Automatic Defect Detection in X-Ray Images Using Image Data Fusion

Automatic defect detection in X-ray images is currently a focus of much research at home and abroad. The technology requires computerized image processing, image analysis, and pattern recognition. This paper describes an image processing method for automatic defect detection using image data fusion which synthesizes several methods including edge extraction, wave profile analyses, segmentation with dynamic threshold, and weld district extraction. Test results show that defects that induce an abrupt change over a predefined extent of the image intensity can be segmented regardless of the number, location, shape or size. Thus, the method is more robust and practical than the current methods using only one method.

Computer generated hologram from full-parallax 3D image data captured by scanning vertical camera array(Invited Paper)

Full-parallax light-field is captured by a small-scale 3D image scanning system and applied to holographic display. A vertical camera array is scanned horizontally to capture full-parallax imagery, and the vertical views between cameras are interpolated by depth image-based rendering technique. An improved technique for depth estimation reduces the estimation error and high-density light-field is obtained. The captured data is employed for the calculation of computer hologram using ray-sampling plane. This technique enables high-resolution display even in deep 3D scene although a hologram is calculated from ray information, and thus it makes use of the important advantage of holographic 3D display.

Data Hiding in AMBTC Images Using Selective XOR Hiding Scheme

Nowadays since the Internet is ubiquitous,the frequency of data transfer through the public network is increasing.Hiding secure data in these transmitted data has emerged broad security issue,such as authentication and copyright protection.On the other hand,considering the transmission efficiency issue,image transmission usually involves image compression in Internet-based applications.To address both issues,this paper presents a data hiding scheme for the image compression method called absolute moment block truncation coding(AMBTC).First,an image is divided into nonoverlapping blocks through AMBTC compression,the blocks are classified four types,namely smooth,semi-smooth,semi-complex,and complex.The secret data are embedded into the smooth blocks by using a simple replacement strategy.The proposed method respectively embeds nine bits(and five bits)of secret data into the bitmap of the semi-smooth blocks(and semicomplex blocks)through the exclusive-or(XOR)operation.The secret data are embedded into the complex blocks by using a hidden function.After the embedding phase,the direct binary search(DBS)method is performed to improve the image qualitywithout damaging the secret data.The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method yields higher quality and hiding capacity than other reference methods.

Dynamic Fractal Transform with Applications to Image Data Compression

A recent trend in computer graphics and image processing is to use Iterated Function System (IFS) to generate and describe both man-made graphics and natural images. Jacquin was the first to propose a fully automatic gray scale image compression algorithm which is referred to as a typical static fractal transform based algorithm in this paper. By using this algorithm, an image can be condensely described as a fractal transform operator which is the combination of a set of fractal mappings. When the fractal transform operator is iteratedly applied to any initial image, a unique attractor (reconstructed image) can be achieved. In this paper) a dynamic fractal transform is presented which is a modification of the static transform. Instead of being fixed, the dynamic transform operator varies in each decoder iteration, thus differs from static transform operators. The new transform has advantages in improving coding efficiency and shows better convergence for the decoder.

Satellite Data Reduction Using Entropy-preserved Image Compression Technique

In this paper, three techniques, line run coding, quadtree DF (Depth-First) representation and H coding for compressing classified satellite cloud images with no distortion are presented. In these three codings, the first two were invented by other persons and the third one, by ourselves. As a result, the comparison among their compression rates is. given at the end of this paper. Further application of these image compression technique to satellite data and other meteorological data looks promising.

Distortion-Free Data Embedding Scheme for High Dynamic Range Images

Distortion-free data embedding is a technique which can assure that not only the secret data is correctly extracted but also the cover media is recovered without any distortion after secret data is extracted completely. Because of these advantages, this technique attracts the attention of many researchers. In this paper, a new distortion-free data embedding scheme for high dynamic range （HDR） images is proposed. By depending on Cartesian product, this scheme can obtain higher embedding capacity while maintaining the exactly identical cover image and stego image when using the tone mapping algorithms. In experimental results, the proposed scheme is superior to Yu et aL＇s scheme in regard to the embedding rate——an average embedding rate of 0.1355 bpp compared with Yn et aL＇s scheme （0.1270 bpp）.

