Effects of U-ore on the chemical and isotopic composition of products of hydrous pyrolysis of organic matter

In order to investigate the impact of U-ore on organic matter maturation and isotopic fractionation,we designed hydrous pyrolysis experiments on Type-II kerogen samples,supposing that the water and water–mineral interaction play a role.U-ore was set as the variable for comparison.Meanwhile,anhydrous pyrolysis under the same conditions was carried out as the control experiments.The determination of liquid products indicates that the presence of water and minerals obviously enhanced the yields of C（15＋） and the amounts of hydrocarbon and nonhydrocarbon gases.Such results may be attributed to waterorganic matter reaction in the high-temperature system,which can provide additional hydrogen and oxygen for the generation of gas and liquid products from organic matter.It is found that δD values of hydrocarbon gases generated in both hydrous pyrolysis experiments are much lower than those in anhydrous pyrolysis.What is more,δD values are lower in the hydrous pyrolysis with uranium ore.Therefore,we can infer that water-derived hydrogen played a significant role during the kerogen thermal evolution and the hydrocarbon generation in our experiments.Isotopic exchange was facilitated by the reversible equilibration between reaction intermediaries with hydrogen under hydrothermal conditions with uranium ore.Carbon isotopic fractionations of hydrocarbon gases were somehow affected by the presence of water and the uranium ore.The increased level of i-C4/n-C4ratios for gas products in hydrous pyrolysis implied the carbocation mechanism for water-kerogen reactions.

Experimental Study of the Influence of Hydrous Minerals on the Melting Behaviour of Rocks at High Temperatures and Pressures

The experimental study on the melting of potassic basalt and eclogite with about 2% waterat 800-1300℃ and 1.0-3.5 GPa shows that the solidi of both rocks are significantly lower thanthose obtained from the previous experiments of the same type of rocks under dry conditions,and the former which is enriched in potassium has a lower melting point than the latter. It is con-sistent with the previous study. The melting temperature of eclogite increases with pressure,whereas potassic basalt has similar properties only at 1.5—2.5 GPa and>3.0 GPa, and at 2.5—3.0 GPa the melting temperature decreases with pressure. This can be explained as follows: (1)eclogite only has one hydrous mineral amphibole and the dehydous temperature is lower than thewet solidus of the rock. (2) Amphibole exists in potassic basalt at the pressures lower than 2.5GPa and phlogopite exists at pressures higher than 2.5 GPa, and the special compositions of bothminerals determine that amphibole has a dehydration temperature higher than or close to that ofthe wet solidus of the rocks, while phlogopite has a dehydration temperature lower than that ofthe wet solidus. On the other hand the features of the continuous solidus in the experiment ofhydrous eclogite were produced by the fact that the dehydration temperature of its amphibolelower than or close to the melting temperature of the hydrous conditions. So the melting tempera-ture lowers at higher pressures. Therefore, the composition of the rocks in the lithosphere and thetypes of hydrous minerals and their stable P-T conditions are the important factors controllingthe solidi of rocks. It can quite well explain the partial melting of rocks and the origin of the lowvelocity zone in the deep lithosphere.

Melting of hydrous pyroxenites with alkali amphiboles in the continental mantle:1.Melting relations and major element compositions of melts

