Hydroxysafflor yellow A induced ferroptosis of Osteosarcoma cancer cells by HIF-1α/HK2 and SLC7A11 pathway

Osteosarcoma is a very serious primary bone cancer with a high death rate and a dismal prognosis.Since there is no permanent therapy for this condition,it is necessary to develop a cure.Therefore,this investigation was carried out to assess the impacts and biological functions of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HYSA)in osteosarcoma cell lines(MG63).In this investigational study,MG63 cells were utilized.Microarray experiments,quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),immunofluorescent staining,extracellular acidification rate(ECAR),oxygen consumption rate(OCR),glucose consumption,lactate production,and ATP levels,proliferation assay,5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine(EDU)staining,and Western blot were performed.In MG63 cells,HYSA lowered cell proliferation and metastasis rates,suppressed EDU cell number,and enhanced caspase-3/9 activity levels.HYSA reduced the Warburg effect and induced ferroptosis(FPT)in MG63 cells.Inhibiting ferroptosis diminished HYSA’s anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells.The stimulation of the HIF-1α/SLC7A11 pathway decreased HYSA’s anti-cancer activities in MG63 cells.HIF-1αis one target spot for HYSA in a model of osteosarcoma cancer(OC).HYSA altered HIF-1α’s thermophoretic activity;following binding with HYSA,HIF-1α’s melting point increased from~55°C to~60°C.HYSA significantly enhanced the thermal stability of exogenous WT HIF-1αwhile not affecting Mut HIF-1α,suggesting that ARG-311,GLY-312,GLN-347,and GLN-387 may be involved in the interaction between HIF-1αand HYSA.Conclusively,our study revealed that HYSA induced FPT and reduced the Warburg effect of OC through mitochondrial damage by HIF-1α/HK2/SLC7A11 pathway.HYSA is a possible therapeutic option for OC or other cancers.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A protects against thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis in rats via suppressing proinflammatory/fibrogenic mediators and promoting hepatic stellate cell senescence and apoptosis

Objective:To evaluate the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)on thioacetamide-induced liver fibrosis.Methods:Thioacetamide was administered to rats intraperitoneally in doses of 200 mg/kg twice a week for 12 weeks.Thioacetamide-intoxicated rats were given silymarin(50 mg/kg)or HSYA(5 mg/kg)orally every day for 8 weeks.Liver enzymes,fibrosis markers,histological changes as well as immunohistochemistry of TNF-α,IL-6,p21,α-SMA,and caspase-3 were examined.The effect of HSYA on HSC-T6 activation/proliferation and apoptosis was also determined in vitro.Results:HSYA decreased liver enzymes,TNF-α,IL-6,and p21 expressions,hepatic PDGF-B,TIMP-1,TGF-β1,and hydroxyproline levels,as well as fibrosis score(S2 vs.S4)compared to the thioacetamide group.HSYA also downregulatedα-SMA while increasing caspase-3 expression.Surprisingly,at 500μg/mL,HSYA had only a slightly suppressive effect on HSC proliferation,with a 9.5%reduction.However,it significantly reduced TGF-β1,inhibitedα-SMA expression,induced caspase-3 expression,and promoted cell senescence.Conclusions:HSYA may be a potential therapeutic agent for delaying and reversing the progression of liver fibrosis.More research on HSYA at higher doses and for a longer period is warranted.

Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Promotes HaCaT Cell Proliferation and Migration by Regulating HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT Pathways and Circ_0084443

Objective:To investigate the effect and possible mechanism of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on human immortalized keratinocyte cell proliferation and migration.Methods:HaCaT cells were treated with HSYA.Cell proliferation was detected by the cell counting kit-8 assay,and cell migration was measured using wound healing assay and Transwell migration assay.The mRNA and protein expression levels of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor(EGF)-like growth factor(HBEGF),EGF receptor(EGFR),phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT),mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α) were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) and Western blot,respectively.Circ_0084443-overexpressing HaCaT cells and empty plasmid HaCaT cells were constructed using the lentiviral stable transfection and treated with HSYA.The expression of circ_0084443 was detected by qRT-PCR.Results:HSYA(800 μmol/L) significantly promoted HaCaT cell proliferation and migration(P<0.05or P<0.01).It also increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,mTOR and HIF-1α,and increased the phosphorylation levels of PI3K and AKT(P<0.05 or P<0.01).Furthermore,HSYA promoted HaCaT cell proliferation and migration via the HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT/m TOR signaling pathways(P<0.01).Circ_0084443 attenuated the mRNA expression levels of HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,mTOR and HIF-1α(P<0.05).HSYA inhibited the circ_0084443 expression,further antagonized the inhibition of circ_0084443on HBEGF,EGFR,PI3K,AKT,m TOR and HIF-1α,and promoted the proliferation of circ_0084443-overexpressing HaCaT cells(P<0.05 or P<0.01).However,HSYA could not influence the inhibitory effect of circ_0084443 on HaCaT cell migration(P>0.05).Conclusion:HSYA played an accelerative role in HaCaT cell proliferation and migration,which may be attributable to activating HBEGF/EGFR and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways,and had a particular inhibitory effect on the keratinocyte negative regulator circ_0084443.

