The structural characteristics of dietary fibers from Tremella fuciformis and their hypolipidemic effects in mice

In this study,Tremella fuciformis residues as raw material,dietary fibers from tremella were prepared by multiple enzymes.The structure of dietary fibers from tremella was studied by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR),X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).We analyzed their lipidlowering properties in vitro(water holding,oil holding swelling cholesterol and sodium cholate binding capacitises)and the hypolipidemic effects in mice.The results showed that tremella dietary fibers presented the infrared absorption spectrum characteristics of polysaccharides and the characteristic diffraction peaks of cellulose type I.SEM results indicated that the surface of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF)was porous,while the soluble dietary fiber(SDF)was relatively compact and spongy.IDF exhibited significantly higher water holding,oil holding,and swelling binding capacities than the corresponding SDF.However,SDF exhibited significantly higher viscosity than IDF.The results showed tremella dietary fibers were significant in swelling,water holding and oil holding,cholesterol and bile acids.In vivo experiment results in mice indicated that SDF has the best effect on hyperlipidemia mice than IDF and total dietary fiber(TDF).SDF showed that the total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)contents dropped by 28.33%,18.65%,and 48.97%,respectively,while high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)content increased by 43.80%.Compared with the high-fat control(HCM)group,the arteriosclerosis index(AI)and liver index(LI)of the SDF group mice showed significant differences,indicating that SDF has a good auxiliary effect of lowering blood lipids.The administration of tremella fibers improved the lipid metabolism disorderly situation of hyperlipidemia mice.These results provide a reference for further research and rational development of T.fuciformis.

Comparison of Hypolipidemic Effect of Refined Konjac Meal With Several Common Dietary Fibers and Their Mechanisms of Action

The effects of RKM in comparison with pectin, algin and agar on lipid levels in serum and liver and on liver histopathology in rats were studied. In addition, the effects of all the tested materials on the composition and output of fecal bile acid were observed. All four kinds of dietary fiber were given at a level of 5% of diet to young male rats of Wistar strain fed on a lipid-rich diet contalning 5 % lard, 1% cholesteral and 0. 25 % cholate. All the dietary fibers tested have similar effects on serum lipid composition. In all groups, these substances prevent ed increases in total cholesterol in fasting serum, but the level of triglyceride was tmchangd.The concentrations of totaI cholesterol and triglyceride in the liver were lower in the RKM group than in the control group and the other three groups. Hepatic histopathological exami nation also showed the most significant lipotropic effect in the RKM group. The daily output of fecal bile acids (CDCA+GDCA) was significantly increased in the four experimental groups than in the normal group and the control group. The increase of CDCA was more significant than GDCA, suggesting that the increase of fecal bile acids, especially CDCA, may be one of the mechanisms by which RKM and the other three dietary fibers exerts a hypocholesterolemic effect

Hypolipidemic and Antioxidative Effects of African Star Apple Juice (Chrysophylum albidum) on Rats Fed on Diets High in Cholesterol and Oil

This study investigated the possible hypolipidemic and antioxidative effects of Chrysophylum albidum juice in rats fed on highcholesterol and fatty diets (HFCD). The juice was expressed, pasteurized and frozen until needed. Diets were formulated by mixing at different ratios. Bio-assay of the blends was carried out for a period of 28 days. Twenty five male rats were divided into five groups of five each: a normal diet group, a high-cholesterol diet group, a high Fat/Cholesterol diet with 3 ml of African Star Apple Juice group, a high Fat/Cholesterol diet with 6 ml of African Star Apple Juice group, and a high Fat/Cholesterol diet with 9 ml of African Star Apple Juice group. Blood serum, selected tissues and organs were collected and the serum lipid profile, organ histology and oxidative stress test were carried out at the end of the animal experimentation. The levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol and artherogenic index obtained from rats treated with African star apple juice (3 ml, 6 ml and 9 ml) decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05), compared respectively to the HFCD rats. The results also showed that treatment with African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) positively changed plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid profiles in cholesterol-fed rats, and thus may have potential hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects, and by inference, the antiatherogenic properties in male rats. African star apple (Chrysophylum albidum) juice could protect against oxidative stress linked atherosclerosis and decrease the atherogenic index, thereby supporting the local use of Chrysophylum albidum in the management of atherosclerosis and hypertensive conditions.

