Energy Storage System for Solar Thermal Air Conditioning Combined with Ejector Cooling System

A system of energy storage for solar thermal air conditioning combined with ejector cooling system for residential is determined in this paper. The purpose of this study is to design the energy storage system for heating the water in a storage tank to reach the required temperature for exchanging heat with the refrigerant of cooling system. The design from calculation of thermal energy storage system that proper with the solar flat plate collector area results are 70 m2, and the hot water temperature is over than 80 ℃. A cooling system is selected for refrigerant of R141b from the solar air conditioning system of 10.5 kW, and the energy source is solar thermal energy from the collector that there is an efficiency of 0.46 approximately. This storage system for the electric solar cooling system can be reduced the problem of the intermittent of energy source with the constant generating temperature to run the cooling system continuously.

Application and Development of Electric Energg Storage Technology in China

This paper describes the background of disseminating and applying electric energy storage technology in China. Its present application status is introduced, including governmental support and guidance, analyses on economic benefits and typical projects, etc.

Cool storage time of phase change wallboard room in summer

More and more attention was paid to phase change energy storage in air conditioning domain and construction energy conservation,and became the focus of the international research. Through the test and analysis of the parameters of the indoor thermal property in phase change wallboard room and ordinary room,the effects of using phase change wallboards on indoor temperature in summer and air conditioning are obtained. The combination of construct enclosure and phase change materials can stabilize indoor temperature,improve indoor thermal comfort,reduce the frequency of the operation of air conditioning facility,cut the initial investment and operation expense,and meanwhile play an practical role in "the power balancing between the peak period and the valley period" policy. Through the experiment and the test of the effects exerted by phase change wallboard room and ordinary room on the indoor thermal environment,it is obtained that the phase change wallboard can reduce the fluctuation range of indoor temperature and the heat flow from the outside into indoor environment in summer. According to the study,it is found that the effect of cool-storing for 5 h is obvious. Through the analysis of the phase change wallboard without air conditioning in daytime,it is obtained that the frequency of the operation of air conditioning in phase change wallboard room is smaller than that in the ordinary room,which can prolong the lifetime of the facility and reduce operation expense.

Design of Heat Storage for a Solar Concentrator Driving an Absorption Chiller

The feasibility of employing stand-alone solar energy systems to meet demand-side loads depends strongly on providing appropriate solar energy storage. The present paper presents an efficient and economical, underground, thermal storage design to store hot water at a temperature of around 180?C required for running a double effect absorption chiller to cool a zero-energy-house in a desert environment. The performance of the design is evaluated employing a specially developed efficient mathematical model, for simulating the steady state radiation, convection and conduction processes occurring within the storage unit. The model is presented and analyzed, and employed to investigate the effects of various design parameters on storage efficiency. It is demonstrated that high storage efficiency may be reached, providing that appropriate insulation materials are used. It is also revealed that the soil conductivity has little effect on storage efficiency.

面向电网调峰的盘管式冰蓄冷空调技术研究

储能是助力实现碳达峰碳中和战略目标的关键技术。当前电力供需关系的矛盾随着可再生能源高比例接入和电力需求快速增长日益尖锐,该问题在夏季用电高峰期间尤为突出。冰蓄冷空调系统在夜间利用谷电制冰储存冷量,在白天用电高峰时融冰供冷,有助于电网调峰和改善用能经济性。该文总结分析盘管式冰蓄冷空调关键技术的研究现状和发展方向。系统控制层面:对比分析冰蓄冷空调系统的各种优化控制策略;蓄冰融冰方式层面:详细阐述内融冰、外融冰和内外融冰结合3种方式特点,并对能量模型进行归纳;结构层面:分析典型强化传热方式对传热性能的影响关系。最后,归纳不同材质盘管的研究结果与应用前景。

Energy Storage Modeling of Inverter Air Conditioning for Output Optimizing of Wind Generation in the Electricity Market

In order to achieve the compatibility of the air conditioning(AC)loads with the current dispatch models,this pa-per utilizes demand response(DR)technology as energy storage resources to optimize the aggregator’s behaviors in the real-time market for less economic loss caused by the fluctuations of wind power.The inverter AC,as a typical demand response resource,is constructed as a power type battery model(PTBM)and a capacity type battery model(CTBM)according to the different control methods,which are expressed through a circuit model and mathematical model to describe the energy storage characteristics of ACs.Moreover,the comparisons between the PTBM and CTBM are given analytically by their response speed,power&energy capacity and the cost of control,which will be helpful to guide the associated operators to choose the appropriate models to take part in demand response.Considering that the wind generation fluctuates frequently and greatly,the PTBM is chosen to take part of the demand response for output optimizing of the wind generation.The simulation results demonstrate that PTBMs can work in the way of conventional batteries(CBs)to optimize wind generation in the real-time market.

