Hypoglycaemic effect of Berberis vulgaris L.in normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Objective:To achieve a primary pharmacological screening contained in the aqueous extract of Berberis vulgaris(B.vulgaris) and to examine the hypoglycaemic effect and biochemical parameters of aqueous and saponins extract on groups of rats rendered diabetic by injection of streptozotocin.Methods:The phytochemicol tests to detect the presence of different compounds were based on the visual observation of color change or formation of precipitate after the addition of specific reagents.Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal(i.p.) injection of streptozotocin(STZ) at a dose of 65 mg/kg bw.The fasting blood glucose levels were estimated by glucose oxidase-peroxidase reactive strips(Dextrostix,Bayer Diagnostics).Blood samples were taken by cutting the tip of the tail.Serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides were estimated by enzymatic DHBS colorimetric method.Results:Administration of 62.5 and 2S.0 mg/kg of saponins and aqueous extract respectively in normal rats group shows a significant hypoglycemic activity(32.33%and 40.17%respectively) during the first week.However,diabetic group treated with saponin extract produced a maximum fall of 73.1%and 76.03%at day 1 and day 21 compared to the diabetics control.Also,blood glucose levels of the diabetic rats treated with aqueous extract showed decrease of 78.79%on the first day and the effect remains roughly constant during 3 week. Both extracts also declined significantly biochemical parameters(20.77%-49.00%).The control in the loss of body weight was observed in treated diabetic rats as compared to diabetic controls. Conclusions:These results demonstrated significant antidiabetic effects and showed that serum cholesterol and serum triglycerides levels were decreased,significantly,consequently this plant might be of value in diabetes treatment.

Intestinal glucagon-like peptide-1:A new player associated with impaired counterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in type 1 diabetic mice

BACKGROUND Impaired hypoglycaemic counterregulation has emerged as a critical concern for diabetic patients who may be hesitant to medically lower their blood glucose levels due to the fear of potential hypoglycaemic reactions.However,the pathogenesis of hypoglycaemic counterregulation is still unclear.Glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1)and its analogues have been used as adjunctive therapies for type 1 diabetes mellitus(T1DM).The role of GLP-1 in counterregulatory dysfunction during hypoglycaemia in patients with T1DM has not been reported.AIM To explore the impact of intestinal GLP-1 on impaired hypoglycaemic counterregulation in type 1 diabetic mice.METHODS T1DM was induced in C57BL/6J mice using streptozotocin,followed by intraperitoneal insulin injections to create T1DM models with either a single episode of hypoglycaemia or recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia(DH5).Immunofluorescence,Western blot,and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were employed to evaluate the influence of intestinal GLP-1 on the sympathetic-adrenal reflex and glucagon(GCG)secretion.The GLP-1 receptor agonist GLP-1(7-36)or the antagonist exendin(9-39)were infused into the terminal ileum or injected intraperitoneally to further investigate the role of intestinal GLP-1 in hypoglycaemic counterregulation in the model mice.RESULTS The expression levels of intestinal GLP-1 and its receptor(GLP-1R)were significantly increased in DH5 mice.Consecutive instances of excess of intestinal GLP-1 weakens the sympathetic-adrenal reflex,leading to dysfunction of adrenal counterregulation during hypoglycaemia.DH5 mice showed increased pancreaticδ-cell mass,cAMP levels inδcells,and plasma somatostatin concentrations,while cAMP levels in pancreaticαcells and plasma GCG levels decreased.Furthermore,GLP-1R expression in islet cells and plasma active GLP-1 levels were significantly increased in the DH5 group.Further experiments involving terminal ileal infusion and intraperitoneal injection in the model mice demonstrated that intestinal GLP-1 during recurrent hypoglycaemia hindered the secretion of the counterregulatory hormone GCG via the endocrine pathway.CONCLUSION Excessive intestinal GLP-1 is strongly associated with impaired counterregulatory responses to hypoglycaemia,leading to reduced appetite and compromised secretion of adrenaline,noradrenaline,and GCG during hypoglycaemia.