Melting experiments on ultramafic rocks rich in the hydrous minerals phlogopite or phlogopite+K-rich terite,some including 5%of accessory phases,have been conducted at 15 and 50 kbar.The assemblages represent probable source components that contribute to melts in cratonic regions,but whose melt compositions are poorly known.A main series of starting compositions based on MARID xenoliths consisted of a third each of clinopyroxene(CPX),phlogopite(PHL)and K-richterite(KR)with or without 5%ilmenite,rutile or apatite.Additional experiments were run without KR and with higher proportions of accessory phases.Melt traps were used at near-solidus temperatures to facilitate accurate analysis of wellquenched melts,for which reversal experiments demonstrate equilibrium.Results show that KR melts rapidly and completely within 50°C of the solidus,so that melts reflect the composition of the amphibole and its melting reaction.Melts have high SiO_(2) and especially K_(2)O but low CaO and Al_(2)O_(3) relative to basaltic melts produced from peridotites at similar pressures.They have no counterparts amongst natural rocks,but most closely resemble leucite lamproites at 15 kbar.KR and PHL melt incongruently to form olivine(OL)and CPX at 15 kbar,promoting SiO2 contents of the melt,whereas orthopyroxene OPX is increasingly stable at lower lithosphere pressures,leading to an increase in Mg O and decrease in SiO_(2) in melts,which resemble olivine lamproites.Melts of mica pyroxenites without KR are richer in CaO and Al_(2)O_(3) and do not resemble lamproites.These experiments show that low CaO and Al_(2)O_(3) in igneous rocks is not necessarily a sign of a depleted peridotite source.Accessory phases produce melts exceptionally rich in P_(2)O_(5) or TiO_(2) depending on the phases present and are unlike any melts seen at the Earth’s surface,but may be important agents of metasomatism seen in xenoliths.The addition of the 5%accessory phases ilmenite,rutile or apatite result in melting temperatures a few ten of degrees lower;at least two of these appear essential to explain the compositions of many alkaline igneous rocks on cratons.Melting temperatures for CPX+PHL+KR mixtures are close to cratonic geotherms at depths>130 km:minor perturbations of the stable geotherm at>150 km will rapidly lead to 20%melting.Melts of hydrous pyroxenites with a variety of accessory phases will be common initial melts at depth,but will change if reaction with wall-rocks occurs,leading to volcanism that contains chemical components of peridotite even though the temperature in the source region remains well below the melting point of peridotite.At higher temperatures,extensive melting of peridotite will dilute the initial alkaline melts:this is recognizable as alkaline components in basalts and,in extreme cases,alkali picrites.Hydrous pyroxenites are,therefore,components of most mantle-derived igneous rocks:basaltic rocks should not be oversimplified as being purely melts of peridotite or of mixtures of peridotite and dry pyroxenite without hydrous phases.

Towards storable and durable Zn-MnO_(2) batteries with hydrous tetraglyme electrolyte

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-based batteries have attracted increasing interest and been considered potential alternatives for state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries because of the low cost and high safety.Many cathode materials have been gradually developed and demonstrated excellent electrochemical performances.However,the complex electrochemistry,inevitable hydrogen release,and zinc corrosion severely hinder the practical application.The most concerned Zn-MnO_(2)batteries still suffer from the Mn dissolution and formation of byproducts.By adding organic solvents to inhibit the activity of water molecules,the hydrous organic electrolytes provide a sound solution for eliminating the unfavorable factors.Here we report a tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether-based hydrous organic electrolyte consisting of LiClO_(4)·3H_(2)O and Zn(ClO4)2·6H2O,and a birnessite-type MnO_(2)cathode material for Zn-MnO_(2)batteries.The Li+/Zn2+ions co-(de)insertion mechanism is ascertained by the structural and morphological analyses.The electrostatic interaction between inserted ions and crystal structure is reduced effectively by employment of monovalent Li+ions,which ensures structural stability of cathode materials.Hydrous tetraglyme electrolyte inhibits the activity of water molecules and thus avoids the formation of byproduct Zn_(4)ClO_(4)(OH)7·Meanwhile,highly stable Zn plating/stripping for over 1500 h,an average coulombic efficiency of>99%in long-term cycling,and ultralong storage life(the cells can work well after stored over 1 year)are simultaneously realized in the novel electrolyte.Benefitting from these aspects,the Zn-MnO_(2)batteries manifest high specific capacity of 132 mA h g^(-1),an operating voltage of 1.25 V,and a capacity retention of>98%after 1000 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g^(-1).

Raman and Infrared Spectroscopic Investigation of Some Hydrous LnTPPTS Complexes(Ln=La,Sm)

The Raman and IR spectra of LnTPPTS·10H 2O[Ln=La,Sm,TPPTS=P(m C 6H 4SO 3)3-3]complexes are reported.Based on the observed Raman and IR characteristic frequencies,a vibrational assignments has been made for these complexes.Coordination induces a lengthening of the S—O bonds and a shortening of the C—S bond.The C—S stretching frequencies should therefore increase while the position of the v(SO 3)should move to a lower wavenumber.Vibrational modes of metal oxygen polyhedronν(Ln—Ο)at 146,168,253 cm-1 are the structural charactrization for coordinate bond of LnTPPTS complexes.

