The Introduction of the Idea of the Hypothetical Magellanica Continent into China during the Seventeenth Century

The idea of the hypothetical Magellanica Continent(Terra Australis Incognita)was introduced into China by the Jesuit missionaries during the seventeenth century.While not accepted by the Chinese government,it was affirmed and transmitted to the public by a few Chinese scholars,including Feng Yingjing,Cheng Bai'er,Zhang Huang,Xiong Mingyu,Xiong Renlin,You Yi,Zhou Yuqi,Jie Xuan,Wang Honghan,and Ye Zipei.Most of them communicated closely with the Jesuit missionaries,and several even helped the missionaries compose the maps.The concept was updated progressively by Matteo Ricci,Giulio Aleni,Johann Adam Schall von Bell,Francesco Sambiasi,and Ferdinand Verbiest.Chinese scholars copied the missionaries'relevant maps and textual introductions without much modification.However,they paid little attention to advancements in the idea,and many of them circulated outdated knowledge.It was not until the middle-and late-nineteenth century that Chinese scholars reexamined the correctness of this hypothetical continent.

Structural and Functional Annotation of Hypothetical Protein of Fusobacterium nucleatum Strain MJR7757B: An in Silico Approach

Fusobacterium nucleatum is an anaerobic, commensal, gram-negative oral bacterium that is carcinogenic and causes a wide range of human diseases. The present study focused on the analysis of the hypothetical protein, HMPREF3221_01179, derived from F. nucleatum strain MJR7757B, employing various computational methods to anticipate both its structure and functional characteristics. NCBI conserved domain analysis, NCBI BLASTp and MEGA Phylogenetic tree study characterize the target protein as an outer membrane efflux protein (ToIC family) which facilitate the bacterial transmembrane transport. With a molecular weight of 52120.02 Da, an isoelectric point (pI) of 8.33, and an instability index of 29.47, the protein is anticipated to exhibit good solubility in the extracellular space and crucial stability for pharmaceutical applications. The protein’s structure meets quality standards during the construction and refinement of its 3D model. The efflux inhibitor Arginine beta-naphthylamide exhibits a significant binding affinity (-7.1 kcal/mol) to the binding site of the target protein. The in-silico analysis improves the understanding of the protein and facilitates future investigations into therapeutic medication.

A Model of Accelerated Expansion of the Universe Based on the Idea about a Hypothetical 4-Dimensial Substance with an Inverse Population of Energy Levels

Based on the idea of hypothetical 4-dimensial substance with an inverse population of energy levels, a model of accelerated expansion of the Universe has been developed, which describes Hubble diagrams with great accuracy for type Ia supernovae, quasars and gamma-ray burst sources at the Hubble parameter value of 67.7 km/s/Mpc, coinciding with the value obtained from analysis of inhomogeneities of relic radiation. Calculations at the Hubble parameter value of 73.5 km/s/Mpc, obtained using the ΛCDM model based on the analysis of data on type Ia supernovae and cepheids, differ markedly from the observed data. An explanation of the two values of the Hubble constant is proposed. It is shown that in this model, the magnitude of 13.8 billion years characterizes not the age of the Universe, but the time of propagation of light from those galaxes whose acceleration of removal has a minimal value. Based on the recently discovered curvature of the Universe, estimates are given of the lower limits of its size and lifetime, which turned out to be at least 270 billon years. The probability of transition from the excited state to the underlying energy levels of a hypothetical 4-dimensial substance, as well as the low of increasing energy density as a result of transitions to the underlying levels of this substance, is determined.

尘螨肠道微生物蛋白Hypothetical protein CE2118的表达及纯化

目的研究尘螨肠道微生物蛋白Hypothetical protein CE2118的表达和纯化,为研究其在尘螨疫苗免疫治疗中的作用奠定基础。方法采用生物信息学方法,根据GenBank中Hypothetical protein CE2118蛋白的基因序列,将其中稀有密码子改造为大肠杆菌常用密码子并进行二级结构优化,合成Hypothetical protein CE2118基因,构建原核表达载体pGEX6P-1-hypothetical protein CE2118并经酶切鉴定,在大肠埃希菌Rosetta(DE3)中用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,重组产物采用GST亲和层析纯化柱纯化。结果经密码子改造和二级结构优化后Hypothetical protein CE2118基因长度为588bp,其编码蛋白理论分子量为21kDa。重组表达载体经酶切鉴定与理论推测结果相符,该基因经IPTG诱导在大肠埃希菌Rosetta(DE3)中得到高效的可溶性表达,纯化后的重组蛋白分子量约为21kDa,其单一蛋白纯度达95%以上。结论本研究成功构建了Hypothetical protein CE2118基因的pGEX6P-1原核重组质粒,获得的可溶性重组蛋白为进一步研究肠道微生物蛋白Hypothetical protein CE2118在尘螨疫苗免疫治中的作用机理奠定基础。

Can soil respiration estimate neglect the contribution of abiotic exchange?