Effects of resistant starchⅢon the serum lipids levels and gut microbiota of Kunming mice under high-fat diet

Resistant starch III(RS3),as a prebiotic,provides health benefits.This study aimed to investigate the role of RS3 in lowering serum lipids and regulating gut microbiota by administering Novelose 330 to Kunming(KM)mice.The results demonstrated that RS3 intervention significantly decreased body weight,food intake,levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),and liver fat.RS3 could remarkably improve the quality of the entire cecum,quality of the cecal wall,and wall surface area of mice;enhance the moisture content;and reduce the p H value.Moreover,the decrease in the liver TC content and the increase in the fecal TC content were related to RS3 intervention.The concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the colon and individual levels of acetate,propionate,and butyrate increased with RS3 supplementation.An Illumina-based sequencing approach showed that RS3 notably increased the Bacteroides/Firmicutes ratio in the mice fed a high-fat diet.At the genus level,the relative abundance of Bacteroides,Ruminococcus,and Bifidobacterium and the number of main SCFA producers increased in the mice fed an RS3 diet.These findings provided insights into specific gut microbiota shifts to the hypolipidemic effect of RS3.

Modulating Effects of Chlorogenic Acid on Lipids and Glucose Metabolism and Expression of Hepatic Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-α in Golden Hamsters Fed on High Fat Diet

Objective To examine the effects of chlorogenic acid （CGA） on lipid and glucose metabolism under a high dietary fat burden and to explore the possible role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α （PPAR-α） in these effects. Methods Twenty male golden hamsters were randomly divided into CGA treatment group （n=10, given peritoneal injection of CGA solution prepared with PBS, 80 mg CGA/kg body weight daily）, and control group （n=10, given PBS i.p. at the average volume of the treatment group）. Animals in both groups were given 15% high fat diet. Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the level of biochemical parameters in fasting serum and tissues and the expression of hepatic mRNA and protein PPAR-α were determined. Results Eight weeks after treatment with CGA, the levels of fasting serum triglyceride （TG）, free fatty acid （FFA）, total cholesterol （TC）, low density lipoprotein cholesterol （LDL-C）, high density lipoprotein cholesterol （HDL-C）, glucose （FSG）, and insulin （FSI） were significantly lower in the GGA treatment group than in the control group. CGA also led to higher activity of hepatic lipase （HL） lower contents of TG and FFA in liver, and lower activity of lipoprotein lipase （LPL） in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CGA significantly elevated significantly elevated the expression level of mRNA and protein expression in hepatic PPAR-α. Conclusion CGA can modify lipids and glucose metabolism, which may be attributed to PPAR-α facilitated lipid clearance in liver and improved insulin sensitivity.

Effect of black and white sesame on lowering blood lipids of rats with hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet

Sesamum indicum has various biological effects,and this study aimed to investigate its hypolipidemic effect.A hyperlipidemia rat model was established by feeding rats with high-fat diets in this study,then the hyperlipidemia rats were fed with different doses of black and white sesame seeds and black and white sesame kernels.The serum and liver biochemical indicators of the rats were determined,and liver pathology analysis was conducted to evaluate the hypolipidemic effect of sesame.The results showed that the blood lipid of SD(Sprague-Dawley)rats fed with high-fat diet for three weeks was higher than 200 mg/d L,indicating that the hyperlipidemia rat model was successfully established.At the same dose,the final body weights of the rats of white sesame seed and kernel groups were higher than those of the black sesame seed and kernel groups;and the weights of the black and white sesame seed groups were lower than those of the black and white sesame kernel groups.The liver indexes of the normal control group and the experimental groups were significantly lower than the model control group(P<0.05),indicating that black and white sesame seed and kernel could reduce the lipid accumulation on the liver.The malondialdehyde(MDA)values of the liver in the normal control group and the experimental groups were significantly lower than that in the model control group(P<0.05).The total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px)and total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)in the liver of each experimental group were significantly higher than those in the model control group(P<0.05).Based on the above results as well as pathological observation and analysis,we found that the black and white sesame seeds and kernels could improve fatty liver lesions and lipid metabolism disorder and could reduce lipid accumulation on the liver,thereby protecting the liver from damage and reducing the risk of fatty liver.Moreover,black and white sesame seeds,black and white sesame kernels can reduce the levels of total cholesterol(TC)and triglyceride(TG)in serum,and high dose of black sesame seeds(30%black sesame seeds)and low dose of black sesame kernels(10%black sesame kernels)were more beneficial for the recovery of hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.The above results indicated that black and white sesame has hypolipidemic effect.

Pu-erh tea: A review of a healthful brew

Pu-erh tea has been used for thousands of years to treat metabolic diseases.Recognized in Shen Nong's Herbal Classic,a compendium kept by the first traditional Chinese practitioners,it is still highly valued for its hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effects.This review reports the processing and bioactive components of pu-erh tea.Recent human and animal studies of pu-erh tea and its potential therapeutic mechanisms have also been summarized.The interaction of liver and gut microbiome regulates the puerh tea biotransformation and endogenous metabolism,and thus contributes to the health benefits.

Characterization of insoluble dietary fiber from Pleurotus eryngii and evaluation of its effects on obesity-preventing or relieving effects via modulation of gut microbiota

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obesity preventing or relieving effect of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF)from Pleurotus eryngii through its modulations on intestinal microbiota.The IDF was extracted and structurally characterized through FTIR,X-Ray and thermogravimetric(TG)analysis.The mice for in vivo experiments were divided into obesity preventing group(feeding high-fat diet while gavage IDF simultaneously)and obesity relieving group(IDF intervention after the establishment of the obese model)to evaluate its hypolipidemic effect.Results:The yield of P.eryngii IDF extracts was 56.49%(on P.eryngii dry weight base)with IDF content of 85.15%in the extracts.The in vivo results showed that the body weight of the obesity-preventing groups was still increasing after intervention with IDF,but the growth rate was lowered,and the abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation syndromes were alleviated;the acetic acid content of the medium and low dose dietary fiber intervention groups was significantly higher than that of the normal group,and the structure of the intestinal flora was improved.The mice weight from the obesity-relieving group decreased significantly.The abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation were alleviated.In conclusion,The IDF intervention decreased the abnormal lipid metabolism and inflammation in both obesity-preventing and relieving experiments.The intestinal flora structure was obviously improved.P.eryngii IDF is a good candidate as hypolipidemic agent.

Syntheses,characterization,and evaluation of novel non-carboxylic analogues of Gemfibrozil:a bioisosteric approach

Gemfibrozil is a widely used lipid modifying drug with well-established hypolipidemic and anti-atherosclerotic benefits; however, the presence of a carboxylic acid moiety in its structure is responsible for side effects in the gastrointestinal tract. The principle of bioisosterism was applied to design derivatives replacing the carboxylic acid group. The carboxylic acid group was replaced with bioisoteric groups, such as 1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol and hydroxamic acid. The derivatives were then synthesized, characterized, and evaluated in rats for reduced gastrointestinal irritation and hypolipidemic effects. Gemfibrozil was used as standard for comparison. The derivatives demonstrated less gastric irritation and retained hypolipidemic effects, however the hypolipidemic affects were significantly less than that of Gemfibrozil. The results of this study offers a direction for further research on the application of bioisosterism for the design of new derivatives of Gemfibrozil and other fibric acid derivatives.