Cr(Ⅲ) removal from simulated solution using hydrous magnesium oxide coated fly ash： Optimization by response surface methodology (RSM)

Hydrous magnesium oxide coated fly ash （MFA） has environmental remediation potential by providing a sub- strate for the adsorption of aqueous Cr（Ⅲ）. Aqueous Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption onto MFA was examined as a function of MFA dosage, pH and initial Cr（Ⅲ） concentration with the Box-Behnken approach used for experimental design and optimization using response surface methodology （RSM）. pH and dosage （dosage and concentration） have significant interactive effects on Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption efficiency. Analysis of variance shows that the response surface quadratic model is highly significant and can effectively predict the experimental outcomes. Cr（Ⅲ） removal effi- ciency of 98% was obtained using optimized conditions of MFA dosage, pH and initial Cr（Ⅲ） concentration of 1,5 7 g. L- 1, 4.11 and 126 mg. L- 1, respectively. Cr（Ⅲ） adsorption onto MFA is mainly attributed to the interaction between Or（Ⅲ） and the functional group --OH of the hydrous magnesium oxide, in all probability caused by chemisorptions. The results of this study can conduce to reveal the interactions between Cr（Ⅲ） pollutant and MFA characteristics, posing important implications for the cost-effective alternative adsorption technology in the treatment of heavy metal containing wastewater.

Lanmuchangite, a New Thallium (Hydrous) Sulphate from Lanmuchang, Guizhou Province, China

Lanmuchangite is a new thallium hydrous sulfate from the oxidation zone hosting rich thallium ore bodies in the Lanmuchang thallium(mercury) ore deposit, Xinren County, Guizhou Province, China. This new mineral is named after the locality where it was discovered. The mineral is associated with melanterite, pickeringite, potassium alum, jarosite, gypsum, arsenic blane, sulphur and some unknown minerals. The aggregates of lanmuchangite range from 2 to 10 mm in size. In general, the aggregates are compact and massive in form and are composed of anhedral granular crystals measuring in size from 40 to 90μm, but the single crystal grains show distinct boundaries. Parallel columnar aggregates are occasionally seen, which are composed of subhedral to euhedral columnar crystals ranging in size from 15 to 65μm. White, light yellow to white in color, glassy in luster and transparent. Hv-{mess.}=94-124 kg/mm+2, Hm={3.1}-{3.4}, density={2.22} g/cm+3. Under the polarization microscope the mineral is colorless and homogeneous, with N-{meas.}={1.495}. It is easily water-soluble. The average chemical composition is: Tl-2O={33.25}, Al-2O-3={8.07}, SO-3={25.19}, SiO-2={0.10}, K-2O={0.35}, CaO={0.08}, MgO={0.06}, FeO={0.04} and H-2O={33.46} [the crystal water (H-2O) was measured by thermogravimetery (TG) while the other composition were determined by electron microprobe], totaling {100.60%}. The empirical formula is (Tl-{1.00}K-{0.05})-{1.05} (Al-{1.01}Si-{0.01}Ca-{0.01}Mg-{0.01})-{1.04}-{2.01}·{11.88} H-2O and the simplified formula is TlAl-2·12H-2O. The compatibility of lanmuchangite is {-0.03} and its value falls within the range of {±0.020}-{±0.039}, so the compatibility is excellent. Its TG curve demonstrated that the crystal water was lost (i.e., dewatering) in stages at 101, 130 and 230℃. At the temperature of 243℃ the process of dewatering came to the end and the sum of lost crystal water reaches {33.30} wt%. IR spectroscopic analysis showed that the absorption bands 3374-3147 cm+{-1} and 1655-1648 cm+{-1} are due to tensile and bending vibration of crystal water molecules (H-2O) whereas those at 1131 cm+{-1} and 605 cm+{-1} are attributed to tensile and bending vibration of group +{2-}. Lanmuchangite is of the isometric system, with space group=Pa3, a={12.212(5)}, v=1821(2)+3, and Z=4. The strongest diffraction lines from the X-ray power diffraction data are {4.314}(100, 220), {2.801}(70, 331), {7.03}(54, 111), {2.731}(35, 420), {6.11}(27, 200), {3.524}(24, 222), {3.676}(22, 311), {3.051}(22, 400), {2.350}(21, 511), {3.263}(20, 321), {2.494}(20, 422), {1.932}(19, 620).