This study examines the hypothesis that soil respiration can always be interpreted purely in terms of biotic processes, neglecting the contribution of abiotic exchange to COg fluxes in alkaline soils of arid areas that characterize 5% of the Earth＇s total land surface. Analyses on flux data collected from previous studies suggested reconciling soil respiration as organic （root/microbial respiration） and inorganic （abiotic CO2 exchange） respiration, whose contributions in the total CO2 flux were determined by soil alkaline content. On the basis of utilizing mete- orological and soil data collected from the Xinjiang and Central Asia Scientific Data Sharing Platform, an incorpo- rated model indicated that inorganic respiration represents almost half of the total CO2 flux. Neglecting the abiotic module may result in overestimates of soil respiration in arid alkaline lands, which partly explains the long-sought ＂missing carbon sink＂.

Numerical simulation of typhoon-induced storm surge along Jiangsu coast,PartⅠ:Analysis of tropical cyclone

The Tropical Cyclone Best Track Dataset issued by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute of the China Meteorological Administration, for the period from 1949 to 2013, was analyzed, and the typhoons threatening the Jiangsu coast were categorized into three different classes in terms of track, including typhoons making straight landfall, typhoons active in offshore areas, and typhoons moving northward after landfall. On the basis of the 65-year dataset, the typhoon parameters of these three categories, including the central pressure and the maximum wind speed, were investigated. Statistical analysis suggested that the minimum central pressure increased northward and shoreward gradually. The relationship between the maximum wind speed and the minimum central pressure was established through second-order polynomial fitting. Considering typhoons No. 1210, No. 0012, and No. 9711 as the basic typhoons, ten hypothetical cyclones with typical tracks and minimum central pressure occurring during the period from 1949 to 2013 were designed, providing the driving conditions for numerical simulation of typhoon-induced storm surges along the Jiangsu coast.

Xoryp_08180 of Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Encoding a Hypothetical Protein,is Regulated by HrpG and HrpX and Required for Full Virulence in Rice

Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola（Xoc） causes a destructive bacterial leaf streak disease in rice.Some of the gene products annotated as hypothetical proteins in the genome of Xoc may contribute to its virulence in rice.A mutant,Mxoc1679,screened from our previous Tn5-tagged mutant library for Xoc strain RS105,showed reduced virulence in rice.In this mutant,a gene named as Xoryp_08180 was disrupted by Tn5 insertion.Xoryp_08180 encodes a 1 306-aa hypothetical protein which is highly conserved in Xanthomonas spp.Non-polar mutation of Xoryp_08180 in RS105 strain led to a significant reduction in bacterial virulence and growth in rice,a delayed hypersensitive response（HR） in non-host tobacco,and a decrease in extracellular protease activity.The deficiencies above were restored to wild-type level in the complementary strain by expressing Xoryp_08180 in trans.In addition,the expression of Xoryp_08180 was repressed in hrpG and hrpX mutants in planta but not in a nutrient-rich condition.These results suggested that Xoryp_08180 is a virulence factor required for extracellular protease production,HR induction and full virulence of Xoc.

Breastfeeding and risk of parasitic infection-a review

Breastfeeding,as exclusive nutrition in the first six months of life,is a necessary nutritional requisite in infants.Except for very few maternal diseases that contraindicate breastfeeding,some of which still controversial,breastfeeding mothers must continue exclusive and sustained lactation to provide maximum overall benefits through breastfeeding.Parasitic infections is a global disease and children remain a significant proportion of the affected population.The complex and mandatory life cycles of some parasites,particularly the helminths may partly explain their geographical distribution.The world-wide prevalence of parasitic infections as well as the largely asymptomatic nature of most infections,make many of these infections to likely remain under-recognized.Breast milk,the prime infant nutrition must be recognized to be more than a rare vehicle of parasite transmission,but also a general and focused immune defensive tool against some important parasites.The possibility and influence of small quantities of parasite antigens in breast milk have not been adequately explored.It is believed that useful immunological responses both direct and indirect in breast milk that occur due to the presence of parasite antigens,must be further studied in the light of both immediate and long term benefits.Within this context,and prompted by a spectrum of existing uncertainties,researched and hypothetical roles of parasites and associated immunological responses in the lactating mammary gland are proposed and reviewed.