Analysis of the Design and Implementation of a GIS System Incorporating Intelligent Recognition Models

The rapid economic growth,urbanization,and industrialization have led to a scarcity of land resources in coastal areas,exacerbating the conflict between humans and the environment.In order to promote economic development,attention has turned to the sea,and various coastal engineering projects have been undertaken,sparking a wave of land reclamation.However,while these efforts bring economic and social benefits,they also have implications for ecological relationships.To respond to and plan for changes in the coastline and land cover in a timely manner,this paper proposes and constructs a GIS system that integrates remote sensing image recognition models.The system combines geographic information system development technology with image recognition technology,streamlining the processing and identification of image data.This approach is particularly advantageous for marine management departments in their long-term monitoring and dynamic management of coastal lines,ensuring a more effective and efficient response.

An image compression method for space multispectral time delay and integration charge coupled device camera

Multispectral time delay and integration charge coupled device （TDICCD） image compression requires a low- complexity encoder because it is usually completed on board where the energy and memory are limited. The Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems （CCSDS） has proposed an image data compression （CCSDS-IDC） algorithm which is so far most widely implemented in hardware. However, it cannot reduce spectral redundancy in mukispectral images. In this paper, we propose a low-complexity improved CCSDS-IDC （ICCSDS-IDC）-based distributed source coding （DSC） scheme for multispectral TDICCD image consisting of a few bands. Our scheme is based on an ICCSDS-IDC approach that uses a bit plane extractor to parse the differences in the original image and its wavelet transformed coefficient. The output of bit plane extractor will be encoded by a first order entropy coder. Low-density parity-check-based Slepian-Wolf （SW） coder is adopted to implement the DSC strategy. Experimental results on space multispectral TDICCD images show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms the CCSDS-IDC-based coder in each band.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System:Lights and shadows in hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocellular carcinoma diagnosis

BACKGROUND Contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)is considered a secondary examination compared to computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)in the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),due to the risk of misdiagnosing intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC).The introduction of CEUS Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System(CEUS LI-RADS)might overcome this limitation.Even though data from the literature seems promising,its reliability in real-life context has not been well-established yet.AIM To test the accuracy of CEUS LI-RADS for correctly diagnosing HCC and ICC in cirrhosis.METHODS CEUS LI-RADS class was retrospectively assigned to 511 nodules identified in 269 patients suffering from liver cirrhosis.The diagnostic standard for all nodules was either biopsy(102 nodules)or CT/MRI(409 nodules).Common diagnostic accuracy indexes such as sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value(PPV),and negative predictive value(NPV)were assessed for the following associations:CEUS LR-5 and HCC;CEUS LR-4 and 5 merged class and HCC;CEUS LR-M and ICC;and CEUS LR-3 and malignancy.The frequency of malignant lesions in CEUS LR-3 subgroups with different CEUS patterns was also determined.Inter-rater agreement for CEUS LI-RADS class assignment and for major CEUS pattern identification was evaluated.RESULTS CEUS LR-5 predicted HCC with a 67.6%sensitivity,97.7%specificity,and 99.3%PPV(P<0.001).The merging of LR-4 and 5 offered an improved 93.9%sensitivity in HCC diagnosis with a 94.3%specificity and 98.8%PPV(P<0.001).CEUS LR-M predicted ICC with a 91.3%sensitivity,96.7%specificity,and 99.6%NPV(P<0.001).CEUS LR-3 predominantly included benign lesions(only 28.8%of malignancies).In this class,the hypo-hypo pattern showed a much higher rate of malignant lesions(73.3%)than the iso-iso pattern(2.6%).Inter-rater agreement between internal raters for CEUS-LR class assignment was almost perfect(n=511,k=0.94,P<0.001),while the agreement among raters from separate centres was substantial(n=50,k=0.67,P<0.001).Agreement was stronger for arterial phase hyperenhancement(internal k=0.86,P<2.7×10-214;external k=0.8,P<0.001)than washout(internal k=0.79,P<1.6×10-202;external k=0.71,P<0.001).CONCLUSION CEUS LI-RADS is effective but can be improved by merging LR-4 and 5 to diagnose HCC and by splitting LR-3 into two subgroups to differentiate iso-iso nodules from other patterns.