Protective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A on MSCs against senescence induced by D-galactose

Objective: To examine the protective effects of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) against the senescence of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs) induced by D-galactose(D-gal) in vitro, and investigate the potential mechanism involved.Methods: Grouping experiment, Normal control(NC) group: conventional culture with complete medium;Senescence group: MSCs were cultured for 48 h with complete medium containing 10 g/L D-gal;HSYA group: on the basis of senescence induction, HSYA with the suitable concentration was used to protect MSCs. The key experimental indices associated with oxidative stress, inflammatory response, cell senescence, proliferation and apoptosis were measured through chemical colorimetry, β-galactosidase staining, Ed U incorporation and flow cytometry, respectively. The relative quantity(RQ) of proteins related closely to cell proliferation, apoptosis, and NF-κB signaling were measured by Western blotting.Results: As compared with Senescence group, treatment with HSYA(120 mg/L) effectively ameliorated the adverse situation of MSCs. Oxidation stress and inflammation along with D-Gal induction was dramatically alleviated in MSCs;The β-Gal-positive staining indicated that MSC senescence was significantly mitigated;The proliferative capability of MSCs was significantly increased by up-regulating PCNA and inhibiting p16 expression;The anti-apoptotic effect on MSCs was exerted by down-regulating the RQ of cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax;The activity of NF-κB signaling in MSCs was notably suppressed through inhibiting phosphorylation of IKKβ and p65.Conclusion: HSYA(120 mg/L) significantly delayed the D-Gal-induced senescence process in MSCs through attenuating inflammatory reaction and oxidative stress, and suppressing the activity of NF-κB signaling.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A improves learning and memory in a rat model of vascular dementia by increasing VEGF and NR1 in the hippocampus

Hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA） has angiogenesis- regulating and neuro-protective effects, but its effects on vascular dementia （VaD） are unknown. In this study, 30 adult Sprague-Dawley rats were. randomly allocated to five groups： normal, sham-operation, VaD alone （bilateral carotid artery occlusion）, VaD plus saline （control）, and VaD plus HSYA. One week after operation, the HSYA group received one daily tail-vein injection of 0.6 mg/100 g HSYA for two weeks. Five weeks after operation, the spatial memory of all five groups was evaluated by the water maze task, and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus was assessed by the long-term potentiation （LTP） method. Vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） and N-methyi-D- aspartic acid receptor 1 （NR1） expression in the hippocampus was detected via Western blot. We found that, compared with the group with VaD alone, the group with HSYA had a reduced escape latency in the water maze （P 〈0.05）, and the LTP at CA3- CA1 synapses in the hippocampus was enhanced （P 〈0.05）. Western blot in the late-phase VaD group showed slight up-regulation of VEGF and down- regulation of NR1 in the hippocampus, while HSYA significantly up-regulated both VEGF and NRI. These results suggested that HSYA promotes angiogenesis and increases synaptic plasticity, thus improving spatial learning and memory in the rat model of VaD.