Hypoglycaemiac Medicinal Plants Used by Diabetics at CNHU-HKM

Introduction: Diabetes is a major public health problem. Medicinal plants are frequently used either combine with industrial treatment or exclusively, in Africa and particularly in Benin. Our study aims to identify the different medicinal plants used by diabetic patients at the CNHU-HKM. Method: we carried out a descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study. It took place at the University Clinic of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition of CNHU-HKM over a of 3 months period from 20th of June to 16th of September, 2022, over diabetic followed-up. Results: One hundred and seventy-three (173) patients were gathered using an anonymous inquiry form. In the study population, the age of the patients varied between 31 and 75 years with an average age of 59 +/− 1.43 years, women represented 59% with a sex ratio (male/female) of 0.69. Sixty-five (65) or 37.6% of the population had used medicinal plants. Among given reasons for using medicinal plants were, mainly the positiveness on a third party. Data analysis outcome twenty-nine species of plants belonging to twenty (20) botanical families, the most represented being the Annonaceae and Fabaceae. The most used species are Phyllanthus amarus (hlenwé in fon), Mangifera indica (mangatin in fon), Momordica charantia (gninsikin in fon), Combretum micranthum (kinkéliba in fon), and Picralima nitida (ayorkpè in fon). Most used parts of the plants are the leaves. The recipes are prepared mainly by infusion and are administered exclusively by mouth. Most of the patients who used the hypoglycaemic medicinal plants were satisfied and no adverse effects were reported by them. Conclusion: Hypoglycaemic medicinal plants could be subjected to pharmacognosy and marketed due to their richness in active components, after further toxicological studies.

An overview on antidiabetic medicinal plants having insulin mimetic property

Diabetes mellitus is one of the common metabolic disorders acquiring around 2.8%of the world's population and is anticipated to cross 5.4%by the year 2025.Since long back herbal medicines have been the highly esteemed source of medicine therefore,they have become a growing part of modern,high-tech medicine.In view of the above aspects the present review provides profiles of plants(65 species) with hypoglycaemic properties,available through literature source from various database with proper categorization according to the parts used,mode of reduction in blood glucose(insulinomimetic or insulin secretagugues activity) and active phyloconsliluents having insulin mimetics activity.From the review it was suggested that,plant showing hypoglycemic potential mainly belongs to the family Leguminoseae,Lamiaceae,Liliaceae,Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae,Moraceae,Rosaceae and Araliaceae.The most active plants are Allium sativum. Gymnema sylvestre,Citrullus colocynthis,Trigonella foenum greacum,Momordica charantia and Ficuts bengalensis.The review describes some new bioactive drugs and isolated compounds from plants such as roseoside,epigallocatechin gallate,beta-pyrazol-1-ylalanine,cinchonain Ib,leucocyandin 3-O-beta-d-galactosyl cellobioside,leucopelargonidin-3- O-alpha-L rhamuoside,glycyrrhetinic acid,dehydrotrametenolic acid,strictinin,isostrictinin,pedunculagin, epicatechin and christinin-A showing significant insulinomimetic and antidiabetic activity with more efficacy than conventional hypoglycaemic agents.Thus,from the review majorly,the antidiabetic activity of medicinal plants is attributed to the presence of polyphenols,flavonoida, terpenoids,coumarins and other constituents which show reduction in blood glucose levels.The review also discusses the management aspect of diabetes mellitus using these plants and their active principles.

Phytotherapy in diabetes: Review on potential mechanistic perspectives

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a widely spread epidemic dis ease that results from the absence of insulin, decreased secretion and/or impaired function. Since DM is a multi factorial disease, the available pharmaceuticals, despite their sensible treatment, target mostly one pathway to control hyperglycemia and encounter several side effects. Therefore, new therapeutic paradigms aim to hit several pathways using only one agent. Tradition ally, antidiabetic plants and/or their active constituents may fulfill this need. More than 200 species of plants possess antidiabetic properties which were evaluated mostly by screening tests without digging far for the exact mode of action. Searching among the differen literature resources and various database and in view o the above aspects, the present article provides a com prehensive review on the available antidiabetic plants that have been approved by pharmacological and clini cal evaluations, and which their mechanism(s) of ac tion is assured. These plants are categorized according to their proved mode of action and are classified into those that act by inhibiting glucose absorption from in testine, increasing insulin secretion from the pancreasinhibiting glucose production from hepatocytes, or enhancing glucose uptake by adipose and muscle tissues. The current review also highlights those that mimic in their action the new peptide analogs, such as exenatide, liraglutide and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 inhibitors that increase glucagon-like peptide-1 serum concentration and slow down the gastric emptying.

