The Proof Dilemma of Porter’s Hypothesis:Analysis of Its Verification Difficulties

The Porter Hypothesis,proposed by Michael E.Porter,suggests that stringent environmental regulations can enhance corporate innovation and competitiveness,challenging the traditional view that regulations increase business costs.It argues that regulations motivate firms to innovate,leading to improved productivity,cost reductions,and new market opportunities.However,there are proponents and critics in academia regarding the hypothesis.Supporters claim regulations change corporate behavior,reducing agency costs and boosting research and development.Critics argue that if win-win situations exist,businesses would naturally pursue them without regulatory incentives.Key challenges in proving or refuting the hypothesis include its various versions,the difficulty in quantifying innovation and competitiveness,the complex interplay between regulation,innovation,and competitiveness,and the varying impacts across industries and regions.Additionally,the effects may require a long time to manifest,and the hypothesis’s applicability is influenced by evolving environmental policies and market environments.Despite mixed empirical findings,the Porter Hypothesis provides a valuable framework for understanding the relationships among environmental regulation,innovation,and competitiveness,but its validation requires a more comprehensive assessment.

人类“绿色基因”假说(Human"Green-Gene"Hypothesis):核心内容、科学佐证与实践意义

首先,对人类“绿色基因”的形成进行探讨,包括人类(动物)与植物共同维持大气中碳氧平衡、人类(动物)与植物互为食物链关系、人体功能中存在植物性功能、绿色是人类眼睛最易看到的颜色、人类血红蛋白的结构相似于叶绿素结构、作为人体呼吸器官的肺部相似于树木地上部形状(树形)、人类肠道绒毛相似于植物根系毛细根等方面。进而对支持早期人类生活的植物类型与栽培植物诞生进行研究。在此基础上,提出人类“绿色基因”假说及其核心内容,归纳该假说的科学佐证。人类“绿色基因”假说从整体的、发展的思维解释人类与植物关系,奠定了园艺疗法、园林康养、森林康养的坚实基础,并指出接触植物、进行园艺操作与田园劳作是人们实现接地、激发触觉潜在功能的途径。

Alzheimer’s disease risk after COVID-19:a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration

In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration,we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration.We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-βcascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease.We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine,which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.

Comparison of Vs and SPT Soil Liquefaction Assessments of NCEER: Including Hypothesis Testing

Soil liquefaction is one of the complex research topics in geotechnical engineering and engineering geology. Especially after the 1964 Niigata earthquake (Japan) induced many soil liquefaction incidents, a variety of soil liquefaction studies were conducted and reported, including the liquefaction potential assessment methods utilizing the shear wave velocity (Vs) or SPT-N profiles (SPT: standard penetration test). This study used the Vs and SPT methods recommended by the National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER) to examine which is more conservative according to the assessment results on 41 liquefiable soil layers at sites in two major cities in Taiwan. Statistical hypothesis testing was used to make the analysis more quantitative and objective. Based on three sets of hypothesis tests, it shows that the hypothesis—the SPT method is more conservative than the Vs method—was not rejected on a 5% level of significance.

现代数理统计中假设检验的教学探讨

假设检验是现代概率论与数理统计教学中的重要内容和知识点,而假设检验包含建立原假设、构造统计量、计算概率分布、确定临界值和得出结论等过程。在教学过程中,很多教师都忽视建立原假设这个方面。由于没有强调原假设设计方法,学生碰到此类问题很容易产生疑惑出错。实际上,原假设的三个选择是不可以随意互换的,需要通过阅读问题,依据“小概率事件原理”来选择合适的假设。通过对假设检验中单边检验真题案例的教学探讨和分析,完成对原假设存在的三个选择的不同分析,然后对得到的结果进行比较。分析探讨在假设检验教学中做原假设和备择假设设计时,需要结合题目要求,按照“小概率事件原理”来设计假设的方案,促进学生对此问题的理解,并且在实际教学应用中取得良好的效果。