Protective Effect of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats

Objective： To observe the effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an active ingredient of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine Carthamus tinctorius L., on lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin （BLM） in rats. Methods： Animals were divided into 6 groups including normal group, model group, three HSYA groups and dexamethasone （DXM） group. Three doses of HSYA （35.6, 53.3, and 80.0 mg？kg–1？day–1） were intraperitoneally （i.p.） injected in rats for 3 weeks after BLM administration and DXM was used as the positive control （n=8 or 12）. Arterial blood gas was assayed and morphological changes were observed. Lung mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor （TNF）-α, interleukin （IL）-1β, IL-6 and some cytokines in lung tissue were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Nuclear factor-κB p65 or α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA） protein distribution in rat lung tissue was observed by immunohistochemistry. Results： On the 7th day after BLM administration, lung tissue showed serious inflammation. Treatment with HSYA or DXM ameliorated lung inflammation. After treatment with HSYA or DXM, oxygen partial pressure （PaO2） increased （HSYA 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.01） and CO2 partial pressure （PaCO2） decreased （HSYA 53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Moreover, the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; and the number of NF-κB p65 positive cells was lower in HSYA 53.3 and 80.0 mg？kg–1 groups than those in the model group （all P〈0.05）. Twenty-one days after BLM administration, HSYA or DXM treatment ameliorated fibrosis, increased PaO2 （HSYA 53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.01）, and decreased PaCO2 （53.3 and 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Further, the mRNA expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and collagen Ⅰ as well as the number of α-SMA positive cells increased in the model group and HSYA can attenuate these changes （53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Hematoxylin and eosin and Masson＇s trichrome staining indicated that the fibrosis and collagen deposition were ameliorated in HSYA groups （53.3, 80.0 mg？kg–1, P〈0.05）. Conclusion： HSYA could alleviate acute lung inflammation and chronic pulmonary fibrosis induced by BLM in rats.

Hydroxysafflor Yellow A Attenuate LipopolysaccharideInduced Endothelium Inflammatory Injury

Objective： This study observed attenuating effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A （HSYA）, an effective ingredient of aqueous extract of Carthamus tinctorius L, on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced endothelium inflammatory injury. Methods： Eahy926 human endothelium cell （EC） line was used; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide （MTT） test was assayed to observe the viability of EC; Luciferase reporter gene assay was applied to measure nuclear factor- κB （NF- κ B） p65 subunit nuclear binding activity in EC; Western blot technology was used to monitor mitogen activated protein kinase （MAPKs） and NF- κ B activation. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） method was applied to observe intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 （ICAM-1） and E-selectin mRNA level; EC surface ICAM-1 expression was measured with flow cytometry and leukocyte adhesion to EC was assayed with Rose Bengal spectrophotometry technology. Results： HSYA protected EC viability against LPS-induced injury （P〈0.05）. LPS-induced NF- κ B p65 subunit DNA binding （P〈0.01） and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α （I κ B α） phosphorylation was inhibited by HSYA. HSYA attenuated LPS triggered ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA levels elevation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK or c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK. HSYA also inhibited LPS-induced cell surface ICAM-1 protein expression （P〈0.01） and leukocyte adhesion to EC （P〈0.05）. Conclusion： HSYA is effective to protect LPS-induced high expression of endothelium adhesive molecule and inflammatory signal transduction.

Effect and Safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke of Blood Stasis Syndrome: A Phase Ⅱ , Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multiple-Dose, Active-Controlled Clinical Trial

Objective:To assess the effect and safety of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A for Injection(HSYAI)in treating patients with acute ischemic stroke(AIS)and blood stasis syndrome(BSS).Methods:A multicenter,randomized,double-blind,multiple-dose,active-controlled phaseⅡtrial was conducted at 9 centers in China from July 2013 to September 2015.Patients with moderate or severe AIS and BSS were randomly assigned to low-,medium-,high-dose HSYAI groups(25,50 and 70 mg/d HSYAI by intravenous infusion,respectively),and a control group(Dengzhan Xixin Injection(灯盏细辛注射液,DZXXI)30 mL/d by intravenous infusion),for 14 consecutive days.The primary outcome was the Modified Rankin Scale(mRS)score 1 at days 90 after treatment.The secondary outcomes included the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale(NIHSS)score 1,Barthel Index(BI)score 95,and BSS score reduced 30%from baseline at days 14,30,60,and 90 after treatment.The safety outcomes included any adverse events during 90 days after treatment.Results:Of the 266 patients included in the effectiveness analysis,66,67,65 and 68 cases were in the low-,medium-,and high-dose HSYAI and control groups,respectively.The proportions of patients in the medium-and high-dose HSYAI groups with mRS score 1 at days 90 after treatment were significantly larger than the control group(P<0.05).The incidences of favorable outcomes of NIHSS and BI at days 90 after treatment as well as satisfactory improvement of BSS at days 30 and 60 after treatment in the medium-and high-dose HSYAI groups were all significantly higher than the control group(P<0.05).No significant difference was reported among the 4 groups in any specific adverse events(P>0.05).Conclusions:HSYAI was safe and well-tolerated at all doses for treating AIS patients with BSS.The medium(50 mg/d)or high dose(75 mg/d)might be the optimal dose for a phaseⅢtrial.

