Different nutrient compositions in diet and taking hypoglycemic drugs can modulate gut microbial flora

The diet structure of diabetic patients is different from that of normal people.Diabetic patients also need to take hypoglycemic drugs to regulate blood sugar.Both dieting and drugs affect the gut microbiota of diabetic patients.In this letter,we discuss that different dietary patterns and the use of hypoglycemic agents may have an impact on changes in gut microbiota in diabetic patients.

Vitamin D,selenium,and antidiabetic drugs in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus with Hashimoto's thyroiditis

BACKGROUND Diabetes and thyroiditis are closely related.They occur in combination and cause significant damage to the body.There is no clear treatment for type-2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)with Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT).While single symptomatic drug treatment of the two diseases is less effective,combined drug treatment may improve efficacy.AIM To investigate the effect of a combination of vitamin D,selenium,and hypoglycemic agents in T2DM with HT.METHODS This retrospective study included 150 patients with T2DM and HT treated at The Central Hospital of Shaoyang from March 2020 to February 2023.Fifty patients were assigned to the control group,test group A,and test group B according to different treatment methods.The control group received low-iodine diet guidance and hypoglycemic drug treatment.Test group A received the control treatment plus vitamin D treatment.Test group B received the group A treatment plus selenium.Blood levels of markers of thyroid function[free T3(FT3),thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH),free T4(FT4)],autoantibodies[thyroid peroxidase antibody(TPOAB)and thyroid globulin antibody(TGAB)],blood lipid index[low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),total cholesterol(TC),triacylglycerol(TG)],blood glucose index[fasting blood glucose(FBG),and hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)]were measured pre-treatment and 3 and 6 months after treatment.The relationships between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3[25(OH)D3]level and each of these indices were analyzed.RESULTS The levels of 25(OH)D3,FT3,FT4,and LDL-C increased in the order of the control group,test group A,and test group B(all P<0.05).The TPOAB,TGAB,TC,TG,FBG,HbA1c,and TSH levels increased in the order of test groups B,A,and the control group(all P<0.05).All the above indices were compared after 3 and 6 months of treatment.Pre-treatment,there was no divergence in serum 25(OH)D3 level,thyroid function-related indexes,autoantibodies level,blood glucose,and blood lipid index between the control group,test groups A and B(all P>0.05).The 25(OH)D3 levels in test groups A and B were negatively correlated with FT4 and TGAB(all P<0.05).CONCLUSION The combination drug treatment for T2DM with HT significantly improved thyroid function,autoantibody,and blood glucose and lipid levels.

Pharmacotherapy of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2: A Review on Various Hypoglycemics

Diabetes is a cosmopolitan medical issue ramifying a large population regardless of ethnicity.Elevated glycemic condition in a patient is explained as diabetes.It can be mainly categorized into Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(NIDDM)and Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus(IDDM)or Type 1 or Type 2 respectively.Type 1 or IDDM needs insulin therapy exclusively while Type 2 can be controlled via various hypoglycemic agents.Conventional classes contain glitazones,biguanides,sulfonylurea’s and soon,while newly developed drug classes include gliptins or DPP-4 inhibitors,SGLT-2 receptor inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists.The novelty in the anti-hyperglycemic agents have given promising results as compared to the conventional drugs.Insulin cannot be negated as far as its glycemic control is concerned.Furthermore,development of Insulin analogues like detemir,glargine,Lisprohave been shown to control glucose levels in the plasma more efficiently.