Importance of Features Selection,Attributes Selection,Challenges and Future Directions for Medical Imaging Data:A Review

In the area of pattern recognition and machine learning,features play a key role in prediction.The famous applications of features are medical imaging,image classification,and name a few more.With the exponential growth of information investments in medical data repositories and health service provision,medical institutions are collecting large volumes of data.These data repositories contain details information essential to support medical diagnostic decisions and also improve patient care quality.On the other hand,this growth also made it difficult to comprehend and utilize data for various purposes.The results of imaging data can become biased because of extraneous features present in larger datasets.Feature selection gives a chance to decrease the number of components in such large datasets.Through selection techniques,ousting the unimportant features and selecting a subset of components that produces prevalent characterization precision.The correct decision to find a good attribute produces a precise grouping model,which enhances learning pace and forecast control.This paper presents a review of feature selection techniques and attributes selection measures for medical imaging.This review is meant to describe feature selection techniques in a medical domainwith their pros and cons and to signify its application in imaging data and data mining algorithms.The review reveals the shortcomings of the existing feature and attributes selection techniques to multi-sourced data.Moreover,this review provides the importance of feature selection for correct classification of medical infections.In the end,critical analysis and future directions are provided.

Assimilation of GPM Microwave Imager Radiance for Track Prediction of Typhoon Cases with the WRF Hybrid En3DVAR System

The impact of assimilating radiance data from the advanced satellite sensor GMI(GPM microwave imager)for typhoon analyses and forecasts was investigated using both a three-dimensional variational(3DVAR)and a hybrid ensemble-3DVAR method.The interface of assimilating the radiance for the sensor GMI was established in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model.The GMI radiance data are assimilated for Typhoon Matmo(2014),Typhoon Chan-hom(2015),Typhoon Meranti(2016),and Typhoon Mangkhut(2018)in the Pacific before their landing.The results show that after assimilating the GMI radiance data under clear sky condition with the 3DVAR method,the wind,temperature,and humidity fields are effectively adjusted,leading to improved forecast skills of the typhoon track with GMI radiance assimilation.The hybrid DA method is able to further adjust the location of the typhoon systematically.The improvement of the track forecast is even more obvious for later forecast periods.In addition,water vapor and hydrometeors are enhanced to some extent,especially with the hybrid method.

Interobserver agreement for contrast-enhanced ultrasound of liver imaging reporting and data system:A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver malignancy.From the results of previous studies,Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System(LIRADS)on contrast-enhanced ultrasound(CEUS)has shown satisfactory diagnostic value.However,a unified conclusion on the interobserver stability of this innovative ultrasound imaging has not been determined.The present metaanalysis examined the interobserver agreement of CEUS LI-RADS to provide some reference for subsequent related research.AIM To evaluate the interobserver agreement of LI-RADS on CEUS and analyze the sources of heterogeneity between studies.METHODS Relevant papers on the subject of interobserver agreement on CEUS LI-RADS published before March 1,2020 in China and other countries were analyzed.The studies were filtered,and the diagnostic criteria were evaluated.The selected references were analyzed using the“meta”and“metafor”packages of R software version 3.6.2.RESULTS Eight studies were ultimately included in the present analysis.Meta-analysis results revealed that the summary Kappa value of included studies was 0.76[95%confidence interval,0.67-0.83],which shows substantial agreement.Higgins I2 statistics also confirmed the substantial heterogeneity(I2=91.30%,95%confidence interval,85.3%-94.9%,P<0.01).Meta-regression identified the variables,including the method of patient enrollment,method of consistency testing,and patient race,which explained the substantial study heterogeneity.CONCLUSION CEUS LI-RADS demonstrated overall substantial interobserver agreement,but heterogeneous results between studies were also obvious.Further clinical investigations should consider a modified recommendation about the experimental design.