HP0953-hypothetical virulence factor overexpresion and localization during Helicobacter pylori infection of gastric epithelium

BACKGROUND The high prevalence and persistence of Helicobacter pylori(H. pylori) infection, as well as the diversity of pathologies related to it, suggest that the virulence factors used by this microorganism are varied. Moreover, as its proteome contains 340hypothetical proteins, it is important to investigate them to completely understand the mechanisms of its virulence and survival. We have previously reported that the hypothetical protein HP0953 is overexpressed during the first hours of adhesion to inert surfaces, under stress conditions, suggesting its role in the environmental survival of this bacterium and perhaps as a virulence factor.AIM To investigate the expression and localization of HP0953 during adhesion to an inert surface and against gastric(AGS) cells.METHODS Expression analysis was performed for HP0953 during H. pylori adhesion. HP0953 expression at 0,3, 12, 24, and 48 h was evaluated and compared using the Kruskal-Wallis equality-of-populations rank test. Recombinant protein was produced and used to obtain polyclonal antibodies for immunolocalization. Immunogold technique was performed on bacterial sections during adherence to inert surfaces and AGS cells, which was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. HP0953 protein sequence was analyzed to predict the presence of a signal peptide and transmembrane helices, both provided by the ExPASy platform, and using the GLYCOPP platform for glycosylation sites. Different programs, via, I-TASSER, RaptorX, and HHalign-Kbest, were used to perform three-dimensional modeling.RESULTS HP0953 exhibited its maximum expression at 12 h of infection in gastric epithelium cells.Immunogold technique revealed HP0953 localization in the cytoplasm and accumulation in some peripheral areas of the bacterial body, with greater expression when it is close to AGS cells.Bioinformatics analysis revealed the presence of a signal peptide that interacts with the transmembrane region and then allows the release of the protein to the external environment. The programs also showed a similarity with the Tip-alpha protein of H. pylori. Tip-alpha is an exotoxin that penetrates cells and induces tumor necrosis factor alpha production, and HP0953 could have a similar function as posttranslational modification sites were found;modifications in turn require enzymes located in eukaryotic cells. Thus, to be functional, HP0953 may necessarily need to be translocated inside the cell where it can trigger different mechanisms producing cellular damage.CONCLUSION The location of HP0953 around infected cells, the probable posttranslational modifications, and its similarity to an exotoxin suggest that this protein is a virulence factor.

Deduction Theorem and Hypothetical Syllogism Rule on Fuzzy Logic System

Cancelled the first axiom L1) or the third axiom L3) of the classical formal logic system we established two kinds of quasi-formal deductive system, LG-R^* and LG^* respectively. In LG-R^* we proved that neither the deduction theorem nor the hypothetical syllogism (HS) rule held but a deduction theorem and an HS rule are obtained in a weak sense. We also proved that both the deduction theorem and the hypothetical syllogism(HS) rule hold in LG^*.

Investigating the Difficulties in Assessing Aesthetic Pollution through Experimental Economics

This present work deals with the research of some difficulties that we encounter in the evaluation processing of aesthetic pollution.Experimental economics techniques,such as answering a questionnaire(including quantitative indicators in the form of Willingness to Pay/Accept),have been incorporated into the FTS/A(Fault Tree Synthesis/Analysis)methodology.Such a methodological application is presented in the present document with reference to the archaeological site of Eleusis,where the visual&aesthetic pollution is apparent due to the heavy anthropogenic impact that takes place in the major area.It has been proved that EAP(Extended Aesthetic Pleasure),used as an indicator of“visual exterior”,can contribute to the conceptual determination of the optimal value in the intensification effort and the resources expended(Iopt)to achieve a particular aesthetic result.According to this analysis,Iopt decreases in the short run(due to lack of dissemination of information,mainly to the public)and increases in the long run,due to the accumulation/transfer/dissemination of knowledge.The methodology presented herein has been successfully applied in the case of the archaeological site of Eleusis,where the corresponding extensive aesthetic enjoyment of EAP is reduced by the ongoing intensified industrial activities.