First-principles calculations of structure and elasticity of hydrous fayalite under high pressure

The structures, elasticities, sound velocities, and electronic properties of anhydrous and hydrous fayalite （Fe2SiO4 and Fe1.75H0.5SiO4） under high pressure have been investigated by means of the density functional theory within the generalized gradient approximation （GGA） with the on-site Coulomb energy being taken into account （GGA＋U）. The optimized results show that H atoms prefer to substitute Fe atoms in the Fe1 site. Compared with the anhydrous fayalite Fe2SiO4, the mass density, elastic moduli, and sound velocities of Fe1.75H0.5SiO4 slightly decrease. According to our data, adding 2.3 wt% water into fayalite leads to reductions of compressional and shear wave velocities （VP and VS） by 3.4%-7.5% and 0.3%-3.4% at pressures from 0 GPa to 25 GPa, respectively, which are basically in agreement with the 2%-5% reductions of sound velocity obtained by the experimental measurement in the low velocity zones （LVZ）. Based on the electronic structure, the valence and conduction bands are slightly broader for hydrous fayalite. However, hydrous fayalite keeps the insulation characteristics under the pressures up to 30 GPa, which indicates that hydration has little effect on its electronic structure.

A Comparison Study on the δD Value of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hydrous Pyrolysate of Herbaceous Peat with Different Water Medium

To investigate the influence of diagenetic water media on the hydrogen isotopes of individual sedimentary aromatic compounds,a series of hydrous pyrolyses were conducted on herbaceous peat.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in hydrous pyrolysed samples and their hydrogen isotopic composition characteristics were studied.The aqueous medium demonstrated a significant influence on the hydrogen isotopic composition of the individual PAHs generated during pyrolysis.The results showed that the PAHs formed after pyrolysis in the presence of a saltwater medium with high δD value from a salt lake had a heavy hydrogen isotopic composition.The PAHs formed after pyrolysis in the presence of a fresh water medium with low δD value from a swamp had a light hydrogen isotopic composition.The difference in the average PAHδD value between the two hydrous experiments varied from -174‰ to -109‰,suggesting that the hydrogen isotopic composition of individual sedimentary PAHs can reflect the source of the diagenetic water medium.In addition,a comparative study found that the hydrogen isotopes of PAHs were superior to those of n-alkanes in the same sample for diagenetic water indications.The results indicated that the exchange of water-derived inorganic hydrogen and organic hydrogen was more intensive in freshwater experiments than in saltwater experiments.With an increase in the simulation temperature,the average δD value of PAHs generated in the hydrous simulation experiments showed an increasing trend,reflecting that the δD value of sedimentary PAHs formed with the participation of diagenetic water media was still closely related to the thermal maturity of organic matter.Comparative studies showed that theδD values of different types of organic compounds produced by hydrous pyrolysis of peat were in the order,PAHs>n-alkanes>methane.

Investigation of Hydrous Pyrolysis on Type-Ⅱ Kerogen-bearing Source Rocks from Iran and its Application in Geochemical and Kinetic Analyses of Hydrocarbon Products

Hydrous pyrolysis(HP)practiced on type-Ⅱ kerogen-bearing oil shale samples from the Sargelu Formation in the Ghali-Kuh Area,western Iran,using a specially designed apparatus was performed at different temperatures(250-350℃),with hydrocarbon generation evaluated at each temperature.For comparison,the samples subjected to Rock-Eval pyrolysis before proceeding to HP resulted in T_(max)=418℃,HI=102,and TOC=4.33%,indicating immaturity and hence remarkable hydrocarbon(especially oil)generation potential,making them appropriate for HP.Moreover,the samples were deposited in a low-energy reductive marine environment,with maximum oil and gas generation(739 mg and 348 mg out of50 g of rock sample,respectively)observed at 330℃ and 350℃,respectively.The oil generated at 330℃ was subjected to gas chromatography(GC)and isotopic analyses to assess hydrocarbon quality and composition.The hydrocarbon generation data was devised to estimate kinetic indices of the Arrhenius equation and to investigate the gas-oil ratio(GOR)and overall conversion yield.Based on the producible hydrocarbon quantity and quality,the findings contribute to the economic assessment of oil shales across the study area.The developed kinetic model indicates the history of hydrocarbon generation and organic matter(OM)maturity.

