Knowledge about the amino acid requirements and the response of pigs to the amino acid supply is essential in feed formulation. A deficient AA supply results in a reduction in performance while an oversupply is costly...Knowledge about the amino acid requirements and the response of pigs to the amino acid supply is essential in feed formulation. A deficient AA supply results in a reduction in performance while an oversupply is costly and leads to excessive nitrogen excretion with a potentially negative environmental impact. Amino acid requirements are determined to a large extent by the protein deposition in the body and, for lactating sows, by the protein exported in the milk. The concept of ideal protein was developed more than 50 years ago and refers to a protein with an amino acid profile that exactly meets the animal＇s requirement so that all amino acids are equally limiting for performance. Because Lys typically is the first-limiting amino acid, the ideal amino acid profile is often expressed relative to Lys. Although the ideal protein profile is often assumed to be constant for a given production stage, （small） changes in the ideal protein profile can occur within a production stage. This can be caused by changes in the relative contribution of the different components of amino acid requirements during the productive life on the animal （e.g. changes in the relative contribution of growth and maintenance）. Amino acids requirements can be determined experimentally using dose-response studies. The design of the study, the chosen response criterion, and the statistical model affect the requirement estimate. Although considerable experimental work has been carried out to determine the requirements for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp in growing pigs （and to a lesser extent in sows）, little is known about the requirements for the other essential amino acids. Experimental dose-response studies generally focus on the requirement and less on the overall response （i.e. what are the consequences of an amino acid deficiency？）. This latter aspect is, to some extent, accounted for in modelling approaches that quantify the response of the animal to the amino acid supply in a dynamic way. The paper describes the origin of ideal protein and illustrates how fundamental concepts of amino acid nutrition have been integrated in practical modeling approaches for the nutrition of growing pigs and sows.展开更多
Twenty Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred castrates(YL)with bodyweight of 47 73±1 85kg were used to conduct a nitrogen(N) banlance trial to compare the quality of four digestible amino acid patterns.The four pat...Twenty Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred castrates(YL)with bodyweight of 47 73±1 85kg were used to conduct a nitrogen(N) banlance trial to compare the quality of four digestible amino acid patterns.The four patterns were from NRC(1998)(A),Wang,J.M.(1998)(B),Wang&Fuller(1990)(C)and Japan(1993)(D).The balance ratios of digestible lysine(DLys),sulphur containing amino acid(D SAA),threonine (DThr)and tryptophan(DTrp)for A,B,C,D were 100∶57∶60∶17;100∶49∶72∶19;100∶61∶64∶20;100∶51∶60∶15 respectively.Pig performance in terms of daily gain and feed conversion rate,N digestibility and N retention were highest in C. B had highest N net utilization and lowest serum urea N content while D was the poorest in the examined criteria.Ranking analysis by SAS gave the priority order of C,B,A,D.Pattern C is recommended for growing展开更多
Two nitrogen balance trials after partial deletion of dietary amino acids(AA) were conducted to investigate the ideal balance patterns of dietary digestible lysine(Lys),sulphur containing amino acid(SAA),threonine(Thr...Two nitrogen balance trials after partial deletion of dietary amino acids(AA) were conducted to investigate the ideal balance patterns of dietary digestible lysine(Lys),sulphur containing amino acid(SAA),threonine(Thr)and tryptophan(trp)for the growing(35 60kg)and finishing (60 90kg) pigs.Eighteen Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred castrates were employed for the trials.Six isoenergetic diets based on corn,soybean meal and corn gluten meal were prepared for each trial.They were basal diet(BD)with 16 1% and 14 9% crude protein(CP)for each stage,25% low CP diet(s) supplemented with all the four (positive control,PC)or with three of the four AAs to have an equal digestible AA content,except the examined one which was 25% lower than that in BD.The result showed that the ideal amino acid pattem expressed on digestible basis was Lys 100,SAA 49,Thr 72,Trp 19 for growing stage and Lys 100,SAA 34,Thr 64,Trp 23 for finishing stage of pigs.展开更多
文摘Knowledge about the amino acid requirements and the response of pigs to the amino acid supply is essential in feed formulation. A deficient AA supply results in a reduction in performance while an oversupply is costly and leads to excessive nitrogen excretion with a potentially negative environmental impact. Amino acid requirements are determined to a large extent by the protein deposition in the body and, for lactating sows, by the protein exported in the milk. The concept of ideal protein was developed more than 50 years ago and refers to a protein with an amino acid profile that exactly meets the animal＇s requirement so that all amino acids are equally limiting for performance. Because Lys typically is the first-limiting amino acid, the ideal amino acid profile is often expressed relative to Lys. Although the ideal protein profile is often assumed to be constant for a given production stage, （small） changes in the ideal protein profile can occur within a production stage. This can be caused by changes in the relative contribution of the different components of amino acid requirements during the productive life on the animal （e.g. changes in the relative contribution of growth and maintenance）. Amino acids requirements can be determined experimentally using dose-response studies. The design of the study, the chosen response criterion, and the statistical model affect the requirement estimate. Although considerable experimental work has been carried out to determine the requirements for Lys, Met, Thr, and Trp in growing pigs （and to a lesser extent in sows）, little is known about the requirements for the other essential amino acids. Experimental dose-response studies generally focus on the requirement and less on the overall response （i.e. what are the consequences of an amino acid deficiency？）. This latter aspect is, to some extent, accounted for in modelling approaches that quantify the response of the animal to the amino acid supply in a dynamic way. The paper describes the origin of ideal protein and illustrates how fundamental concepts of amino acid nutrition have been integrated in practical modeling approaches for the nutrition of growing pigs and sows.
文摘Twenty Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred castrates(YL)with bodyweight of 47 73±1 85kg were used to conduct a nitrogen(N) banlance trial to compare the quality of four digestible amino acid patterns.The four patterns were from NRC(1998)(A),Wang,J.M.(1998)(B),Wang&Fuller(1990)(C)and Japan(1993)(D).The balance ratios of digestible lysine(DLys),sulphur containing amino acid(D SAA),threonine (DThr)and tryptophan(DTrp)for A,B,C,D were 100∶57∶60∶17;100∶49∶72∶19;100∶61∶64∶20;100∶51∶60∶15 respectively.Pig performance in terms of daily gain and feed conversion rate,N digestibility and N retention were highest in C. B had highest N net utilization and lowest serum urea N content while D was the poorest in the examined criteria.Ranking analysis by SAS gave the priority order of C,B,A,D.Pattern C is recommended for growing
文摘Two nitrogen balance trials after partial deletion of dietary amino acids(AA) were conducted to investigate the ideal balance patterns of dietary digestible lysine(Lys),sulphur containing amino acid(SAA),threonine(Thr)and tryptophan(trp)for the growing(35 60kg)and finishing (60 90kg) pigs.Eighteen Yorkshire × Landrace crossbred castrates were employed for the trials.Six isoenergetic diets based on corn,soybean meal and corn gluten meal were prepared for each trial.They were basal diet(BD)with 16 1% and 14 9% crude protein(CP)for each stage,25% low CP diet(s) supplemented with all the four (positive control,PC)or with three of the four AAs to have an equal digestible AA content,except the examined one which was 25% lower than that in BD.The result showed that the ideal amino acid pattem expressed on digestible basis was Lys 100,SAA 49,Thr 72,Trp 19 for growing stage and Lys 100,SAA 34,Thr 64,Trp 23 for finishing stage of pigs.