Protective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A on Parkinson cell model and its network pharmacology analysis

As an effective component of safflower,hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)has the effect of promoting blood circulation,removing blood stasis,and relieving pain,and it has a certain effect on blood stasis and wind-induced Parkinson‘s disease(PD).However,the current research mostly involves a single intervention mechanism,which is not conducive to the clinical transformation of this type of drugs.In the present study,rotenone was used to construct a PD cell model,and the protective effect of HSYA on the PD cell model was evaluated by cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential.TTD database was used to query PD-related therapeutic targets,Swiss Target Prediction database to query HSYA-related targets,STRING database was used to search the gene interaction relationship of common targets,and ClueGO pathway was adopted to enrich and analyze common targets and their interaction targets,as well as to explore the comprehensive intervention mechanism.The results showed that rotenone could successfully establish the PD cell model,and HSYA had significant protective effect on PD cell model.Through the network pharmacological analysis,36 PD-related therapeutic targets and 88 HSYA-related targets were queried.The common targets of PD and HSYA were FKBP1A,HTR1A,SLC6A4 and SLC6A3.To enrich four common targets and their interaction targets through REACTOME pathway,eight cell signal pathways were obtained,and six cell biological processes were obtained through biological process pathway enrichment.

Protective Effect of Hydroxysafflor Yellow A on Inflammatory Injury in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Rats

Objective: To investigate the attenuating effect of Hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on inflammatory injury in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods: Rats were randomly assigned to 7 groups according to body weight including normal control group, HSYA blank group(76.8 mg/kg), COPD group, COPD+HSYA(30, 48, 76.8 mg/kg) groups and COPD+dexamethasone(2 mg/kg), 10 in each group. Passive cigarette smoke and intratracheal instil ation of lipopolysaccharides were used to establish a COPD model in rats. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of lung tissue sections was used, real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) was used to assay m RNA levels of some cytokines in lung tissues, the cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), Western blot analysis was used to determine phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) levels in lung tissues, and nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB) p65 protein levels in lung tissues were detected by immunohistochemistry. Results: Lung alveolar septa destruction, alveolus fusion, inflammatory cel infiltration, and bronchiole exudation were observed. These pathological changes were al eviated in the COPD+HSYA group. The m RNA expression of inflammatory factors were significantly increased in lung tissues from COPD rats(all P<0.01) and were inhibited by HSYA. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in BALF of COPD rats were significantly increased(all P<0.01) which were inhibited by HSYA(all P<0.01, 48, 76.8 mg/kg). The levels of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and p65 in lung tissues of COPD rats were significantly increased(al P<0.01) and were suppressed by HSYA(all P<0.01, 48, 76.8 mg/kg). Conclusions: HSYA could alleviate inflammatory cell infiltration and other pathological changes in the lungs of COPD rats. HSYA could inhibit inflammatory cytokine expression, and increase phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65 in the lungs of COPD rats. The protective mechanism of HSYA to inhibit COPD inflammation might be by attenuating NF-κB and p38 MAPK signal transduction.

TGFβ1/Smads信号通路抗纤维化抑制心室重构及红花黄色素干预作用的研究

目的 研究红花黄色素对心肌梗死后的心室重构及TGFβ1/Smads信号通路的影响。方法 结扎左冠状动脉前降支建立心肌梗死模型,假手术组开胸显露左冠状动脉前降支但不行结扎。建模成功大鼠随机分为模型组,红花黄色素高、中、低剂量组,氯沙坦组,给药4周。观察心脏形态结构变化;分析血清丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)含量变化;Westem blot检测心肌组织转化生长因子β1(TGFβ1)、SMAD2/3、P-SMAD2/3蛋白表达量。结果 与假手术组比较,模型组心脏体积变大,梗死区面积大,左室壁凹陷,变薄;与模型组比较,给药组左心室壁没有明显凹陷,梗死区范围和体积变小;血清MDA降低,SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性增强(P<0.05);与模型组比较,给药组心肌组织TGFβ1及SMAD2/3蛋白表达下降(P<0.05)。结论 红花黄色素能够减轻心室重构,缓解氧化应激,可能是通过抑制TGFβ1/Smads信号通路而实现。