Adsorption of uranyl complex ions on hydrous titanium oxide (HTO)——Ⅱ Infrared spectrum investigation

-The i. r. spectra of Na4 [UO2 (CO3)3], Na [UO2 (OH)3] and the surface species of uranium on HTO underthe condition of flowing natural seawater and concentrated seawater (NaCl-NaHCO3-U) were recorded, with the bands of urany! of surface species obtained and the finding that iigands of surface species besides HTO are mainly water and OH, and there are some CO32- groups under the condition of natural seawater. Some relations between the complex properties and the j. r. spectroscopic characters for uranyl complexes were studied, and the transferred change quantity of surface complex was calculated.Structure models for surface species of adsorption are herein presented and the mechanism for uranium adsorption is deduced.

Study on the surface of hydrous titanium oxide adsorbent for extracting uranium from seawater-Ⅱ. The surface of HTO

This is second paper summarizing the study on the hydrous titanium oxide absorbent for extracting uranium fromseawater. The investigation is performed by means of X- ray photoelectronic energy spectroscopy for chemical analysis ( ESC A ) , determination of surface hydroxy radical, Fourier-transfer infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR ) , electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), inductively coupled Plasma torch (ICP), etc. The emphasis is laid upon the exploration of HTO surface and a discussion about the adsorption micromechanism.

Thermomechanical and Hydrous Effect of Heavy Fuel Oil in a Building Material Based on Silty Clayey Soil

This study focuses on the use of heavy fuel oil in construction in Burkina Faso.Mixed with silty and/or clay soil,it is used as a coating to reinforce the walls of raw soil constructions which are very sensitive to water.The interest of this paper is to shed light on the thermomechanical and above all water effects of heavy fuel oil on a sample of silty clayey soil.To achieve this,we used heavy fuel oil added in different proportions to silty clayey soil,to make sample of bricks on which tests were carried out.At the end of the experimental tests carried out on materials made(bricks)with our soil sample,it appears that heavy fuel oil moderately reduces the mechanical resistance of bricks and slightly increases thermal diffusion through them.On the contrary,we note a very good water resistance of the bricks thanks to the heavy fuel oil,in particular their water absorption by capillarity.This confirms that the mixture of heavy fuel oil and a silty-clayey soil used as a coating makes it possible to prevent the infiltration of water into the walls of raw soil constructions.However,its use as a construction material does not guarantee very good mechanical resistance,and slightly increases thermal diffusion.

Melting of hydrous pyroxenites with alkali amphiboles in the continental mantle:2.Trace element compositions of melts and minerals

The trace element compositions of melts and minerals from high-pressure experiments on hydrous pyroxenites containing K-richterite are presented. The experiments used mixtures of a third each of the natural minerals clinopyroxene, phlogopite and K-richterite, some with the addition of 5% of an accessory phase ilmenite, rutile or apatite. Although the major element compositions of melts resemble natural lamproites, the trace element contents of most trace elements from the three-mineral mixture are much lower than in lamproites. Apatite is required in the source to provide high abundances of the rare earth elements, and either rutile and/or ilmenite is required to provide the high field strength elements Ti, Nb, Ta, Zr and Hf. Phlogopite controls the high levels of Rb, Cs and Ba.Since abundances of trace elements in the various starting mixtures vary strongly because of the use of natural minerals, we calculated mineral/melt partition coefficients (DMin/melt) using mineral modes and melting reactions and present trace element patterns for different degrees of partial melting of hydrous pyroxenites. Rb, Cs and Ba are compatible in phlogopite and the partition coefficient ratio phlogopite/K-richterite is high for Ba (136) and Rb (12). All melts have low contents of most of the first row transition elements, particularly Ni and Cu ((0.1-0.01)×primitive mantle). Nickel has high DMin/melt for all the major minerals (12 for K-richterite, 9.2 for phlogopite and 5.6 for Cpx) and so behaves at least as compatibly as in melting of peridotites. Fluorine/chlorine ratios in melts are high and DMin/melt for fluorine decreases in the order apatite (2.2) > phlogopite (1.5) > K-richterite (0.87). The requirement for apatite and at least one Ti-oxide in the source of natural lamproites holds for mica pyroxenites that lack K-richterite. The results are used to model isotopic ageing in hydrous pyroxenite source rocks: phlogopite controls Sr isotopes, so that lamproites with relatively low 87Sr/86Sr must come from phlogopite-poor source rocks, probably dominated by Cpx and K-richterite. At high pressures (>4 GPa), peritectic Cpx holds back Na, explaining the high K2O/Na2O of lamproites.

