Ideality analysis and general laws of bubble swarm microflow for large-scale gas-liquid microreaction processes

The flow ideality of bubbly microflow remains unclear even though it is vital for the design of microreactors,especially the ideality of bubble swarm microflow for large-scale gas-liquid microreaction processes.This work is the first time to report the ideality analysis of the microbubble swarm in a relatively large microchannel.The bubble swarm microflow has undergone two conditions:quasihomogeneous plug flow and liquid phase/gas-liquid qua si-homogeneous phase two-phase laminar flow.Both the deviations of void fraction and bubble velocity from the ideal plug flow can divide into two parts,and the two transition points simultaneously happen at the velocity ratio of 1.25.There exists a critical capillary number to maintain the quasi-homogeneous plug flow,which could be regarded as the general laws for the design of gas-liquid microreactors.Finally,a novel model is developed to predict the bubble velocity.This work could be very helpful for the large-scale gas-liquid microreactors design.

Coupling ideality of standing-wave supermode microresonators

Standing-wave supermode microresonators that are created through the strong coupling between counter-propagating modes have emerged as versatile platforms for sensing and nonlinear optics.For example,these microresonators have shown potential in nanoparticle sizing and counting,as well as enhancing the single-photon optomechanical coupling rate of stimulated Brillouin scattering.However,it has been observed that the relation between the mode linewidth and on-resonance transmission of the split supermodes differs obviously from that of the non-split modes.This behavior is typically quantified by the coupling ideality(I),which remains inadequately explored for the standing-wave supermodes.In this study,we theoretically and experimentally investigate the coupling ideality of standing-wave supermodes in a commonly employed configuration involving a Si O2microresonator side-coupled to a tapered fiber.Our findings demonstrate that,even with a single-mode tapered fiber,the coupling ideality of the standing-wave supermodes is limited to 0.5,due to the strong backscattering-induced energy loss into the counter-propagating direction,resulting in an additional equivalent parasitic loss.While achieving a coupling ideality of 0.5 presents challenges for reaching over-coupled regimes,it offers a convenient approach for adjusting the total linewidth of the modes while maintaining critically-coupled conditions.

On the Optimal Initial Inner-Core Size for Tropical Cyclone Intensification: An Idealized Numerical Study

Recent observational and numerical studies have revealed the dependence of the intensification rate on the inner-core size of tropical cyclones(TCs). In this study, with the initial inner-core size(i.e., the radius of maximum wind—RMW)varied from 20–180 km in idealized simulations using two different numerical models, we found a nonmonotonic dependence of the lifetime maximum intensification rate(LMIR) on the inner-core size. Namely, there is an optimal innercore size for the LMIR of a TC. Tangential wind budget analysis shows that, compared to large TCs, small TCs have large inward flux of absolute vorticity due to large absolute vorticity inside the RMW. However, small TCs also suffer from strong lateral diffusion across the eyewall, which partly offsets the positive contribution from large inward flux of absolute vorticity. These two competing processes ultimately lead to the TC with an intermediate initial inner-core size having the largest LMIR. Results from sensitivity experiments show that the optimal size varies in the range of 40–120 km and increases with higher sea surface temperature, lower latitude, larger horizontal mixing length, and weaker initial TC intensity. The 40–120 km RMW corresponds to the inner-core size most commonly found for intensifying TCs in observations, suggesting the natural selection of initial TC size for intensification. This study highlights the importance of accurate representation of TC inner-core size to TC intensity forecasts by numerical weather prediction models.