地下车站供冷季用能特征分析与基于需求响应的调峰潜力评估

聚焦地铁车站小时尺度用能特征,以长江中下游地区某典型屏蔽门地下车站为例,分析了车站逐时能耗构成及通风空调系统能耗的影响因素。研究结果表明,通风空调能耗为地铁车站动力照明能耗的最大占比项,占比可达83%,室外空气参数、客流量与发车密度均与通风空调能耗呈现显著相关关系。面向需求响应,建立了混合整数规划模型,评估蓄能参与下的地铁车站调峰潜力。模拟结果表明,蓄能装置参与下,车站全年累计高峰时段用电量可大幅削减,48.2%的高峰时段用电量可转移至平时段和低谷时段。

Modeling and numerical simulation of a novel solar-powered absorption air conditioning system driven by a bubble pump with energy storage

This paper presents a novel solar-powered absorption air conditioning system driven by a bubble pump with energy storage. It solves the problem of unreliable solar energy supply by storing the working fluids and hence, functions 24 h per day. First, the working principles are described and the dynamic models for the primary energy storage components are developed. Then, the system is evaluated based on a numerical simulation. Based on the meteorological data of a typical day in a subtropical area, with the area of a solar collector being set at 19.15 m2, whilst the initial charging mass, mass fraction and temperature of the solution are respectively set at 379.5 kg, 54.16% and 34.5 ℃, it is found that the respective coefficients of performance (COP) of the air conditioning system and the en- tire system (including the solar panel) are 0.7771 and 0.4372. In particular, the energy storage density of the system is 206.69 MJ/m3 which is much greater than those of chilled water or hot water storage systems under comparable conditions. This makes the new system much more compact and efficient. Finally, an automatic control strategy is given to achieve the highest COP when solar energy fluctuates.

光储直柔空调系统运行控制策略研究

为解决常规光储空调系统光伏利用率和储能利用率低的问题,提出一种光储直柔空调系统方案。该系统电网侧AC/DC、储能侧DC/DC、电机侧DC/AC统一在直流侧连接控制,可以简化系统连接,能够保障光伏寻优以及系统在并网和离网条件下储能充放电控制策略的实施。通过仿真建模验证该控制方案能够实现并网和离网下光储直柔空调系统的稳定运行。

基于蓄热装置辅助的燃料电池电动车供暖系统动态仿真

为了辅助燃料电池车辆预热,提升燃料电池在低温下的冷启动速率以及降低电动车能耗,该文提出了一种基于热泵和蓄热装置联合的燃料电池电动车供暖方案,并开展了燃料电池车辆系统动态仿真研究,对比了有无蓄热装置辅助的系统对车辆运行过程的影响。结果表明:在寒冷运行环境下,蓄热装置可确保驾驶循环工况下循环冷却液热量来源的连续性,相较于无蓄热装置的热管理系统,热泵和蓄热联合供暖方案可使空调系统能耗下降26%;利用蓄热装置辅助的供暖系统能够改善燃料电池电动车的冬季冷启动特性,优化车辆电池系统的热管理。

薄膜包装结合1-MCP对大同鲜黄花采后生理及品质影响

为确定适宜的鲜黄花贮藏条件,达到降低采后损失、延长货架期的目的,该研究采用不同厚度(30μm、40μm、50μm)聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)薄膜包装结合1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)对鲜黄花进行自发气调保鲜处理,在(0±0.5)℃贮藏条件下对鲜黄花相关品质指标变化以及微观结构特征等进行分析。结果表明,薄膜包装结合1-MCP处理是延长鲜黄花保鲜寿命的有效方式。在(0±0.5)℃贮藏条件下,50μm PE薄膜+1-MCP处理有效抑制了鲜黄花呼吸强度和乙烯释放速率的上升,减缓了硬度以及叶绿素含量的下降,维持了鲜黄花的色泽,降低失重率和腐烂率。贮藏至35 d时,50μm PE薄膜+1-MCP处理的呼吸强度、乙烯释放速率、硬度、叶绿素含量为61.25 mg CO_(2)/(kg·h)、55.29μL/(kg·h)、42.41 N、0.0149 mg/g,失重率和腐烂率比CK处理分别降低了0.66%和80.33%。还抑制组织相对电导率的上升和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量的增高并有效提高了过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性,抑制了纤维素酶(cellulase,Cx)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,β-Glu)活性的上升。贮藏至35 d时,与CK处理相比,50μm PE薄膜+1-MCP处理的组织相对电导率和MDA含量降低了19.18%、17.51μg/g,POD、CAT活性高达15.05 U/(min·g)、85.28 U/(min·g),Cx、β-Glu活性低至707.86μg/(h·g)、209.41μg/(h·g),较好的保持了鲜黄花的细胞形态。其中,50μm PE薄膜+1-MCP处理为鲜黄花最佳保鲜方案。