正交试验法优选十三味逐瘀合剂的提取工艺

目的优选十三味逐瘀合剂的水提煎煮工艺,为其后续研究提供参考。方法以煎煮次数(A)、加水量(B)、煎煮时间(C)作为考察因素,羟基红花黄色素A的含量与出膏率的综合评分为指标,确定羟基红花黄色素A含量和出膏率的权重系数分别为70%和30%,通过L_(9)(3^(4))正交试验设计,优选水提的煎煮工艺,并进行验证实验。结果最优选的煎煮工艺为加8倍量水,煎煮2次,每次煎煮90 min。结论优选的工艺条件合理、稳定可行,可用于规范化十三味逐瘀合剂提取。

羟基红花黄色素A干预脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞脂质运载蛋白2的表达

背景:缺血性脑卒中严重威胁人类健康,缺血缺氧后星形胶质细胞大量表达脂质运载蛋白2加重脑损伤,但其具体机制并不清楚。羟基红花黄色素A具有抗缺血、抗氧化、抗血栓及抗炎等作用,其是否影响脑缺血缺氧后星形胶质细胞表达脂质运载蛋白2,目前尚不清楚。目的:探究羟基红花黄色素A对脑缺血再灌注损伤后星形胶质细胞中脂质运载蛋白2表达的影响及机制。方法:(1)将30只成年SD大鼠随机分成3组:假手术组、大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注组、羟基红花黄色素A组,后2组建立大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型,羟基红花黄色素A组在再灌注后以12 mg/kg的剂量腹腔注射羟基红花黄色素A。采用Longa评分法评估神经功能缺损程度,采用TTC染色法测定脑梗死体积,Western blot和免疫荧光检测JAK2/STAT3通路及脂质运载蛋白2的表达,ELISA法检测白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平。(2)将星形胶质细胞分为4组:正常组、糖氧剥夺复糖氧组、羟基红花黄色素A组、AG490组,后3组建立糖氧剥夺复糖氧模型,在糖氧剥夺期间分别用75μmol/L羟基红花黄色素A、10μmol/L酪氨酸磷酸化抑制剂AG490处理星形胶质细胞8 h,进一步验证羟基红花黄色素A对脂质运载蛋白2的作用机制。结果与结论:(1)与假手术组相比,大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注组大鼠脑梗死体积明显增加,并伴有神经功能损伤加重(P<0.01),羟基红花黄色素A治疗可以减小脑梗死体积,改善神经功能(P<0.01);(2)大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注组p-JAK2、p-STAT3和脂质运载蛋白2的表达高于假手术组(P<0.01),羟基红花黄色素A治疗后抑制了p-JAK2、p-STAT3和脂质运载蛋白2的表达(P<0.01);(3)大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注组炎性因子白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平高于假手术组(P<0.01),羟基红花黄色素A治疗后抑制了白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α表达(P<0.01);(4)体外实验糖氧剥夺复糖氧组p-JAK2、p-STAT3、脂质运载蛋白2的表达高于正常组(P<0.01),加入AG490后JAK2、STAT3磷酸化降低,脂质运载蛋白2表达被抑制(P<0.01)。结果表明,羟基红花黄色素A可能通过调控JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制缺血缺氧后星形胶质细胞中脂质运载蛋白2的表达,从而减轻脑损伤。

Box-Behnken响应面法优化羟基红花黄色素A纳米粒处方工艺及体外释放评价

目的优化羟基红花黄色素A(hydroxysafflor yellow A,HSYA)纳米粒制备工艺,并对其进行体外释放评价。方法以乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物[poly(lactic-co-glycolicacid),PLGA]为载体,利用改良的复乳法制备HSYA纳米粒,通过Plackett-Burman设计实验联用Box-Behnken响应面法优选最佳制备工艺;利用粒径测定仪、TEM扫描电镜仪、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)仪、X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)仪对纳米粒进行表征;并对其进行4℃储藏稳定性、生理介质中稳定性、冻干保护剂及体外释放率考察。结果优选出纳米粒最佳工艺处方为:pH为6.95,投药量为2.8 mg,载体用量为18.2 mg;在此条件下制备出的纳米粒粒径为(176.4±1.29)nm,多分散系数(Polydiseperse Index,PDI)为(0.152±0.014),Zeta电位为(-17.6±0.46)mV,包封率为(78.5±0.49)%,载药量为(7.3±0.07)%,纳米粒形态圆整,分散性好;在4℃储存环境下、不同生理介质中稳定性良好,最佳冻干保护剂为1%葡萄糖;纳米粒48 h体外释放率为85%。结论该优化方法合理可靠,所得纳米粒稳定性良好,具有一定的缓释作用,体外释放符合一级动力学模型。