基于“IDEAL”模式的物理问题解决能力培养研究

学生“物理问题解决能力弱”是长期困扰物理教学的问题,认知心理学关于问题解决的“IDEAL”模式为该问题的研究提供了新的视角。以2022年全国乙卷理综第25题为例,借助“IDEAL”模式可以清晰地梳理问题解决的过程,明确各阶段学生遇到的困难及成因。研究发现,借助“读思达”教学法,通过粗读、精读等过程,可以有效帮助学生建构物理模型、理清物理过程,从而提高物理问题解决能力。

INCOMPRESSIBLE LIMIT OF IDEAL MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS IN A DOMAIN WITH BOUNDARIES

We study the incompressible limit of classical solutions to compressible ideal magneto-hydrodynamics in a domain with a flat boundary.The boundary condition is characteristic and the initial data is general.We first establish the uniform existence of classical solutions with respect to the Mach number.Then,we prove that the solutions converge to the solution of the incompressible MHD system.In particular,we obtain a stronger convergence result by using the dispersion of acoustic waves in the half space.

An Unconventional Divergence Preserving Finite-Volume Discretization of Lagrangian Ideal MHD

We construct an unconventional divergence preserving discretization of updated Lagrangian ideal magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)over simplicial grids.The cell-centered finite-volume(FV)method employed to discretize the conservation laws of volume,momentum,and total energy is rigorously the same as the one developed to simulate hyperelasticity equations.By construction this moving mesh method ensures the compatibility between the mesh displacement and the approximation of the volume flux by means of the nodal velocity and the attached unit corner normal vector which is nothing but the partial derivative of the cell volume with respect to the node coordinate under consideration.This is precisely the definition of the compatibility with the Geometrical Conservation Law which is the cornerstone of any proper multi-dimensional moving mesh FV discretization.The momentum and the total energy fluxes are approximated utilizing the partition of cell faces into sub-faces and the concept of sub-face force which is the traction force attached to each sub-face impinging at a node.We observe that the time evolution of the magnetic field might be simply expressed in terms of the deformation gradient which characterizes the Lagrange-to-Euler mapping.In this framework,the divergence of the magnetic field is conserved with respect to time thanks to the Piola formula.Therefore,we solve the fully compatible updated Lagrangian discretization of the deformation gradient tensor for updating in a simple manner the cell-centered value of the magnetic field.Finally,the sub-face traction force is expressed in terms of the nodal velocity to ensure a semi-discrete entropy inequality within each cell.The conservation of momentum and total energy is recovered prescribing the balance of all the sub-face forces attached to the sub-faces impinging at a given node.This balance corresponds to a vectorial system satisfied by the nodal velocity.It always admits a unique solution which provides the nodal velocity.The robustness and the accuracy of this unconventional FV scheme have been demonstrated by employing various representative test cases.Finally,it is worth emphasizing that once you have an updated Lagrangian code for solving hyperelasticity you also get an almost free updated Lagrangian code for solving ideal MHD ensuring exactly the compatibility with the involution constraint for the magnetic field at the discrete level.

Yeats’s Ideals:Women Old and Young

William Butler Yeats ranks among the most widely admired and intensively studied poets of the 20th century.This paper intends to explore the women who have exerted the most critical influences upon Yeats,namely Gonne,Lady Gregory,and Georgie Hyde-Lees.Even in Yeats’s poetry involved with symbolism,it is worth noting that his employment of symbols has used these women as the archetypes,and that the historical context rendered Yeats’s representations of them in his poetry all the more interesting.

For the Ideal Homeland

A town planner combines British experience with Chinese concept of harmony to build green,low-carbon,and sustainable cities.YANG Wei is a woman who wears many hats.An internationally renowned town planner and urban designer,she is held in high esteem in the academic and planning communities in the U.K.and is a fellow of the U.K.Academy of Social Sciences and former president of the Royal Town Planning Institute(RTPI)based in London.She is also chief executive and co-founder of the Digital Task Force for Planning(DTFP),a non-profit social enterprise,and founding director of London-based planning and urban design firm Wei Yang&Partners.