微小型压缩空气储能系统用涡旋压缩机流动特性研究

以空气为工质,基于计算流体动力学方法,对无油空气涡旋压缩机在变工况运行条件下进行了三维非稳态数值模拟。研究发现:动静涡旋齿之间存在的径向间隙,会使得压缩机工作腔内温度、流速和压力的分布不规律;增大转速,不但可以增加涡旋压缩机的质量流量,而且还可以减小切向泄漏量,进而提高压缩机的工作效率;排气压力过大,会降低涡旋压缩机的基本输出性能;在低转速下,过高的排气压力会使得压缩机排气口出现“净回流”现象。

某调度通信楼空调系统节能减碳改造设计实践

重点介绍了某调度通信楼空调系统的节能减碳改造设计,通过综合运用余热回收、可再生能源、固体蓄热、高效制冷机房等多项技术,构建了安全可靠、绿色低碳、高效节能的空调系统。采用HDY-SMAD空调负荷计算及分析软件模拟了建筑物全年的空调能耗,并对优化前后空调系统的运行能耗和碳排放进行了测算。结果显示,优化方案空调系统全年节约电量100万kW·h,全年碳减排573 t,节能减碳效果显著。

Cold Storage Capacity for Solar Air-Conditioning in Office Buildings in Different Climates

The building sector accounts for more than 40% of the global energy consumption. This consumption may be lowered by reducing building energy requirements and using renewable energy in building energy supply systems. Solar air-conditioning systems(SACS) are a promising solution for the reduction of conventional energy in buildings. The storage, especially the cold storage, plays an important role in SACS for unstable solar irradiation. In this paper, we took the absorption refrigerating unit as an example, and the solar air-conditioning system of an office building in Beijing was simulated. The accuracy of this model was verified by comparing with the SACS operation data. Moreover, based on the simulation data, the cold storage capacity of the solar air-conditioning system in different climatic regions was studied. The cold storage capacities of SACS in 20 cities distributed in different climate regions were studied systematically. The results simulated by our proposed model will be beneficial to the SACS design, and will enlarge the application of SACS.

基于室内设定温度调节的办公建筑空调用能柔性特性实验分析

空调系统作为建筑需求响应的核心,具有较大的柔性潜力。为了实现需求响应效益的最大化,针对性地实施优化配置与调控,必须明确空调用能柔性特性。然而,现有研究多依赖于模拟仿真探究需求响应期间的空调用能柔性特性,该方法往往无法准确反映实际运行条件,导致柔性特性不明晰,进而造成调控不合理、效率低等问题。针对以上问题,本研究选取2栋办公建筑进行了不同工况的需求响应实验,基于温变速率与预计平均热感觉指数(PMV)指标分析了设定温度调节期间的室内舒适度,并以柔性量、柔性比分析了不同工况下空调柔性可调潜力区间;同时,通过蓄热体内表面温度研究需求响应期间建筑蓄热体柔性特征。实测结果表明:在需求响应期间,当设定温度调节1~2℃时,均可维持较好的室内舒适度;同时,需求响应期间2栋建筑能够提供10~20 W/m^(2)的柔性负荷量,可实现28.3%~83.1%的负荷转移。本文结果可为空调系统柔性量化提供指标支撑与实测依据,对“双碳”目标下的建筑节能有参考价值。

光伏离网供电空调控温储粮技术应用

光伏离网供电空调控温储粮系统由光伏发电板、智能控制器、光伏空调和能源管理系统组成。智能控制器通过智能补偿、智能控制算法,实现光伏和市电双电源无缝切换,优先使用光伏,实现光伏零浪费,光伏直驱空调直接利用光伏板发的直流电来驱动机组,达到节能降耗的目的。解决了制冷空调用电费用高、光伏发电投资成本高和投资回收期长的问题。显著降低了空调控温的运行成本,实现了储粮空调控温的“零”碳或低碳的绿色储粮技术。