Treatment approach to type 2 diabetes:Past,present and future

Type 2 diabetes mellitus(DM) is a lifelong metabolic disease, characterized by hyperglycaemia which gradually leads to the development and progression of vascular complications. It is recognized as a global burden disease, with substantial consequences on human health(fatality) as well as on health-care system costs. This review focuses on the topic of historical discovery and understanding the complexity of the disease in the field of pathophysiology, as well as development of the pharmacotherapy beyond insulin. The complex interplay of insulin secretion and insulin resistance developed from previously known "ominous triumvirate" to "ominous octet" indicate the implication of multiple organs in glucose metabolism. The pharmacological approach has progressed from biguanides to a wide spectrum of medications that seem to provide a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system. Despite this, we are still not achieving the target treatment goals. Thus, the future should bring novel antidiabetic drug classes capable of acting on several levels simultaneously. In conclusion, given the raising burden of type 2 DM, the best present strategy that could contribute the most to the reduction of morbidity and mortality should be focused on primary prevention.

Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.leaves extract and its modified cysteine preparation for the management of insulin resistance:chemical analysis and bioactivity

Bearberry(Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.)is a perennial plant of the heather family(Ericaceae).The leaves are dominated by arbutin,phenol carbonic acids flavonoids,saponins,etc.It was previously shown that the bearberry leaves extract reduced blood glucose level in healthy animals under glucose overload,so it need to be studied more detail.The aim of the study was to investigate the chemical composition and the effect of dry alcohol extract from bearberry leaves,which enriched with cysteine,on the rats pancreas under experimental dexamethasone-induced insulin resistance(IR).Arctostaphylos uva-ursi L.leaves extract and its modified cysteine preparation were obtained according to the developed method with 50%ethanol solution.Their phytochemical profile,hypoglycaemic and pancreatic protective effect were investigated.Phenologlycoside(arbutin),phenolic carboxylic acid(gallic acid),5 flavonoids and 4 hydroxy-cinnamic acids were identified and quantified in the extracts by HPLC.Present data revealed that bearberry leaves alcoholic dry extract enriched with cysteine has a hypoglycaemic and pancreatic protective effect in treated animals under dexamethasone-induced IR model.Treatment improved hyperglycaemia,insulin resistance and beta cell reduc-tion induced by dexamethasone injections.

Investigatory Study of Long Term Doses of <i>Costus afer</i>, Snail Slime, and Their Combination with a Standard Pharmaceutical Drug on Blood Glucose Level of Alloxan Induced Swiss Albino Rat

The Plant, Costus afer Ker Gawl. belongs to the family of Costaceae and has various uses where they exist. Their use in folk medicine and phytomedicine is in the treatment and management of variety of human ailment, like diabetes mellitus, abdominal problems etc. The search for new antidiabetic therapies has become increasingly urgent due to the development of adverse effects and resistance by the chemically synthesized drugs on one hand and effectiveness with low cost of the plant materials on the other hand. The investigations carried out is to determine the long term effects of Costus afer leaf methanol extract, snail slime and the combined Costus afer and snail slime extracts on blood glucose levels of alloxan induced diabetic Swiss albino rats treated orally for 21 days on graded dose of (100 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg). From the determination, the snail slime showed positive effect on blood glucose lowering level but less effective when compared with similar dose of the Costus afer leaf methanol extract. The investigation indicated that there was 103 mg/dL and 87 mg/dL blood glucose reduction for the low dose of Costus afer and Snail slime respectively while the standard hypoglycemic drug (Glibenclamide, 5 mg/kg) used for comparison yielded a blood glucose level reduction of 103 mg/dL. Similarly, the high dose used in the study gave a blood glucose reduction of 99 mg/dL and 95 mg/dL for Costus afer leaf methanol extract and Snail slime respectively. The results obtained when alloxan induced rats was treated with C. afer leaf methanol extract, Snail slime extract, and combined C. afer and snail slime extracts was analysed using Statistix 8.0 American version. The result showed a dose dependent fashion and the difference obtained from the compared results was statistically significant at p 1]. Still to that, medicinal and pharmacological activities of medicinal plants are often attributed to the presence of the so called secondary plant metabolites. Hence this regenerative capacity of snail slime and the fact that diabetes is characterized by damage of the pancreatic beta cells, may give credit to the hypoglycaemic effect observed in Costus afer methanol leaf extract and snail slime for possible drug formulation for anti-diabetic remedy. Our findings may approve snail slime which is insoluble in both acid and alkaline medium, to act as a carrier of chemical and biological nanoparticles for medical and pharmaceutical use.