A New Class of Simple,General and Efficient Finite Volume Schemes for Overdetermined Thermodynamically Compatible Hyperbolic Systems

In this paper,a new efficient,and at the same time,very simple and general class of thermodynamically compatiblefinite volume schemes is introduced for the discretization of nonlinear,overdetermined,and thermodynamically compatiblefirst-order hyperbolic systems.By construction,the proposed semi-discrete method satisfies an entropy inequality and is nonlinearly stable in the energy norm.A very peculiar feature of our approach is that entropy is discretized directly,while total energy conservation is achieved as a mere consequence of the thermodynamically compatible discretization.The new schemes can be applied to a very general class of nonlinear systems of hyperbolic PDEs,including both,conservative and non-conservative products,as well as potentially stiff algebraic relaxation source terms,provided that the underlying system is overdetermined and therefore satisfies an additional extra conservation law,such as the conservation of total energy density.The proposed family offinite volume schemes is based on the seminal work of Abgrall[1],where for thefirst time a completely general methodology for the design of thermodynamically compatible numerical methods for overdetermined hyperbolic PDE was presented.We apply our new approach to three particular thermodynamically compatible systems:the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics(MHD)with thermodynamically compatible generalized Lagrangian multiplier(GLM)divergence cleaning,the unifiedfirst-order hyperbolic model of continuum mechanics proposed by Godunov,Peshkov,and Romenski(GPR model)and thefirst-order hyperbolic model for turbulent shallow waterflows of Gavrilyuk et al.In addition to formal mathematical proofs of the properties of our newfinite volume schemes,we also present a large set of numerical results in order to show their potential,efficiency,and practical applicability.

Hypothetical Dark Matter Explains the Origin of Subatomic Universe: FEP-Theory

Although the standard model provides a suitable pattern based on observable experimental data, it cannot explain dark matter, gravitation, the structural nature of the fundamental particles, and charges. In this paper, a new theory about the nature of charges, particles and proposed structures for atoms were presented. This theory explains how an ideal quantum fluid (IQF) including hypothetical dark matter or fundamental elementary particles (FEPs) can produce the building blocks of matter. This theory describes quadruple blocks with two types of independent charges that can create different characteristics for these building blocks. Quadruple blocks have similarities and differences with the fundamental particles in standard model. This theory also explains the possible mechanism of creation the next generation of particles such as protons and neutrons.

SPECIAL ISSUE： IMPORTANT ISSUES IN MARXIST PHILOSOPHICAL STUDIES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA：The essential tension： on the distinction of ideality and actuality in Marxist philosophy

There are two opposing tendencies in the history of Westem philosophy： one is the Platonic- Hegelian tradition that mixes actuality and ideality, the other is the Aristotelian-Kantian tradition that differentiates the two. Marx distanced himself from the former by his critiques of Hegelism, but the later generations have in a sense turned back to it in their interpretation of Marxist theory. Despite its significance, this reversal is fundamentally inconsistent with Marxist philosophy, and will frequently have unfortunate results in practice. Therefore it is of great necessity to clarify the theoretical distinction between Marxism and Hegelism on this issue.

Barrier height and ideality factor dependency on identically produced small Au/p-Si Schottky barrier diodes

Small high-quality Au/P-Si Schottky barrier diodes（SBDs） with an extremely low reverse leakage current using wet lithography were produced.Their effective barrier heights（BHs） and ideality factors from current-voltage （Ⅰ-Ⅴ） characteristics were measured by a conducting probe atomic force microscope（C-AFM）.In spite of the identical preparation of the diodes there was a diode-to-diode variation in ideality factor and barrier height parameters.By extrapolating the plots the built in potential of the Au /p-Si contact was obtained as V_（bi）=0.5425 V and the barrier height valueΦ_（b（c-V）） was calculated to beΦ_（B（C-V））=0.7145 V for Au/p-Si.It is found that for the diodes with diameters smaller than 100μm,the diode barrier height and ideality factor dependency to their diameters and correlation between the diode barrier height and its ideality factor are nonlinear,where similar to the earlier reported different metal semiconductor diodes in the literature,these parameters for the here manufactured diodes with diameters more than 100μm are also linear.Based on the very obvious sub-nanometer C-AFM produced pictures the scientific evidence behind this controversy is also explained.

Solving Some Problems and Elimination in Systems of Polynomial Equations

In a factorial ring, we can define the p.g.c.d. of two elements (defined to the nearest unit) and the notion of prime elements between them. More generally, Bezout’s identity characterizes two prime elements in a main ring. A ring that satisfies the property of the theorem is called a Bezout ring. We have given some geometry theorems that can be proved algebraically, although the methods of geometry and, in particular, of projective geometry are by far the most beautiful. Most geometric problems actually involve polynomial equations and can be translated into the language of polynomial ideals. We have given a few examples of a different nature without pretending to make a general theory.

Derivation of a Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation That Predicts Combustion Oscillations

Our study identifies a subtle deviation from Newton’s third law in the derivation of the ideal rocket equation, also known as the Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (TRE). TRE can be derived using a 1D elastic collision model of the momentum exchange between the differential propellant mass element (dm) and the rocket final mass (m1), in which dm initially travels forward to collide with m1 and rebounds to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a velocity that is known as the effective exhaust velocity ve. We observe that such a model does not explain how dm was able to acquire its initial forward velocity without the support of a reactive mass traveling in the opposite direction. We show instead that the initial kinetic energy of dm is generated from dm itself by a process of self-combustion and expansion. In our ideal rocket with a single particle dm confined inside a hollow tube with one closed end, we show that the process of self-combustion and expansion of dm will result in a pair of differential particles each with a mass dm/2, and each traveling away from one another along the tube axis, from the center of combustion. These two identical particles represent the active and reactive sub-components of dm, co-generated in compliance with Newton’s third law of equal action and reaction. Building on this model, we derive a linear momentum ODE of the system, the solution of which yields what we call the Revised Tsiolkovsky Rocket Equation (RTRE). We show that RTRE has a mathematical form that is similar to TRE, with the exception of the effective exhaust velocity (ve) term. The ve term in TRE is replaced in RTRE by the average of two distinct exhaust velocities that we refer to as fast-jet, vx1, and slow-jet, vx2. These two velocities correspond, respectively, to the velocities of the detonation pressure wave that is vectored directly towards the exhaust nozzle, and the retonation wave that is initially vectored in the direction of rocket propagation, but subsequently becomes reflected from the thrust surface of the combustion chamber to exit through the exhaust nozzle with a time lag behind the detonation wave. The detonation-retonation phenomenon is supported by experimental evidence in the published literature. Finally, we use a convolution model to simulate the composite exhaust pressure wave, highlighting the frequency spectrum of the pressure perturbations that are generated by the mutual interference between the fast-jet and slow-jet components. Our analysis offers insights into the origin of combustion oscillations in rocket engines, with possible extensions beyond rocket engineering into other fields of combustion engineering.

The Axiology of Consciousness in Mocombeian Consciousness Field Theory

This work explores the axiology of consciousness in Mocombe’s consciousness field in the material world.The paper critically assesses Mocombe’s consciousness field theory(CFT)within the larger body of contemporary ontological debates regarding the nature,origin,and constitution of consciousness in the universe.The work goes on to highlight the manifestation of Mocombe’s consciousness field in the material resource framework that is the earth,and the nature and origins of ethics and values.

An Empirical Evaluation of the Impact of Moral and Law Course Teaching on the Effectiveness of University Students’Ideals and Beliefs Education

The Moral and Law course serves as a critical platform for educating university students about ideals and beliefs,and it has a significant impact on the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education.This paper establishes a mechanism through which Moral and Law course teaching influences the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education and conducts an empirical evaluation.The results reveal that factors such as the relevance and applicability of the teaching content,the integration of theory and practice,the innovation,interactivity,and participation of teaching methods,as well as classroom atmosphere,teaching facilities,and campus culture,all have a significant positive impact on the effectiveness of ideals and beliefs education for university students.