欹器人性假设:一个动态的定量人性管理模型

欹器人性假设是一种融合的人性假设,从方法论的视角,综合方法是中国思维的长处,把握人性的整体性;分析方法是西方思维的优势,分解人性的定量性。从思想来源的视角,动态思想源于《易经》,定量模型源于西方科学。以欹器物理模型为原型,结合隐喻与管理、物理学方法,在西方管理理论中复杂人的基础之上,以《易经》的哲学思想和方法论,提出基于中国哲学的欹器人性假设,揭示创新与效率转化的内生机制,结论是欹器人性假设分为组织内的理想人性假设和组织外的现实人性假设,提示了组织演变微观的人的动力学机制。欹器人性假设是复杂人假设的修正,其理论意义是欹器人性假设具有演绎性,其实践意义是使得实现组织内各层次人的价值更具有操作性。

开采保护层与预抽煤层瓦斯防突效果分析

为比较开采保护层与预抽煤层瓦斯防突效果,以1124(3)运顺开采保护层段和预抽煤层瓦斯段煤巷掘进为试验对象,统计了试验地点煤巷掘进期间残余瓦斯含量、钻屑瓦斯解吸指标K1、钻屑量等防突指标,采用假设检验方法推断了各防突指标是否有差别,分析了开采保护层段和预抽煤层瓦斯段各防突指标产生差别的原因,验证了开采保护层区域防突措施比预抽煤层瓦斯区域防突措施更加安全可靠。

巴迪欧论共产主义假设新序列与减法政治

在传统左派陷入迷失之际,巴迪欧提出了“共产主义假设”并考察了其历史,进而指出现在的紧迫问题是要在组织和行动的新形式内部发现共产主义假设展示自身的新方式,开启共产主义假设的新序列。这一新方式就是其所倡言的“减法”政治,其核心要义在于与国家保持距离,而其实质,在巴迪欧自己看来是保罗•策兰意义上的一场新的“远征”,实则是一种弥赛亚主义式的狂热。

幅度信息辅助的海面低空多目标多假设跟踪算法

在海面低空多目标跟踪场景下,由于受到海杂波的影响,多假设跟踪算法会生成大量虚假航迹并发生航迹中断。针对此问题,提出一种基于幅度信息辅助的海面低空多目标多假设跟踪算法。首先,算法采用先验的信杂比信息,通过设置幅度门限区分出目标回波量测与杂波量测;然后,利用回波量测的幅度信息修正多假设跟踪算法中的航迹得分,提高数据关联的准确度;最后,针对跟踪处理后出现的航迹中断问题,采用图模型方法实现航迹粘连。仿真实验结果表明,文中提出的算法能够有效降低海杂波的影响,减少虚假航迹与中断航迹的产生。

二项分布双边收尾概率和假设检验统计量的几处修正

二项分布是广泛存在的一种离散型概率分布。服从二项分布B(n,p)的一个随机变量等于n个相互独立且服从贝努利分布B(1,p)的随机变量之和,二项分布包含参数p的估计与检验等同于贝努利分布参数p的估计与检验。本文修正常见教科书中有关二项分布双边收尾概率计算和假设检验统计量构建中存在的3处问题。(1)对二项分布B(n,p)的取值概率pk(k=0,1,…,n)从小到大排序,排序后的概率用p_((k))表示,观测值k的双边收尾精确概率等于■;(2)二项分布B(n,p)参数p与给定值p0的差异显著性检验统计量被修正为■,该统计量在大样本条件下近似服从正态分布N(p–p0,1);(3)二项分布B(n1,p1)和B(n2,p2)的参数p1和p2差异显著性检验统计量被修正为■,该统计量在大样本条件下近似服从正态分布N(p1–p2,1)。修正后的双边收尾概率是精确值,不会出现概率大于1的问题。修正后的2个检验统计量无论原假设是否成立,其大样本近似正态分布的方差均为1,有利于准确研究备择假设条件下检验统计量的功效。此外,文中还介绍了小样本条件下二项分布参数的精确检验,对比分析了准确检验与近似检验的异同;讨论了修正统计量的理论基础,给出了小概率和大样本的判定标准,列出了贝努利分布参数检验与正态分布均值检验的异同。期望读者能够从中了解到假设检验与统计推断作为统计学核心研究内容的全貌。