基于脂质代谢组学研究羟基红花黄色素A治疗高脂血症LDLR^(-/-)小鼠的作用机制

[目的]基于脂质代谢组学方法考察羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)对高脂饲料诱导的LDLR^(-/-)小鼠高脂血症脂质代谢的影响及其机制。[方法]将28只雄性LDLR^(-/-)小鼠分为对照组与高脂组。对照组喂养普通饲料,高脂组喂养高脂饲料,6周后,高脂组按照血清中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)含量平均分为4组:模型组、辛伐他汀组、HSYA(3.8 mg/kg)低剂量组、HSYA(7.6 mg/kg)高剂量组。给药11周,给药期间同时给予高脂饲料饲养。全自动生化仪检测小鼠血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、LDL-C含量,苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肝组织病理形态,油红O染色观察小鼠肝脏组织脂肪蓄积情况,采用靶向脂质组学技术对LDLR^(-/-)小鼠血清中脂质进行测定。[结果]与对照组比较,模型组小鼠血清中LDL-C、TC、TG、AST、ALT含量升高(P<0.05),肝组织出现大小不等的脂滴浸润,肝细胞排列紊乱,大量脂质蓄积。与模型组比较,HSYA两组小鼠血清中LDL-C、TC、TG、AST、ALT含量降低(P<0.05),肝脏的脂肪变性、脂质蓄积等病理情况得到改善。脂质组学检测结果显示,模型组和对照组之间具有差异的脂质分子共有14种(VIP>1,P<0.05)。HSYA两组与模型组比较,17种脂质分子呈现相反的趋势并具有差异,分别为PE(18∶0/18∶1)、PE(18∶0/18∶2)、PE(18∶0/20∶3)、PE(18∶0/20∶4)、PE(O-18∶0/18∶1)、PE(O-18∶0/20∶4)、LPE(18∶1)、LPE(20∶4)、FFA(22∶4)、PI(18∶0/18∶2)、PI(16∶0/18∶1)、PI(18∶1/18∶1)、LPI(18∶0)、PG(18∶1/16∶1)、PG(18∶1/18∶1)、PG(18∶1/18∶2)、PA(18∶1/18∶1)(VIP>1,P<0.05)。[结论]研究利用脂质组学技术,发现HSYA可以通过调节高脂血症LDLR^(-/-)小鼠血清中脂质代谢水平,发挥治疗高脂血症的作用,为临床应用HSYA提供了新的参考依据。

羟基红花黄色素A减轻双环己酮草酰二腙小鼠髓鞘脱失的机制

背景:在中枢神经系统脱髓鞘疾病的发生发展过程中,小胶质细胞导致的神经炎症是主要病理特征,因此抑制炎症反应对缓解髓鞘脱失非常重要。羟基红花黄色素A有保护血脑屏障、抑制神经元的凋亡、改善神经功能的作用。目的:探究羟基红花黄色素A抑制双环己酮草酰二腙诱导的小鼠髓鞘脱失的作用机制。方法:①体内实验:将30只健康雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常组、双环己酮草酰二腙组和羟基红花黄色素A组3组,后2组小鼠喂养含0.2%双环己酮草酰二腙的饲料6周建立脱髓鞘小鼠模型,正常组小鼠喂养正常饲料;在第4周末,给予羟基红花黄色素A组小鼠腹腔注射20 mg/(kg·d)羟基红花黄色素A,正常组和双环己酮草酰二腙组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水,持续2周。旷场实验、高架十字迷宫实验评价小鼠的行为学变化;黑金染色和髓鞘碱性蛋白、降解髓鞘碱性蛋白免疫荧光染色检测胼胝体髓鞘脱失情况;离子钙结合接头分子1免疫荧光染色和ELISA法分别检测小胶质细胞的活化和炎症因子的表达;Western Blot法检测各组小鼠脑中Toll样受体4、髓样分化因子88、核因子κB p65蛋白的表达水平;②体外实验:采用脂多糖诱导建立BV2小胶质细胞炎症模型。将BV2细胞分为正常组、脂多糖组(1μg/mL)和脂多糖(1μg/mL)+羟基红花黄色素A(25μmol/L)组,采用ELISA法检测细胞上清中肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6的表达水平。结果与结论:①对比正常组,双环己酮草酰二腙组小鼠焦虑情况严重、自主运动能力异常,胼胝体区髓鞘大量脱失,髓鞘碱性蛋白平均荧光强度显著降低,降解髓鞘碱性蛋白平均荧光强度显著升高,离子钙结合接头分子1阳性小胶质细胞数量增多,脑内白细胞介素1β、肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6水平升高,Toll样受体4、髓样分化因子88、核因子κB p65的蛋白表达水平明显升高。羟基红花黄色素A治疗后,小鼠上述症状和各项指标均发生相反的变化。②羟基红花黄色素A显著抑制由脂多糖诱导的BV2小胶质细胞炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6的表达。③上述结果说明羟基红花黄色素A能够显著改善双环己酮草酰二腙诱导的小鼠髓鞘脱失,作用机制与Toll样受体4/髓样分化因子88/核因子κB p65信号通路抑制小胶质细胞活化介导的炎症反应有关。