水合氧化物对抗生素抗性基因水平转移的影响

研究了水合氧化铝与水合氧化锰对氨苄青霉素抗性基因(负载于pUC19质粒)向大肠杆菌水平转移(转化)过程的影响.结果表明,2.5~200mg/L浓度水平的水合氧化铝与水合氧化锰均显著抑制了抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)转化,两者对转化频率的抑制率最高分别达79.44%和57.64%.水合氧化铝析出的Al (III)是其导致ARGs转化频率发生变化的原因之一,而水合氧化锰几乎无离子析出.此外,水合氧化铝可与p UC19质粒的磷酸骨架以及碱基腺嘌呤、胸腺嘧啶与鸟嘌呤发生结合,与之形成大尺寸加合物,进而降低ARGs进入胞内的效率.对于水合氧化锰,其暴露后宿主细胞膜通透性显著减小,并且该颗粒也与pUC19质粒交缠形成了大尺寸团聚物,这可能是抑制ARGs转化的主要原因.

多级脉冲超声波激励含水煤体瓦斯解吸特征的试验研究

为进一步明确多级脉冲超声波对含水煤体瓦斯解吸特征的影响,利用含瓦斯煤体超声波激励试验系统,分析了超声波持续激励不同饱水度煤体以及多级脉冲激励饱水煤体条件下,煤的孔隙结构及瓦斯解吸的变化规律,揭示出多级脉冲超声波激励含水煤体促解增流机制。结果表明:随超声波功率和煤体饱水度的增加,煤的平均孔径、比表面积和总孔容均增大;超声波功率为1 000 W时,与干燥煤体相比,煤的比表面积和总孔容增幅由煤体25%饱水度的4.369%、3.504%分别增加到100%饱水度的7.699%、8.992%;煤的瓦斯解吸量与时间呈Langmuir型关系,煤的瓦斯解吸量、解吸率均与超声波功率、煤体饱水度呈正相关性;与干燥煤体相比,煤的瓦斯解吸量增幅、解吸率增幅均随煤体饱水度增加呈线性增大趋势,超声波激励对饱水煤体的孔隙改造及瓦斯解吸影响效果最好。随超声波多级脉冲次数增加,饱水煤体的比表面积、总孔容以及瓦斯解吸量、解吸率均增大;与1 000 W超声波激励相比,煤的比表面积及总孔容增幅与多级脉冲次数呈正幂函数关系,煤的瓦斯解吸量及解吸率增幅由多级脉冲1次的2.745%、4.598%分别增加到3次的27.222%、11.106%,与多级脉冲次数呈正线性关系。多级脉冲超声波激励含水煤体产生的振动和空化复合效应,使煤基质发生疲劳损伤,强化了煤的孔隙改造效果,并加剧瓦斯分子动能,进而促进煤体瓦斯解吸,现场可通过研发多级脉冲超声波发射器结合水力化技术增透煤层抽采瓦斯。

Principle of Hydrogen Isotope Geochemistry Paleo-altimeter and its Potential in Reconstructing Paleo-elevation of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