温控和气调技术在各热量带呼吸跃变型水果贮藏中的应用

呼吸跃变型水果采后会出现呼吸速率升高至呼吸高峰后迅速成熟、衰老、软化的现象。本研究总结了不同温度与气调保鲜技术在不同呼吸跃变型水果的应用现状,针对不同贮藏技术对不同热量带水果品质的影响进行综述,发现热带及亚热带地区的水果多数采用低温以及气调相结合的贮藏方式,而温带地区的水果则多采用单一低温贮藏方式,目前对不同热量带水果贮藏技术的研究都在由单一贮藏方法向复合贮藏方法转变,低温结合气调包装技术对呼吸跃变型水果的适用性最强,但由于不同水果自身呼吸作用产生呼吸高峰的规律不同,在确定气调包装材料与贮藏温度方面有待进一步研究。

基于最优动态功率补偿的先进绝热压缩空气储能一次调频控制策略

随着大规模新能源接入电网,新型电力系统“低惯量、弱支撑”特征凸显,电网频率调节资源日益稀缺,系统频率稳定问题愈发严峻。先进绝热压缩空气储能(advanced adiabatic compressed air energy storage,AA-CAES)具有容量大、寿命长等优势而受到广泛关注,但由于其储能和释能过程涉及气-热动态耦合过程,调频特性较为复杂,调频潜力还有待挖掘。因此,首先建立AA-CAES系统全工况动态仿真模型,进而基于期望频率动态曲线设计AA-CAES系统调频传递函数,优化目标传递函数关键参数,实现AA-CAES最小动态功率补偿下满足系统频率调节需求。最后通过仿真实验,验证了所提控制策略可优化AA-CAES调频容量的同时减小系统的稳态频率偏差与频率超调量,显著改善频率响应特性,为建设电网友好型AA-CAES电站提供技术支撑。

内嵌运行优化的降温负荷需求响应设备投资方法

随电力市场改革的进一步推进,分时电价等政策的出台为需求响应技术的应用发展提供了有利的市场环境。以蓄冷空调系统为代表的降温负荷需求响应设备可有效缓解电力供需平衡的难题。降温负荷的需求响应能力及潜在效益与其需求响应设备的投资规划及运行方法紧密相关。现有基于蓄冷技术的需求响应设备投资规划方法多考虑单一的设备类型,基于固定或简化的系统运行策略与设备运行特性进行运行模拟,难以实现不同类型设备组合与用户冷负荷需求特性的最优匹配,导致系统需求响应能力的优化空间受限,无法充分发挥其经济性价值。因此,本文研究考虑运行策略优化的降温负荷需求响应设备统一投资规划建模方法。首先,提出电力市场环境下计及多类制冷与蓄冷设备运行策略优化的需求响应模型,实现降温负荷对价格信号的灵活响应,充分节约用电成本。然后,构建内嵌统一运行策略优化模型的需求响应设备投资规划模型。该模型以用户投资运行总成本最小化为优化目标,统筹考虑电价政策、冷负荷需求特性、相关设备的投资成本与工作特性,通过基于大M法的线性建模方法,最终建立一个混合整数线性规划模型,可采用商业求解器实现高效求解。算例分析表明所提方法可充分适应当前电力市场环境,有效提升用户的投资效益,优化用电负荷曲线,发挥需求响应技术的应用价值。

风干肉不同条件贮藏品质研究

目的:探究风干肉的加工优化方案及不同条件贮藏对风干肉品质的影响。方法:以风干肉猪肉为研究对象,探究不同包装方式、不同贮藏温度对风干肉贮藏特性的影响。结果:随着贮藏时间的延长,不同包装方式下的风干肉的过氧化值(Peroxidation Value,POV)和菌落总数呈现上升趋势,pH值先降低后升高。与普通包装相比,气调包装和真空包装可以较好地保持风干肉的质量,其中真空包装的风干肉贮藏时间更长。4℃贮藏的风干肉品质变化较为缓慢,25℃和40℃贮藏的风干肉品质变化加快,其中40℃贮藏的风干肉保质期最短。结论:风干肉采用真空包装在4℃下贮藏有利于保障风干肉的品质。