Comparison of Vs and SPT Soil Liquefaction Assessments of NCEER: Including Hypothesis Testing

Soil liquefaction is one of the complex research topics in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Especially after the 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japan) induced many soil liquefaction incidents, a variety of soil liquefaction studies were conducted and reported, including the liquefaction potential assessment methods utilizing the shear wave velocity (Vs) or SPT-N profiles (SPT: standard penetration test). This study used the Vs and SPT methods recommended by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) to examine which is more conservative according to the assessment results on 41 liquefiable soil layers at sites in two major cities in Taiwan. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to make the analysis more quantitative and objective. Based on three sets of hypothesis tests, it shows that the hypothesis—the SPT method is more conservative than the Vs method—was not rejected on a 5% level of significance.

Testing on Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

This paper demonstrates two versions of Whorf hypothesis by giving a conclusion of its commonality and differences. Besides, some classical experiments of testing the hypothesis are given and the author constructs an experimental model of testing the weak version of the hypothesis under the instruction of Carroll's three thinking.

Blockchain-Based MCS Detection Framework of Abnormal Spectrum Usage for Satellite Spectrum Sharing Scenario

In this paper, the problem of abnormal spectrum usage between satellite spectrum sharing systems is investigated to support multi-satellite spectrum coexistence. Given the cost of monitoring, the mobility of low-orbit satellites, and the directional nature of their signals, traditional monitoring methods are no longer suitable, especially in the case of multiple power level. Mobile crowdsensing(MCS), as a new technology, can make full use of idle resources to complete a variety of perceptual tasks. However, traditional MCS heavily relies on a centralized server and is vulnerable to single point of failure attacks. Therefore, we replace the original centralized server with a blockchain-based distributed service provider to enable its security. Therefore, in this work, we propose a blockchain-based MCS framework, in which we explain in detail how this framework can achieve abnormal frequency behavior monitoring in an inter-satellite spectrum sharing system. Then, under certain false alarm probability, we propose an abnormal spectrum detection algorithm based on mixed hypothesis test to maximize detection probability in single power level and multiple power level scenarios, respectively. Finally, a Bad out of Good(BooG) detector is proposed to ease the computational pressure on the blockchain nodes. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

0-k膨胀计数回归模型的参数估计与统计检验

0-k膨胀计数回归模型的参数估计与统计检验一直是数据分析的热点问题.借助隐变量重新设定0-k膨胀回归模型,并采用EM算法和Fisher信息矩阵给出参数的点估计和区间估计;基于Wald统计量和LR统计量对0-k膨胀分布是否会退化的现象进行统计检验;以0-k膨胀泊松回归模型为例进行实际应用.研究结果显示,采用EM算法进行参数估计时收敛速度较快且估计结果稳健,不同的0-k膨胀泊松分布对原始数据的拟合效果不同,若将k设定为非膨胀数值可能会导致拟合结果出现偏差.

A New Deghosting Algorithm with Hypothesis Testing Data Fusion

Eliminating the false intersection (deghosting) is a difficult problem in a passive cross location system. Using a decentralized decision fusion topology, a new deghosting algorithm derived from hypothesis testing theory is developed. It uses the difference between ghosts and true targets in the statistical error, which occurs between their projection angles on a deghosting sensor and is measured from a deghosting sensor, and constructs a corresponding test statistic. Under the Gaussian assumption, ghosts and true targets are decided and discriminated by Chi-square distribution. Simulation results show the feasibility of the algorithm.

Hypothesis testing by simulation of a medical study model using the expected net benefits criteria

Introduction: This work investigates whether to conduct a medical study from the point of view of the expected net benefit taking into account statistical power, time and cost. The hypothesis of this paper is that the expected net benefit is equal to zero. Methods: Information were obtained from a pilot medical study that investigates the effects of two diagnostic modalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized axial tomography scanner (CT), on patients with acute stroke. Statistical procedure was applied for planning and contrasting equivalence, non-inferiority and inequality hypotheses of the study for the effectiveness, health benefits and costs. A statistical simulation model was applied to test the hypothesis that conducting the study would or not result in overall net benefits. If the null hypothesis not rejected, no benefits would occurred and therefore the two arms-patterns of diagnostic and treatment are of equal net benefits. If the null hypothesis is rejected, net benefits would occur if patients are diagnosed with the more favourable diagnostic modality. Results: For any hypothesis design, the expected net benefits are in the range of 366 to 1796 per patient at 80% of statistical power if conducting the study. The power depends on the monetary value available for a unit of health improvement. Conclusion: The statistical simulations suggest that diagnosing patients with CT will provide more favourable health outcomes showing statistically significant expected net benefits in comparison with MRI.