The reconstruction of paleo-elevation serves a dual purpose to enhance our comprehension of geodynamic processes affecting terrestrial landforms and to contribute significantly to the interpretation of atmospheric circulation and biodiversity.The oxygen(δ~(18)O_w)and deuterium(δD_w)isotopes in atmospheric precipitation are systematically depleted with the increase of altitude,which are typical and widely applicated paleo-altimeters.The utilization of hydrogen isotope of hydrous silicate minerals within the shear zone system,volcanic glass,and plant leaf wax alkanes offers valuable insights for addressing evaporation and diagenesis.In this paper,we review the principle,application conditions,and influencing factors of the hydrogen isotope paleo-altimeter.In addition,we discuss the feasibility of utilizing this technique for quantitatively estimating the paleo-elevation of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau,where multiple shear zones extend over hundred kilometers parallel to the topographic gradient.

Nickel sulfate solution fluoride separation with hydrous zirconium oxide

Fluoride is an impurity in nickel sulfate production,which is required for electric vehicle batteries.Hydrous zirconium oxide(HZO)was evaluated for removing fl uoride from nickel sulfate solution.Maximum fluoride removal occurred at pH value 4 and optimal pH value is 4–5,considering Zr solubility.Fluoride availability decreases with pH due to hydrogen fluoride and zirconium fluoride aqueous species.Fluoride removal is initially rapid,with 50 wt.%removal in 7 min,followed by slow removal up to 68 wt.%after 72 h and follows second order rate kinetics.Fluoride removal was dominated by an ion exchange mechanism and resulting Zr–F bonds were observed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.The presence of nickel sulfate decreased loading capacity compared to a salt-free solution.HZO maintained adsorption capacity through five cycles of loading and regeneration.

Hydrocarbon Generation Characteristics of Coal-measure Source Rocks and their Contribution to Natural Gas:A Case Study of Middle and Lower Jurassic Targets from the Southern Junggar Basin Margin

In order to study the hydrocarbon generation(HCGE)characteristics of coal-bearing basins,the coal-measure source rocks of the Middle Jurassic-Lower Jurassic(MLJ)of the piedmont thrust belt in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin in Northwest China are taken as research objects.More than 60 MLJ samples were collected from outcrops and wells.Total organic carbon(TOC),rock pyrolysis(Rock-Eval),organic petrological,vitrinite reflectance(%Ro),and hydrous pyrolysis were performed to analyze the relevant samples.The pyrolysis gases and liquid products were measured,and then the chemical composition,as well as carbon isotopes of the gases,were analyzed.The results indicate that the MLJ source rocks have the capacity for large-scale gas generation.In addition,for coal-measure source rocks,the heavier the carbon isotope of kerogen(δ^(13)C_(kerogen)),the lower the liquid hydrocarbon and hydrocarbon gas yield,and the easier it is to produce non-hydrocarbon gas.It is worth noting that when theδ^(13)C_(kerogen)in organic matter(OM)is relatively heavier,the fractionation of its products may become weaker in the evolutionary process.The vital contribution of the MLJ source rock to natural gas resources in the study area was further confirmed by comparing it with the Jurassic source gas.

蜂巢石负载纳米水合氧化铁吸附氮磷的性能研究

制备了蜂巢石纳米水合氧化铁复合吸附剂(PUMICE-NHFO),研究投加量、溶液pH和共存阴阳离子对PUMICE-NHFO同时吸附氮和磷性能的影响;采用吸附等温线和吸附动力学模型研究PUMICE-NHFO的吸附特征。结果表明,纳米水合氧化铁成功地负载到蜂巢石上。当PUMICE-NHFO投加量为7.5 g/L、溶液pH为7时,氮和磷被吸附的效果较好,共存阴阳离子与氮和磷竞争吸附位点,降低氮磷吸附效率。PUMICE-NHFO对氮和磷的吸附过程更符合Langmuir吸附等温线模型,氮和磷的最大吸附量分别为3.09 mg/g和5.12 mg/g。准二级动力学模型可准确描述PUMICE-NHFO吸附氮和磷的过程,R~2可分别达到0.992和0.996,吸附过程主要受化学吸附控制。经过5次吸附-解吸循环后,PUMICE-NHFO对氮和磷的吸附容量仍保持在初次吸附容量的68%以上,表现出较好的可重复利用性。