基于生物信息学分析探讨羟基红花黄色素A通过JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制缺血性脑卒中后神经元凋亡的机制

目的:利用生物信息学技术筛选并鉴定缺血性脑卒中(IS)的关键基因,基于基因富集分析结合相关实验探讨羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)对脑缺血损伤后神经元凋亡的影响及机制。方法:从GEO数据库获得IS相关的样本数据,进行差异表达基因(DEGs)分析及基因富集分析,获得关键基因与关键信号通路,并通过体内外实验进行相关验证。建立Sprague-Dawley大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注模型(MCAO/R),采用蛋白免疫印迹法(Western Blot)和免疫荧光检测Janus激酶2(JAK2)/信号传导转录激活因子3(STAT3)通路的磷酸化水平及凋亡相关蛋白的表达;线粒体膜电位探针检测线粒体膜电位情况进而明确细胞凋亡水平。利用HT-22海马神经元细胞建立糖氧剥夺/复糖氧模型(OGD/R),使用JAK2/STAT3信号通路抑制剂进一步验证HSYA对神经元凋亡的作用机制。结果:通过生物信息学分析研究GSE22255数据集发现23个显著上调的DEGs和2个显著下调的DEGs。富集分析发现其与脂多糖的反应、细胞凋亡的调控、炎症反应、急性炎症反应调节、分子干预信号通路相关。生物过程方面,通过建立特征基因功能网络发现,特征基因与急性炎症反应、凋亡信号通路的调节、脂多糖介导的反应、稳态分子的反应等功能相关。基因集富集分析显示,肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)介导的核因子κB(NF-κB)信号通路、血红素代谢信号通路、细胞凋亡相关信号通路、JAK/STAT3信号通路、P53信号通路发挥着关键作用。筛选出JAK2/STAT3信号通路和凋亡相关通路为研究重点。与假手术组比较,MCAO/R组大鼠磷酸化JAK2(p-JAK2)、磷酸化STAT3(p-STAT3)和促凋亡相关蛋白表达升高(P<0.001),抑凋亡相关蛋白表达降低(P<0.001)。HSYA干预后可抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路磷酸化激活和神经元凋亡(P<0.01)。体外实验显示,OGD/R组JAK2/STAT3通路被磷酸化激活,促凋亡相关蛋白表达较Normal组升高(P<0.001),抑凋亡相关蛋白表达低于Normal组(P<0.001);加入抑制剂AG490后JAK2、STAT3磷酸化程度降低(P<0.01)。与Normal组比较,OGD/R组凋亡相关蛋白半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Cleaved Caspase-3)、Bcl-2关联X蛋白(Bax)表达水平升高(P<0.001),Bcl-2表达降低(P<0.001)。HSYA抑制了神经元的凋亡(P<0.01)。结论:JAK2/STAT3信号通路和凋亡相关信号通路在IS后发挥着关键作用,HSYA可能通过调控JAK2/STAT3信号通路,抑制缺血缺氧后神经元凋亡,从而减轻脑损伤。