N-glycans released from glycoproteins using a commercial kit and comprehensively analyzed with a hypothetical database

The glycosylation of proteins is responsible for their structural and functional roles in many cellular activities.This work describes a strategy that combines an efficient release, labeling and liquid chromatography–mass spectral analysis with the use of a comprehensive database to analyze N-glycans. The analytical method described relies on a recently commercialized kit in which quick deglycosylation is followed by rapid labeling and cleanup of labeled glycans. This greatly improves the separation, mass spectrometry（MS） analysis and fluorescence detection of N-glycans. A hypothetical database, constructed using Glyc Resoft, provides all compositional possibilities of N-glycans based on the common sugar residues found in N-glycans. In the initial version this database contains ＆gt; 8,700 N-glycans, and is compatible with MS instrument software and expandable. N-glycans from four different well-studied glycoproteins were analyzed by this strategy. The results provided much more accurate and comprehensive data than that had been previously reported. This strategy was then used to analyze the N-glycans present on the membrane glycoproteins of gastric carcinoma cells with different degrees of differentiation. Accurate and comprehensive N-glycan data from those cells was obtained efficiently and their differences were compared corresponding to their differentiation states. Thus, the novel strategy developed greatly improves accuracy, efficiency and comprehensiveness of N-glycan analysis.

Vehicle Dynamics with Additional Entry Lane of a Roundabout

This research is dedicated to the study of dynamics of vehicles moving through the additional entry lanes of a roundabout. Using the data created on the base of that model the constant coefficients of the sixth-degree polynomial function, previously proposed by us, have been found. In result of this there were obtained two analytic equations of vehicles’ movement, where one of them presented with the positive sign of the leading coefficient and the other one negative. These two equations allowed to make comprehensive investigation of the delays and the kinematics of the vehicles moving by such kinds of lanes. Based on the appropriate calculations it is determined vehicles’ consequent delays, velocities, accelerations and decelerations. Analyzing the delays, the dynamics of accelerations and decelerations, it is done an assumption that if the leading coefficient of algorithm of movement of vehicles is negative than it will lead to larger deceleration and consequently higher environmental pollutions and higher noises.

Design of a Simulator for Enhanced Oil Recovery Process Using a Nigerian Reservoir as a Case Study

This study involves the applications of different numerical techniques in a more general way to the design of a simulator for an enhanced oil recovery process with surfactant assisted water flooding. The data from a hypothetical oil well and a Nigerian oil well were used for the validation of the simulator. The process is represented by a system of nonlinear partial differential equations: the continuity equation for the transport of the components and Darcy’s equation for the phase flow. The orthogonal collocation, finite difference and coherence theory techniques were used in solving the equations that characterized the multidimensional, multiphase and multicomponent flow problem. Matlab computer programs were used for the numerical solution of the model equ- ations. The predicted simulator, obtained from the resulting numerical exercise confers uncondi- tional stability and more insight into the physical reservoir description. The results of the ortho- gonal collocation solution were compared with those of finite difference and coherence solutions. The results indicate that the concentration of surfactants for orthogonal collocation show more features than the predictions of the coherence solution and the finite difference, offering more opportunities for further understanding of the physical nature of the complex problem. We have found out that the partition of the three components between the two-phases determines other physical property data and hence the oil recovery. The oil recovery for the Nigerian oil reservoir is higher than the recovery predicted for the hypothetical crude. The displacement mechanism for the multicomponent and multiphase system is stable in the Nigerian oil reservoir due to the mod- erate value of the oil/water viscosity instead of the hypothetical reservoir with high value of oil/water ratio.

The Biophysics Is a Borderland Science

Biophysics as an immense spectrum comprehended by one of the most commonly applied borderland mental process embracing from the nature,through living systems up to spiritual processes brings it along inevitable that the reader will join issue here and there with the deductions of this book but in actual fact it was just one of the goals of this work.To get hold of the biophysical view is not an easy task,because it applies mathematical apparatus to biological systems;on the other hand as a reward it guides to fascinating results,recognizing theoretically which conformity of rules are valid on principle in the Universe in the inanimate-living-spiritual triple system from the lowest to the highest organizational level.In this way one can make up the reader’s claim to consider systematically those problems arising from the various fields of science and life in the countless variety of interrelations and in their very different consequences.

Radiological Concentration Distribution of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs Due to a Hypothetical Accident of TRIGA Research Reactor

The assessment of the radiological concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs owing to hypothetical accident of TRIGA Mark-II research Reactor at AERE, Savar, Bangladesh is presented here in this work. The concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs was estimated in different pathways consisting of the ingestion of plants, milk, and meat. The highest air concentration has been determined at 65 m distance from the core of the reactor. The maximum concentration passed off without delay simply after the accident in various directions. Local meteorological information such as average wind velocity and wind frequency were analyzed. Considering all directions, the highest concentration has been observed in the “S” direction. The concentrations of 134Cs and 137Cs were determined in ground, vegetation, milk and meat. The concentration of 137Cs is investigated to be higher than the 134Cs. The concentration of 134Cs and 137Cs was found to be lower in vegetation, milk, and meat than that of ground concentration. Overall, in this study, the concentration in meat has been investigated to be lower. In case of a reactor accident, the concentration assessment due to the ingestion of vegetables, milk, and meat will be a valuable guide for insuring radiological protection across the research reactor at AERE, Savar, Bangladesh.