On the Distribution of Type II Errors in Hypothesis Testing

When a statistical test of hypothesis for a population mean is performed, we are faced with the possibility of committing a Type II error by not rejecting the null hypothesis when in fact the population mean has changed. We consider this issue and quantify matters in a manner that differs a bit from what is commonly done. In particular, we define the probability distribution function for Type II errors. We then explore some interesting properties that we have not seen mentioned elsewhere for this probability distribution function. Finally, we discuss several Maple procedures that can be used to perform various calculations using the distribution.

Sequential Probability Ratio Test of Correlation Coefficient Using Fuzzy Hypothesis Testing

One of the important fields in statistics is testing hypothesis of correlation coefficient. The extension of the idea of testing correlation to fuzzy hypothesis is of great interesting. In this study, we examined the use of fuzzy hypothesis testing approach for the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) of correlation coefficient. Use of fuzzy hypothesis testing for correlation coefficient with SPRT is illustrated by an example.

Sample Size Determination and Statistical Hypothesis Testing for Core Centration in Press Coated Tablets

A novel statistical approach to evaluate the manufacturing quality of press coated tablets in terms of the centering of their core is presented. We also provide a formula to determine the necessary sample size. This approach is applied to real data.

Exploring the Abnormal Brain Regions and Abnormal Functional Connections in SZ by Multiple Hypothesis Testing Technique

Schizophrenia(SZ)is one of the most common mental diseases.Its main characteristics are abnormal social behavior and inability to correctly understand real things.In recent years,the magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)technique has been popularly utilized to study SZ.However,it is still a great challenge to reveal the essential information contained in the MRI data.In this paper,we proposed a biomarker selection approach based on the multiple hypothesis testing techniques to explore the difference between SZ and healthy controls by using both functional and structural MRI data,in which biomarkers represent both abnormal brain functional connectivity and abnormal brain regions.By implementing the biomarker selection approach,six abnormal brain regions and twenty-three abnormal functional connectivity in the brains of SZ are explored.It is discovered that compared with healthy controls,the significantly reduced gray matter volumes are mainly distributed in the limbic lobe and the basal ganglia,and the significantly increased gray matter volumes are distributed in the frontal gyrus.Meanwhile,it is revealed that the significantly strengthened connections are those between the middle frontal gyrus and the superior occipital gyrus,the superior occipital gyrus and the middle occipital gyrus as well as the middle occipital gyrus and the fusiform gyrus,and the rest connections are significantly weakened.

Hypothesis Testing of Population Percentiles via the Wald Test with Bootstrap Variance Estimates

Testing the equality of percentiles (quantiles) between populations is an effective method for robust, nonparametric comparison, especially when the distributions are asymmetric or irregularly shaped. Unlike global nonparametric tests for homogeneity such as the Kolmogorv-Smirnov test, testing the equality of a set of percentiles (i.e., a percentile profile) yields an estimate of the location and extent of the differences between the populations along the entire domain. The Wald test using bootstrap estimates of variance of the order statistics provides a unified method for hypothesis testing of functions of the population percentiles. Simulation studies are conducted to show performance of the method under various scenarios and to give suggestions on its use. Several examples are given to illustrate some useful applications to real data.

Sensitivity and Specificity Analysis Relation to Statistical Hypothesis Testing and Its Errors: Application to Cryptosporidium Detection Techniques

The use of Statistical Hypothesis Testing procedure to determine type I and type II errors was linked to the measurement of sensitivity and specificity in clinical trial test and experimental pathogen detection techniques. A theoretical analysis of establishing these types of errors was made and compared to determination of False Positive, False Negative, True Positive and True Negative. Experimental laboratory detection methods used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. were used to highlight the relationship between hypothesis testing, sensitivity, specificity and predicted values. The study finds that, sensitivity and specificity for the two laboratory methods used for Cryptosporidium detection were low hence lowering the probability of detecting a “false null hypothesis” for the presence of cryptosporidium in the water samples using either Microscopic or PCR. Nevertheless, both procedures for cryptosporidium detection had higher “true negatives” increasing its probability of failing to reject a “true null hypothesis” with specificity of 1.00 for both Microscopic and PCR laboratory detection methods.

LDRA TestBed在CTCS2-200C扩展单元软件测试中的应用

介绍了LDRA Test Bed软件测试工具和CTCS2-200C扩展单元,以CTCS2-200C为例,通过对软件进行静态和动态测试,参照EN 50128:2011标准,提高了整个软件开发生命周期中的各项验证和确认活动效率,降低了软件的风险。

Pulsed Eddy Current Non-destructive Testing and Evaluation:A Review

Pulsed eddy current （PEC） non-destructive test- ing and evaluation （NDT＆E） has been around for some time and it is still attracting extensive attention from researchers around the globe, which can be witnessed through the reports reviewed in this paper. Thanks to its richness of spectral components, various applications of this technique have been proposed and reported in the lit- erature covering both structural integrity inspection and material characterization in various industrial sectors. To support its development and for better understanding of the phenomena around the transient induced eddy currents, attempts for its modelling both analytically and numeri- cally have been made by researchers around the world. This review is an attempt to capture the state-of-the-art development and applications of PEC, especially in the last 15 years and it is not intended to be exhaustive. Future challenges and opportunities for PEC NDT＆E are also presented.

