Conservative Immigration Reform and Illegal Immigrants

In 1996, Congress enacted Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 （IIRIRA）. Actually, it was a conservative legislation. It not only tightened border control but also strictly limited the public benefits about illegal immigration. Why Congress enacted serious immigration legislation in the 1990s？ Generally speaking, economic factor and politics played an important role in it. In derails, several reasons can account for its conservatism： （1） The first reason is that the increase number of illegal immigration led to the high cost of state governments, many state governments complained it; （2） The second reason is the influence of 187 Act which deported illegal immigration in primary and high school and it produced chain effect for other states; （3） The third reason is political election, including Congress election and president campaign. 187 Act greatly influenced GOP （Grand Old Party） and Congress, which was controlled by GOP, tended to take serious measures to contain illegal immigrants. Did IIRRA work？ In fact, it did not control illegal immigration. After 1990s, more and more illegal immigration entered into America and U.S, has become the nation with the most illegal immigrants in the world. Therefore, Congress should consider comprehensive immigration reform.

Problems in Statistical Data of Agricultural Population in the United States in 1910-1970

According to the data surveyed and released respectively by 3 official authorities including the Bureau of Agricultural Economics under US Department of Agriculture,Bureau of Labor Statistics under US Department of Labor and the Census Bureau under US Department of Commerce,the agricultural population in the United States had a sharp decrease in 1910-1970,and the population structure had completed the transition from agricultural population to industrial population. But there are also some omissions in the official statistical data,mainly including the " agricultural service" workers,floating agricultural population,illegal immigrants and child laborers. These 4 kinds of labor force population that directly or indirectly engage in farm production are not included in the agricultural population of the United States. For the purpose of exaggerating agricultural labor productivity and covering up exploitation from the perspective of the official US authorities and due to limited statistical methods as well as complicated conditions,some data problems including great difference in agricultural population statistics and inaccurate absolute quantity have been caused.

Hepatitis B virus infection in undocumented immigrants and refugees in Southern Italy:demographic,virological,and clinical features

Background:The data on hepatitis b virus(HBV)infection in immigrants population are scanty.The porpoise of this study was to define the demographic,virological,and clinical characteristics of subjects infected with HBV chronic infection in a cohort of immigrants living in Naples,Italy.Methods:A screening for HBV infection was offered to 1,331 immigrants,of whom 1,212(91%)(831 undocumented immigrants and 381 refugees)accepted and were screened for hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and anti-hepatitis B core antibody(HBc).Those found to be HBsAg positive were further investigated at third-level infectious disease units.Results:Of the 1,212 immigrants screened,116(9.6%)were HBsAg positive,490(40.4%)were HBsAg negative/anti-HBc positive,and 606(50%)were seronegative for both.Moreover,21(1.7%)were anti-human immunodeficiency virus positive and 45(3.7%)were anti-hepatitis C virus positive.The logistic regression analysis showed that male sex(OR:1.79;95%CI:1.28-2.51),Sub-Saharan African origin(OR:6.18;95%CI:3.37-11.36),low level of schooling(OR:0.96;95%CI:0.94-0.99),and minor parenteral risks for acquiring HBV infection(acupuncture,tattoo,piercing,or tribal practices,OR:1.54;95%CI:1.1-2.16)were independently associated with ongoing or past HBV infection.Of the 116 HBsAg-positive immigrants,90(77.6%)completed their diagnostic itinerary at a third-level infectious disease unit:29(32.2%)were asymptomatic non-viremic HBsAg carriers,43(47.8%)were asymptomatic viremic carriers,14(15.6%)had chronic hepatitis,and four(4.4%)had liver cirrhosis,with superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma in two.Conclusions:The data illustrate the demographic,clinical and virological characteristics of HBV infection in immigrants in Italy and indicate the need for Italian healthcare authorities to enhance their support for providing screening,HBV vaccination,treatment,and educational programs for this populations.