HSYA对人晶状体上皮细胞系SRA01/04生物学特性的影响

目的探讨羟基红花黄色素A(HSYA)对重组人表皮生长因子(rhEGF)诱导的人晶状体上皮细胞系SRA01/04(HLEC-SRA01/04)增殖、迁移及上皮-间质转化(EMT)的影响。方法研究时间为2022年6月至2023年9月。不同浓度HSYA溶液处理rhEGF诱导的HLEC-SRA01/04不同时长,四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测各组细胞的增殖状态并计算半数抑制浓度值(IC50)。细胞划痕实验与Transwell小室测定不同浓度组细胞的迁移能力。逆转录荧光定量聚合链式反应法(RT-qPCR)与蛋白印迹法(Western Blot)测定不同浓度组细胞内增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)及EMT标记物波形蛋白(Vimentin)的mRNA表达水平与蛋白含量。计量资料采用t检验。结果MTT实验结果示:选取20、40、60、80、100μmol/L的HSYA溶液处理5μg/L rhEGF诱导人晶状体上皮细胞24 h后,增殖抑制率分别为(12.1±0.6)%、(19.0±3.8)%、(31.5±2.2)%、(53.7±0.4)%、(70.8±0.3)%,IC50值为(76.520±0.954)μmol/L,48 h增殖抑制率分别为(14.3±3.7)%、(27.4±3.1)%、(42.6±2.7)%、(59.2±2.2)%、(81.0±1.0)%,IC50值为(66.094±2.508)μmol/L,呈明显剂量依赖性。细胞划痕实验结果显示:空白组及0、20、40、70、100μmol/L组的24 h细胞迁移率分别为(46.9±1.8)%、(90.0±1.5)%、(88.4±2.1)%、(43.3±6.6)%、(31.5±16.2)%、(5.82±5.2)%,48 h细胞迁移率分别为(81.1±2.3)%、100%、(95.5±0.1)%、(72.6±3.5)%、(58.5±6.1)%、(37.4±7.1)%。Transwell小室实验结果显示:空白组及0、20、40、70、100μmol/L组的细胞数分别为(171.667±20.407)个、(290.222±24.135)个、(198.667±16.826)个、(161.222±5.981)个、(134.111±6.850)个、(67.444±7.351)个,HSYA对rhEGF诱导人晶状体上皮细胞迁移的抑制呈明显浓度依赖性。RT-qPCR法及Western Blot法结果示:HSYA可明显下调rhEGF诱导的人晶状体上皮细胞内PCNA、Vimentin及mRNA表达水平,呈剂量依赖性。结论HSYA可明显抑制rhEGF诱导的HLEC-SRA01/04增殖、迁移及EMT,可能成为预防后发性白内障的潜在药物。

醌式查尔酮的化学成分与药理活性研究进展

醌式查尔酮属于黄酮类化合物,广泛存在于红花中,少数被发现于其他植物。在过去的几十年里,共发现了47个醌式查尔酮类化合物,研究表明其具有广泛的药理活性,如抗炎、抗凝血、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等活性。近年来,与其相关的药物研究与开发利用也引起了极大关注,尤其是以羟基红花黄色素A为代表的醌式查尔酮碳苷类化合物,目前已被开发成红花注射剂等药物用于临床治疗。但由于存在口服生物利用度低以及不良反应等问题,在实际应用过程中仍受到限制。该文旨在总结醌式查尔酮类化合物的化学成分与药理活性研究进展,重点介绍其相关现代药理活性研究,指出醌式查尔酮类化合物现代应用的局限性,以期为醌式查尔酮的进一步开发利用提供参考。

Protective Effect of Hydroxy safflor Yellow A against Chronic Mild Stress-induced Memory Impairments by Suppressing Tau Phosphorylation in Mice

Chronic stress plays a critical role in the etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease(AD).However,there are currently no effective drugs that can target chronic stress to prevent AD.In this study,we explored the neuroprotective effect of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)against chronic mild stress(CMS)-induced memory impairments in mice and the underlying mechanism.The Morris water maze test showed that HSYA significantly reduced CMS-induced learning and memory impairments in mice.HSYA increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)and activated downstream tropomyosin-related kinase B(TrkB)and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling.HSYA decreased the expression of regulator of calcineurin 1-1L(RCAN1-1L)that could promote the activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β(GSK-3β).HSYA also attenuated tau phosphorylation by inhibiting the activity of GSK-3βand cyclin-dependent kinase-5(Cdk5).Our data indicated that HSYA has protective effects against CMS-induced BDNF downregulation,tau phosphorylation and memory impairments.HSYA may be a promising therapeutic candidate for AD by targeting chronic stress.