用。

溶解有机氮组分对莱州湾硅藻-甲藻演变的影响及其动力学研究

本文针对莱州湾硅藻向甲藻优势种群演替的潜在问题,设置岸基培养实验,研究溶解有机氮(DON)及其亲水和疏水组分在不同氮磷比条件下对浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,初始无机态氮磷营养盐浓度不受限实验条件下,硅藻(菱形藻(Nitzchia spp.)、扁面角毛藻(Chaetoceros compressus)等)因更强的溶解无机氮(DIN)亲和力(吸收速率常数/半饱和常数)而成为优势藻;高氮磷比和疏水性DON实验条件下,甲藻(塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense))因对DON具有更强的亲和力而在培养后期演变为优势藻。三维荧光光谱和酶活性分析表明,高腐质化指数(HIX=1.17)的DON疏水性组分含有较高占比的类腐殖质C峰(27.0%)和M峰(16.1%),以及高氮磷比条件下DON微生物降解速率慢等原因,是促进甲藻以DON类腐殖质组分为氮源生长的内在原因;而高生物指数(BIX=1.29)的DON亲水组分含有高占比的类蛋白质吸收峰T1峰(42.5%)和B峰(33.6%),以及低氮磷比条件下DON微生物降解速率快等原因,是促进硅藻以DON类蛋白质组分为氮源生长的内在原因,这也反映在硅藻高活性表达的类氨酸氨肽酶上。

费托合成中亲疏改性催化剂的研究进展

合成气(CO,H_(2))经费托合成转化为清洁液体燃料和化学品的工艺过程,符合我国能源发展战略,但该反应存在目标产物选择性低,CO_(2)等副产物选择性高的问题。调节催化剂表面的亲疏性是常用的催化剂改性方法,对调节产物分布具有重要意义。简述了亲疏改性催化剂在费托合成反应中的反应行为,系统总结了H_(2)O对反应活性、产物选择性以及催化剂稳定性等的影响,并对费托合成催化剂表面亲疏水调变策略研究进行了展望。

污泥好氧堆肥过程中亲水性组分的光谱和电化学特征

为了探讨污泥堆肥过程中亲水性组分(hydrophilic fraction,HyI)的结构组成和电子转移能力的变化规律和机理,本研究以污泥堆肥过程中的HyI为研究对象,采用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)、三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、二维相关光谱(2D-COS)和电化学方法,对其结构组成和电子转移能力的变化进行了系统研究.光谱分析显示,随着堆肥的进行,HyI中芳香族化合物含量增加,醌基含量增加,类蛋白物质含量降低,类胡敏酸物质和类富里酸物质含量增加,芳构化程度和腐殖化程度增强.酰胺和多糖类物质在HyI中占据主导地位,HyI中的羧基含量增加,而酚类含量降低.电化学分析显示,在堆肥过程中,HyI的电子供给能力(electron donating capacity,EDC)呈现先增加后减少的趋势;HyI的电子接受能力(electron accepting capacity,EAC)呈现先减少后增加的趋势.总体上,HyI的电子转移能力(electron transfer capacities,ETC)呈现上升的趋势,表明堆肥过程提高了HyI的氧化还原能力.相关性分析显示,HyI分子量越小、硅酸盐和多糖含量越低,越利于HyI给出电子;而HyI羧基含量越高、类胡敏酸物质越多、腐殖化程度越高、芳香性越强,越利于HyI得到电子.研究显示,污泥堆肥过程中HyI的结构组成和电子转移能力发生了显著变化,HyI分子量的降低、功能基团硅酸盐含量的降低和腐殖化程度的升高与HyI的电子转移能力有密切关系.该结果有助于进一步了解污泥堆肥过程中HyI的形成及其氧化还原特性,为发挥其在治理环境污染中的作用提供依据.