The 0-1 test algorithm for chaos and its applications

To determine whether a given deterministic nonlinear dynamic system is chaotic or periodic, a novel test approach named zero-one （0-1） test has been proposed recently. In this approach, the regular and chaotic motions can be decided by calculating the parameter K approaching asymptotically to zero or one. In this study, we focus on the 0-1 test algorithm and illustrate the selection of parameters of this algorithm by numerical experiments. To validate the reliability and the universality of this algorithm, it is applied to typical nonlinear dynamic systems, including fractional-order dynamic system.

基于Test Method 1311法重结晶α-半水石膏重金属元素的浸出特性研究

以脱硫石膏及其常压盐溶液法重结晶得到的α-半水石膏为研究对象,采用改进的Tessier流程和Test Method 1311法研究两种石膏晶体重金属元素的赋存形态和浸出特性,并对其进行环境效应评价。结果表明:重结晶过程能够释放脱硫石膏中的重金属元素并使其赋存形态改变;重结晶后石膏晶体中的重金属组分短期内可达到释放平衡,其中Cr、Pb、Ni元素的最大浸出量明显低于对应的脱硫石膏,As元素的浸出量几乎不变;α-半水石膏的环境友好性优于脱硫石膏,但仍具有污染环境的潜在风险。

No Evidence for the Compensation Hypothesis in the Swelled Vent Frog(Feirana quadranus)

The compensation hypothesis predicts that if the left testis is defective e.g.due to developmental stress,the increased right testis serves a compensatory role,and thereby displaying testes asymmetry which can be a reliable indicator of male body condition.Here,to test the prediction of the compensation hypothesis,we analyzed difference in size between left testis and right testis and the relationship between testes asymmetry and male body condition in the swelled vent frog(Feirana quadranus).We found that the left testis was larger than right testis,displaying a significant directional asymmetry in testes size.Although testes mass was correlated with body condition,testes asymmetry was not correlated with body condition,which cannot provide evidence that the right testis had a compensatory function.Our findings suggest no evidence for the compensation hypothesis in this species due to lacking the compensatory function in right testis.

Kolmogorov-Smirnov APF Test for Inhomogeneous Poisson Processes with Shift Parameter

In this article, we study the Kolmogorov-Smirnov type goodness-of-fit test for the inhomogeneous Poisson process with the unknown translation parameter as multidimensional parameter. The basic hypothesis and the alternative are composite and carry to the intensity measure of inhomogeneous Poisson process and the intensity function is regular. For this model of shift parameter, we propose test which is asymptotically partially distribution free and consistent. We show that under null hypothesis the limit distribution of this statistic does not depend on unknown parameter.

Test of Normality of Waist Measurement Data of Young Male and Female Adults based on the Quantile - Quantile Plot

This paper investigates the normality of some real data set obtained from waist measurements of a group of 49 young adults. The quantile - quantile （Q-Q） plot and the analysis of correlation coefficients for the Q-Q plot is used to determine the normality or otherwise of the data set. In this regards, the probabilities of the quantiles were computed, modified and plotted. Thereafter the correlation coefficients for the quantile - quantile plots were obtained. Results indicate that at 0.1 level of significance, the data for young adult males of the sample were not normally distributed, and had a mean value that is within the range of low risk, healthwise, whereas the distribution of the data for young female adults showed reasonable normality, but also with a mean value that is within the range of low risk in terms of health condition.

Hypothesis testing of Poisson rates in COVID-19 offspring distributions

In the present study,we undertake the task of hypothesis testing in the context of Poissondistributed data.The primary objective of our investigation is to ascertain whether two distinct sets of discrete data share the same Poisson rate.We delve into a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of various frequentist and Bayesian methodologies specifically designed to address this problem.Among these are the conditional test,the likelihood ratio test,and the Bayes factor.Additionally,we employ the posterior predictive p-value in our analysis,coupled with its corresponding calibration procedures.As the culmination of our investigation,we apply these diverse methodologies to test both simulated datasets and real-world data.The latter consists of the offspring distributions linked to COVID-19 cases in two disparate geographies-Hong Kong and Rwanda.This allows us to provide a practical demonstration of the methodologies’applications and their potential implications in the field of epidemiology.