负向变形理论假说

金属板材或管材在轧制过程中产生宏微观织构导致其各方向力学性能不同,表现出明显的各向异性。目前常用厚向异性系数r值定量表征各向异性。在假设存在-r值的前提下,基于Hill48屈服准则,给出了二维应力状态屈服轨迹,讨论了可能的反常变形行为。若能制备出r<-0.5的材料,将出现拉伸变粗或变宽,而压缩变细或变窄的反常现象,称之为“负向变形材料”。如其客观存在,则现有关联型塑性本构理论不适应这类材料,由此提出“负向变形理论假说”。希望更多学者通过深入研究证明:该假说是正确的理论或谬误的想法,活跃学术思维,以其寻求塑性理论突破,推动原始技术创新。

基于先验知识的弓网接触电阻预测模型精度提升方法

高速列车的运行实践表明,随着运行速度提高,受电弓与接触导线分离的可能性越大,越容易产生弓网电弧。导致电弧产生的因素很多,但最终都归结到滑板与接触网的接触电阻上。首先利用滑动电接触实验机,研究了波动载荷、滑动速度和接触电流对接触电阻的影响,并进一步结合表面形貌特征,分析了磨损机制、电弧放电与接触电阻演变规律之间的关系。其次为了预测不同工况下的接触电阻,建立了径向基(RBF)神经网络回归模型,通过在模型训练中融入先验知识和采用改进的食肉植物优化算法(ICPA)优化RBF神经网络超参数,提升弓网接触电阻预测模型的精度。有、无先验知识的ICPA-RBF模型预测性能对比仿真结果表明,两类先验知识分别有助于提高模型的收敛速度和预测精度。最后采用假设检验验证了模型的有效性。

环境规制、所有制结构与技术创新——兼论国企改革的作用

环境保护可以促进资源节约、推动技术进步,因此,基于环境保护优化经济结构成为经济发展的必然趋势。波特假说认为,环境规制在改善环境的同时也推动了企业技术创新和竞争力的提升,能够实现环境保护和经济发展的共赢。本文在控制了市场竞争强度、企业家精神等重要解释变量下,试图回答所有制结构在我国是否影响了波特效应。研究发现,尽管环境规制在一定程度上能促进企业加大技术创新,但从企业经济性质考察,环境规制的波特效应受所有制结构的影响,实际效果被降低了。可能的原因是当前我国的市场竞争环境还不够高效,环境规制对国有企业和民营企业产生了不同的效应,从整体上拖累了企业技术创新。因此有必要加快推进国有企业改革,改善市场竞争环境,依法加强环境规制,降低因企业性质差异而产生的不同环境规制影响。

碳交易试点市场激励型环境规制与企业全要素生产率影响研究

市场激励型环境规制在保护环境的同时对于经济发展会产生一定的影响,文章基于碳交易试点政策来探讨市场激励型环境规制对于企业全要素生产率的影响,以2010—2022年我国沪深A股上市公司数据为基础,通过构建双重差分模型进行实证分析,结果表明:(1)市场激励型环境规制对于企业全要素生产率具有显著的正向影响效果;(2)在碳配额方式采用部分有偿、碳交易价格较低的地区正向影响效果更为明显,除此之外,相比于东部地区,在碳交易政策背景下的中、西部地区市场激励型环境规制对于企业全要素生产率的正向影响效果更显著;(3)通过中介效应模型分析,该环境规制满足“波特假说”的设定,能够激励企业研发创新而提高企业全要素生产率,同时还有降低企业纳税压力或者缓解企业融资约束这两条提升路径。基于上述结论,建议可以从加强传统企业设备升级、增加有偿碳配额方式、维持碳交易价格或者增加企业研发创新活动等来维持企业自身的发展。

遭受义“把”字句的产生理据——兼议“变异性扩展”和“承契特征”

遭受义“把”字句是一个义类容量较小的独立图式性构式,其直接来源是致使义“把”字句中的消损类。尽管其后果为“形式旧—意义新”组配,从致使义“把”字句到遭受义“把”字句的演变并不属于变异性扩展,因为按照目前的“扩展中的语义变异”假设,经变异性扩展产生的新图式性构式是源构式边缘义类或边缘构例的意义进一步创新的结果,而作为遭受义“把”字句源头的消损类致使义“把”字句也并非某个图式性构式的边缘义类。承契特征的作用在遭受义“把”字句的个案里体现得很清楚。遭受义“把”字句的最重要特征之一是其中的“违愿”或“不幸”意涵,该意涵根源于消损类致使义“把”字句一个既有的语义语用限制条件,即“NP+VP”的结果存在负面色彩。