Remaining Useful Life for Heavy-Duty Railway Cast Steel Knuckles Based on Crack Growth Behavior with Hypothetical Distributions

The current research on the integrity of critical structures of rail vehicles mainly focuses on the design stage,which needs an effective method for assessing the service state.This paper proposes a framework for predicting the remaining useful life(RUL)of in-service structures with and without visible cracks.The hypothetical distribution and delay time models were used to apply the equivalent crack growth life data of heavy-duty railway cast steel knuckles,which revealed the evolution characteristics of the crack length and life scores of the knuckle under different fracture failure modes.The results indicate that the method effectively predicts the RUL of service knuckles in different failure modes based on the cumulative failure probability curves for different locations and surface crack lengths.This study proposes an RUL prediction framework that supports the dynamic overhaul and state maintenance of knuckle fatigue cracks.

Which sectors should be covered by the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism?

The European Union(EU)is developing the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism(CBAM)to address carbon leakage in international trade.However,the EU has paid inadequate attention to input-output linkages,specifically those in the steel,aluminum,and fertiliser industries.This study aims to identify priority sectors eligible for initial regulation within the emissions-intensive trade-exposed(EITE)industries based on input-output linkages and compare its impacts with the current CBAM sector coverage.This study constructs a Global Production Network(GPN)and Carbon Flow Network(CFN)to present the input trade and embodied carbon flows for the EITE industries.This study highlights the role of the EITE industries as influential nodes in the production network and how the EITE industries in the EU contribute to carbon emissions.To improve the economy and political acceptability,CABM should cover four priority sectors with low economic impacts but a crucial role in reducing emissions,such as plastics,phosphorus fertiliser,aluminum,and copper industry.

Substance flow analysis for an urban drainage system of a representative hypothetical city in China

This paper discusses the use of substance flow analysis （SFA） as a tool to support quantified research on urban drainage systems. Based on the principle of mass balance, a static substance flow model is established to describe and examine the routes and intensities of water, chemical oxygen demand （COD）, total nitrogen （TN） and total phosphorus （TP） for a representative hypothetical city （RH city） in China, which is a devised and scaled city using statistical characteristics of urban circumstances at the national level. It is estimated that the annual flux of water, COD, TN and TP through the urban drainage system in 2010 was 55.1 million m3, 16037.3 t, 1649.5 t and 209.7 t, respectively. The effluent of wastewater treatment plant （WWTP） was identified as the most important pathway for pollutant emissions, which con- tributed approximately 60% of COD, 65% of TN and 50% of TP to receiving water. During the wastewater treatment process, 1.0 million m3, 7042.5 t, 584.2 t and 161.4 t of the four studied substances had been transmitted into sludge, meanwhile 3813.0 t of COD and 394.0 t of TN were converted and emitted to the atmosphere. Compared with the representative hypothetical city of 2000, urban population and the area of urban built districts had expanded by approximately 90% and 80% respectively during the decade, resulting in a more than threefold increase in the input of substances into the urban drainage system. Thanks to the development of urban drainage systems, the total loads of the city were maintained at a similar level.

Accelerating the detection of unfeasible hypothetical zeolites via symmetric local interatomic distance criteria

In silico prediction of potential synthetic targets is the prerequisite for function-led discovery of new zeolites. Millions of hypothetical zeolitic structures have been predicted via various computational methods, but most of them are experimentally inaccessible under conventional synthetic conditions.Screening out unfeasible structures is crucial for the selection of synthetic targets with desired functions.The local interatomic distance（LID） criteria are a set of structure rules strictly obeyed by all existing zeolite framework types. Using these criteria, many unfeasible hypothetical structures have been detected. However, to calculate their LIDs, all hypothetical structures need to be fully optimized without symmetry constraints. When evaluating a large number of hypothetical structures, such calculations may become too computationally expensive due to the forbiddingly high degree of freedom. Here, we propose calculating LIDs among structures optimized with symmetry constraints and using them as new structure evaluation criteria, i.e., the LIDsymcriteria, to screen out unfeasible hypothetical structures. We find that the LIDsymcriteria can detect unfeasible structures as many as the original non-symmetric LID criteria do, yet require at least one order of magnitude less computation at the initial geometry optimization stage.