基于组合赋权-TOPSIS模型的机场运行效率评价

为提高机场运行效率评价结果的科学性和全面性,提出了一种基于组合赋权-TOPSIS(technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution)模型的机场运行效率评价方法。从机位运行效率、旅客登机效率、飞机滑行效率和协同效率4个维度出发,构建了由航班靠桥率、廊桥周转率、机位变更比例等11个指标组成的机场运行效率评价体系;利用G1法、熵权法分别计算评价指标主观和客观权重,以最小化主客观加权属性偏离程度为目标计算组合权重;使用TOPSIS计算待评价机场综合评价指数。利用该模型分析国内3类共8家机场的运行效率,可以得到各评价对象的运行效率等级和综合排名。结果表明:该模型能够有效探明影响机场运行效率的主要因素,具有一定的参考价值。

磁共振脂肪定量技术IDEAL-IQ评价腰椎骨质疏松严重程度的价值

目的 探讨基于MRI迭代最小二乘法水脂分离定量技术(IDEAL-IQ)的椎体骨髓脂肪分数(FF)值在评估腰椎骨质疏松严重程度中的价值。方法 收集88例同时接受双能X线骨密度测量(DXA)和腰椎IDEAL-IQ序列检查的患者,根据DXA结果分为正常骨量组(36例)、低骨量组(23例)和骨质疏松组(29例),并在IDEAL-IQ序列脂肪分数图中测量椎体的脂肪分数;应用单因素方差分析比较3组椎体的FF值,ROC曲线评估诊断效能;FF值与年龄、身高、体重、BMI指数以及BMD值进行Pearson相关分析。结果 正常骨量组、低骨量组、骨质疏松组FF值分别为(38.84±6.75)%、(51.96±7.65)%、(58.39±12.81)%,总体及组间比较差异显著(P<0.05);FF值识别正常组、低骨量组的AUC为0.797,以46.85%为阈值,敏感度、特异度分别为73.91%、80.56%;FF值识低骨量组、骨质疏松组的AUC为0.691,以57.12%为阈值,敏感度、特异度分别为79.31%、69.57%。FF值与年龄呈正相关(P<0.001,r=0.6059);FF与身高(P<0.001,r=-0.3783)、体重(P<0.001,r=-0.4686)、BMI(P<0.001,r=-0.3649)、BMD(p=0.01,r=-0.2738)呈负相关;与性别无明确相关性。结论 IDEAL-IQ能够精准量化椎体的骨髓脂肪含量,对评估骨质疏松症严重程度有一定价值,有助于从骨质量层面反映骨质疏松状态。

Determination of the Electrical Parameters of a Solar Cell in Steady State

Photovoltaic solar energy can be obtained by using several types of technologies, including silicon solar cells. The characterization of its solar cells makes it possible to know them better. This article presents, on the one hand, the work that has been carried out on these cells. On the other hand, a theoretical study of the cell under illumination using Lambert’s W function. On the basis of the electrical parameters provided by the manufacturer, the parameters such as the series and shunt resistances and the electrical quantities such as the photocurrent and the photovoltage, are determined and studied according to the ideality factor of the diode. From the results obtained the shunt resistance increases when the ideality factor increases, the series resistance decreases very weakly.

面向自愈的智能配电网免疫力评估方法

自愈是智能配电网区别于传统配电网的显著特征,为提高各项自愈技术实用化水平,需要准确掌握智能配电网整体免疫力水平。因此,借鉴人体免疫系统机理,提出了智能配电网免疫系统,包括免疫耐受、免疫自稳、免疫识别、免疫应答和免疫恢复5类功能,在此基础上,提出了基于改进层次分析法与逼近理想解距离法相结合的智能配电网免疫力评估模型构建方法,并构建了智能配电网免疫力评估指标体系以及智能配电网免疫力评估模型。此评估模型能够全面且多层次地考虑影响智能配电网免疫力强弱的各类因素,在实际应用中为智能配电网精细化运维检修和管理提供理论参考。