The Effect of Spillovers on R&D Level

This paper emphasizes the effect of spillovers on R&D (Research and Development) level. When competing firms have spillovers to each other in R&D, cooperation will always increase firms' profits. Only if the positive spillover is large enough, the cooperative R&D level will be larger than the non\|cooperative R&D level. The cooperative level will be smaller than the non\|cooperative level if the positive spillover is small enough. However, the cooperative level is always smaller than the non\|cooperative level while there're negative spillovers to each other. R&D levels are the function of the spillover and will change with the spillover. The changing regularity is related to the sign of spillover and to whether they're cooperative or not. Spillovers made by the competing firms are usually different. When spillovers are small enough, the larger the spillover obtained from the other, the smaller the firm will invest in R&D; inversely, when the spillover is large enough, the larger spillovers obtains from the other, the larger the firm will invest in R&D.

知识产权保护、技术溢出与创业活跃度——基于国家知识产权示范城市建设的准自然实验

知识产权保护可以通过改变市场中的技术溢出状态对创新和创业活动产生影响。在完全信息动态和静态博弈框架下,知识产权保护一方面可以通过减少非法技术溢出提高创新者的创业利润,另一方面可以通过增加合法技术溢出提高模仿者的创业利润,从而同时促进创新者和模仿者的创业活动。以国家知识产权示范城市建设为准自然实验,采用2005—2018年270个城市面板数据的多时点双重差分检验发现:国家知识产权示范城市政策的实施显著促进了示范城市专利密集型产业的新创企业和有软件著作权信息的新创企业增加,其中存在加强知识产权行政和司法保护、增加技术供给和引用的中介机制,且这种创业促进效应在知识产权保护水平较高和专利转让数量较多的城市中更为明显。上述结果表明,知识产权保护能够通过减少非法技术溢出和增加合法技术溢出的双重路径产生显著的创业促进效应,在非法技术溢出较少和合法技术溢出较多的情形下,知识产权保护和发展的创业促进效应更大。因此,应在加强知识产权保护力度的同时,积极推动知识产权健康发展。

涉黑涉恶型套路贷犯罪刑法治理的负面溢出效应研究

近年来,"套路贷"作为一种分工明确、隐蔽性强、社会危害大的犯罪现象,被纳入到"扫黑除恶专项斗争"的范围予以严厉打击。工作开展以来,人民群众安全感、满意度持续提升,取得了看得见、感受得到的阶段性成效。但是在司法实践中,对套路贷相关犯罪的打击也存在负面溢出效应问题,其主要体现在:以套路贷取代特定犯罪构成要件;因套路贷而被定性为涉黑涉恶,不当扩张处罚范围;因"套路贷"或"涉黑涉恶"标签而被过重处罚。对此,应在坚持罪刑法定原则和刑法的谦抑性原则的基础上,严格把握"使被害人陷入错误认识"的构成要件,并因案制宜地考虑可否以其他更适合的罪名进行认定,从而尽可能消除存在的问题。