P值之争与管理学研究:先验概率的意义

P值之争的本质是人们把统计检验和统计推断混淆,直接用统计检验结果来进行统计推断.这导致许多似是而非的理论被接受.统计检验犯错的是假阳性概率.统计推断犯错的是假阳性之反概率.两种概率之间的数值关系受先验概率影响很大.先验概率越高,利用统计检验的结果进行推断所犯错误概率就越小.如果先验概率很小,即使假阳性概率很小,利用该结果进行推断所犯错误概率也很大.本文以管理学研究为例,提出解决该问题的办法是,通过与现实和与理论的双重对话来掌握先验概率,以提高基于统计检验的结果进行统计推断的可靠性.本文的科学哲学意义是,揭示了科学研究是先验与经验相统一的本质,以及科学研究的不充分决定性的特征.

随机样本数据的概率表征方法

本文通过算例分析了参数概率表征方法的适用性和有效性.对于非参数概率密度估计,介绍了几种拟合变量概率密度函数的方法,通过算例对比了不同方法的拟合效果.

就业质量促进家庭消费升级的理论与实证分析

依据2010—2020年共6期中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)面板数据,构建个体层面就业质量指标体系,考量就业质量对家庭消费升级的影响。结果显示:就业质量显著促进家庭消费升级;与农村和中西部地区相比,就业质量提升对城镇和东部家庭消费升级的促进效应更显著;机制分析表明,金融素养水平、家庭经济条件、年龄段均存在不同程度的调节效应。

Evaluating soil acidification risk and its effects on biodiversity–ecosystem multifunctionality relationships in the drylands of China

Background:Soil acidifcationn caused by anthropogenic activities may aft soil biochemical cydling,bidiversity,productivity,and multiple eosystem-related functions in drylands.However,to date,such information is lacking to support this hypothesis.Methods Based on a transect survey of 78 naturally assembled shrub communities,we caloulated acid deposition flux in Northwest China and evaluated its likely ecological ffets by testing three altemnative hypotheses,namely:.nidche complementarity,mass ratio,and vegetation quantity hypotheses Rao's quadratic entopy and community-weighted mean traits were employed to represent the complementary aspect of niche complementarity and mass ratio effects,respectively.Resulbs:We observed that in the past four decades,the concentrations of exchangeable base cations in soil in Northwest China have decreased significantly to the extent of having faced the risk of depletion,whereas changes in the calium carbonate content and pH of soil were not significant.Adid deposition primani ly increased the aboweground biomass and shrub density in shrublands but had no sigmificant effect on shrub richness and ecasystem multifunctionality(EMF),indicating that acid deposition had positive but weak ecological effects on dryland ecosystems.Community wd ghted mean of functional traits(representing the mass ratio hypothesis)correlated negatively with EMF,whereas both Rao's quadratic entropy(representing the niche complementarity hypothesis)and aboveground biomass(representing the vegetation quantity hypothesis)correlated positively but insignifcantly with EMF.These biodiversity-EMF relationships highlight the fragility and instability of drylands relative to forest ecasystems.Concuions:The findings from this study serve as important reference points to understand the ris of soil acidification in arid regions and its impacts on biodiversity-EMF relationships.

A review of the neurotransmitter system associated with cognitive function of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease

The dichotomized brain system is a concept that was generalized from the‘dual syndrome hypothesis’to explain the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment,in which anterior and posterior brain systems are independent but partially overlap.The dopaminergic system acts on the anterior brain and is responsible for executive function,working memory,and planning.In contrast,the cholinergic system acts on the posterior brain and is responsible for semantic fluency and visuospatial function.Evidence from dopaminergic/cholinergic imaging or functional neuroimaging has shed significant insight relating to the involvement of the cerebellum in the cognitive process of patients with Parkinson’s disease.Previous research has reported evidence that the cerebellum receives both dopaminergic and cholinergic projections.However,whether these two neurotransmitter systems are associated with cognitive function has yet to be fully elucidated.Furthermore,the precise role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment remains unclear.Therefore,in this review,we summarize the cerebellar dopaminergic and cholinergic projections and their relationships with cognition,as reported by previous studies,and investigated the role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson’s disease and cognitive impairment,as determined by functional neuroimaging.Our findings will help us to understand the role of the cerebellum in the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease.