Optimization on Identification Standards and Artificial Inoculation Methods In Vitro on Resistance to Chrysanthemum White Rust

[Objective] This research aimed at exploring an effective way for inoculation and identification of chrysanthemum white rust under controlled conditions. [Method] By combining the observation methods with the naked eye and under optical microscope, we had established the identification standards for chrysanthemum white rust with six classifications and optimized artificial inoculation methods in vitro. [Result] The results showed that bottled cuttings identification method and petri dished leaves identification method both can be used for identification in vitro of chrysanthemum white rust, bottled cuttings identification method had shown better effects than petri dished leaves identification method, and was supposed to be best artificial inoculation and identification method in vitro. [Conclusion] This research had provided a scientific method for safe and effective researches on chrysanthemum white rust, in order to control the occurrence and diffusion of this quarantine disease.

Identification Standard for ENSO Events and Its Application to Climate Monitoring and Prediction in China

The El Ni?o–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)reflects anomalous variations in the sea surface temperature(SST)and atmospheric circulation over the tropical central–eastern Pacific.It remarkably impacts on weather and climate worldwide,so monitoring and prediction of ENSO draw intensive research.However,there is not yet a unique standard internationally for identifying the timing,intensity,and type of ENSO events.The National Climate Center of China Meteorological Administration(NCC/CMA)has led the effort to establish a national identification standard of ENSO events,which was officially endorsed by the National Standardization Administration of China and implemented operationally in NCC/CMA in 2017.In this paper,two key aspects of this standard are introduced.First,the Ni?o3.4 SST anomaly index,which is well-recognized in the international ENSO research community and used operationally in the US,has replaced the previous Ni?o Z index and been used to identify the start,end,and peak times,and intensity of ENSO events.Second,two new indices—the eastern Pacific ENSO(EP)index and the central Pacific ENSO(CP)index,based on the SST conditions in Ni?o3 and Ni?o4 region respectively,are calculated to first determine the ENSO type before monitoring and assessing the impacts of ENSO on China’s climate.With this standard,all historical ENSO events since 1950 are consistently re-identified;their distinct properties are diagnosed and presented;and the impacts of ENSO events under different types on China’s climate are re-assessed.This standard is also employed to validate the intensity,grade,and type of the ENSO events predicted by the NCC/CMA operational ENSO prediction system.The new standard and the thus derived unified set of re-analyzed historical ENSO events and associated information provide a good reference for better monitoring and prediction of future ENSO events.