Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside alleviates trimethyltin chloride-induced neurodegeneration by maintaining glutamate homeostasis through modulation of the gut microbiota

Trimethyltin chloride(TMT)is a potent neurotoxin to cause neurodegeneration,especially in hippocampus.This study aimed to identify dietary components that can effectively attenuate TMT-induced neurodegeneration in humans.The predominant anthocyanin in human diets,cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(C3G,5 or 50 mg/kg),was given to mice for 16 days,and TMT(2.7 mg/kg)was injected intraperitoneally once on the eighth day.C3G(50 mg/kg)significantly alleviated TMT-induced seizures and subsequent cognitive impairment by ameliorating hippocampal neurodegeneration and synaptic dysfunction.Furthermore,C3G treatment restored glutamate homeostasis in brain and reversed glutamine synthetase(GS)inhibition in reactive astrogliosis and neuroinflammation,which are critical for C3G's neuroprotective effects.Notably,C3G decreased the lipopolysaccharide,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1βlevels in the mice,which potentially by modulating the relative abundance of Atopobiaceae and Lachnospiraceae in the gut.C3G may be a promising and practical dietary component for reducing TMT-induced neurodegeneration.

Synergistic effects of alginate oligosaccharide and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on the amelioration of intestinal barrier function in mice

Emerging evidence shows that dietary oligosaccharides are important prebiotics that can improve intestinal flora,while dietary polyphenols can act directly on intestinal cells.However,information about their synergistic effects on gut health is still limited.In this study,alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(C3G)were selected as a common marine plant oligosaccharide and terrestrial plant polyphenol,respectively,to study their effects on intestinal health.The results show that,in comparison to their individual applications,the combination of AOS and C3G(mass ratio,3:1)displayed a stronger ability to up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins,while enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier was also observed and levels of mucin-2 andβ-defensins were simultaneously increased in the intestinal mucus.Interestingly,the secretion of immunoglobulin A and immune-related cytokines were approximately doubled by the AOS+C3G mixture.In addition,the AOS+C3G mixture was found to be more conducive to the positive transformation of intestinal flora,which stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia,Lachnospiraceae and Feacalibaculum while inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria Helicobacter and Turicibacter.The data generated herein thus suggests that dietary oligosaccharides and dietary polyphenols may be more beneficial to intestinal health when applied in combination than their individual effects alone.

Rapid determination of quercetin-3'-O-glucoside in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the quantification of quercetin-3’-O-glucoside in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（HPLC-MS/MS） was developed and validated.Along with internal standard（carbamazepine）,quercetin-3’-O-glucoside was extracted from plasma samples by simple liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate.The mass spectrometry detection was set in multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） mode via positive electrospray ionization（ESI）.The chromatographic run time was 3.5 min per sample.The calibration curves were linear（r^2 = 0.9992） with a lower limit of quantification（LLOQ） of 10.625 ng/mL,and the limit of detection（LOD） was 4.25 ng/mL.The intra-and inter-day precision and accuracy,in terms of relative standard deviation（RSD）,were all lower than 10.44%.The recovery rate of the analyte and internal standard were higher than 66.80%.After intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg quercetin-3’-O-glucoside,the t1/2 and AUC were（0.02±0.01） h and（1.22±0.28）×10^4 μg/L·h.The method is accurate,stable and sensitive,which is suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of quercetin-3’-O-glucoside in rats.

Isolation of three cyanins from Lonicera caerulea L. fruits and its anticancer activity

Lonicera caerulea L.fruit is an excellent source of bioactive compounds.An efficient separation method of cyanins is important for the development of many value-added products and functional food ingredients.High-speed counter-current chromatography(HSCCC) was applied to isolate cyanins from Lonicera caerulea fruits with a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid(2:2:1:5:0.01,volume ratio).1.41 mg of cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside,1.08 mg of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and 6.38 mg of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were obtained from 40 mg of crude extract.The purities of these compounds were 95.8%,92.4% and 97.6%,respectively,as identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometryn(HPLC-ESI/MSn).In addition,the dominant anthocyanin,cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was demonstrated cytotoxic response of human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells,inducing live cancer cell apoptotic by flow cytometric analysis.

Health benefits of black rice——A review

Rice has been a staple food across the globe since time immemorial.Generally,different types of rice,such as white,purple,red,brown,and black rice,are named following the physical appearance of the rice bran.The color of the rice bran differs due to the presence of pigments in the rice varieties.Apart from general uses like cooking and fodder for cattle,rice has also been extensively involved in the field of medicine,some of which have been scientifically addressed.Although pigmented rice varieties have a history of heritage and are admired all over the world,awareness concerning the benefits of consuming these types of rice is limited.The main theme of this research article is to define the scientifically proven medicinal properties of black rice.The health properties of black rice are experimentally renowned,and gathered empirical data regarding the physiological and pharmacological activity of black rice remarkably supports the use of black rice in nutritional therapy.

Effect of Postharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment on Early-Matured “Hass” Avocado Fruit Exocarp Colour Development during Ripening

Poor exocarp colour development is a common postharvest problem for early harvested “Hass” avocado fruit during ripening, which affects fruit quality and consumer preference. Therefore, measures to improve “Hass” avocado fruit colour developments are of great importance in the industry. This study investigated the effectiveness of postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment to improve early matured “Hass” avocado fruit exocarp colour during ripening. The results showed that T1 (10 μmol∙L−1) and T2 (100 μmol∙L−1) MeJA treatment increased visual colour, and decreased objective colour parameters (L*, C* and h˚) during ripening when compared with control fruit. Moreover, MeJA treated “Hass” avocado fruits had lower total chlorophyll content and higher total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside concentration during ripening. In conclusion, “Hass” avocado fruit post-harvest treated with either T1 (10 μmol∙L−1) or T2 (100 μmol∙L−1) MeJA concentration improved exocarp quality attributes such as colour parameters (L*, C* h˚ and visual colour) and pigments (total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) during ripening, therefore, can be recommended for avocado fruit.

鲜竹沥正丁醇部位化学成分研究

目的研究鲜竹沥正丁醇部位的化学成分。方法运用正相和反相硅胶、凝胶以及制备液相色谱方法进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质、波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从鲜竹沥正丁醇部位分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为sachaliside 1(1)、(Z)-4-hydroxycinnamylalcohol4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)、β-hydroxypropiovanillone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3)、dihydro-p-coumaryl alcohol γ-O-glucoside(4)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、tortoside B(6)、丁香脂素-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、5,5′-二甲氧基落叶松树脂醇-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、2,4,6-三甲氧基苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(9)、苯甲醇-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、(1′R)-1′-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙醇-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、erythro-2,3-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan1-1-ol(12)、threo-2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan1-1-ol(13)、丁香脂素(14)、lirioresinol-A(15)、(E)-p-coumaryl alcoholγ-O-methyl ether(16)。结论其中化合物2~4、6、10~13、15、16为首次从鲜竹沥中分离得到,并通过二维核磁谱补充了化合物4的碳谱数据。