Hepatocellular carcinoma Liver Imaging Reporting and Data Systems treatment response assessment: Lessons learned and future directions

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide,with rising clinical and economic burden as incidence increases.There are a multitude of evolving treatment options,including locoregional therapies which can be used alone,in combination with each other,or in combination with systemic therapy.These treatment options have shown to be effective in achieving remission,controlling tumor progression,improving disease free and overall survival in patients who cannot undergo resection and providing a bridge to transplant by debulking tumor burden to downstage patients.Following locoregional therapy(LRT),it is crucial to provide treatment response assessment to guide management and liver transplant candidacy.Therefore,Liver Imaging Reporting and Data Systems(LI-RADS)Treatment Response Algorithm(TRA)was created to provide a standardized assessment of HCC following LRT.LIRADS TRA provides a step by step approach to evaluate each lesion independently for accurate tumor assessment.In this review,we provide an overview of different locoregional therapies for HCC,describe the expected post treatment imaging appearance following treatment,and review the LI-RADS TRA with guidance for its application in clinical practice.Unique to other publications,we will also review emerging literature supporting the use of LI-RADS for assessment of HCC treatment response after LRT.

Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System criteria for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in clinical practice: A pictorial minireview

Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is the sixth most common cancer.The main risk factors associated with HCC development include hepatitis B virus,hepatitis C virus,alcohol consumption,aflatoxin B1,and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.However,hepatocarcinogenesis is a complex multistep process.Various factors lead to hepatocyte malignant transformation and HCC development.Diagnosis and surveillance of HCC can be made with the use of liver ultrasound(US)every 6 mo.However,the sensitivity of this imaging method to detect HCC in a cirrhotic liver is limited,due to the abnormal liver parenchyma.Computed tomography(CT)and magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)are considered to be most useful tools for at-risk patients or patients with inadequate US.Liver biopsy is still used for diagnosis and prognosis of HCC in specific nodules that cannot be definitely characterized as HCC by imaging.Recently the American College of Radiology designed the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System(LI-RADS),which is a comprehensive system for standardized interpretation of CT and MRI liver examinations that was first proposed in 2011.In 2018,it was integrated into the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases guidance statement for HCC.LI-RADS is designed to ensure high sensitivity,precise categorization,and high positive predictive value for the diagnosis of HCC and is applied to“highrisk populations”according to specific criteria.Most importantly LI-RADS criteria achieved international collaboration and consensus among liver experts around the world on the best practices for caring for patients with or at risk for HCC.

Validation of Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System score for the diagnosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A prospective cross-sectional study

Objective:Vesical Imaging Reporting and Data System(VIRADS)score was developed to standardize the reporting and staging of bladder tumors on pre-operative multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging.It helps in avoiding unnecessary repeat transurethral resection of bladder tumor in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.This study was done to determine the validity of VIRADS score prospectively for the diagnosis of muscleinvasive bladder cancer.Methods:This study was conducted from March 2019 to March 2020 at Sawai Man Singh Medical College and Hospital,Jaipur,Rajasthan,India.Patients admitted with the provisional diagnosis of bladder tumor were included as participants.All these patients underwent a 3 Tesla mpMRI to obtain a VIRADS score before they underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor and these data were analyzed to evaluate the correlation of pre-operative VIRADS score with mus-cle invasiveness of the tumor in final biopsy report.Results:A cut-off of VIRADS≥4 for prediction of detrusor muscle invasion yielded a sensitivity of 79.4%,specificity of 94.2%,positive predictive value of 90.0%,negative predictive value of 87.5%,and diagnostic accuracy of 86.4%.A cut off of VIRADS≥3 for prediction of detrusor muscle invasion yielded a sensitivity of 91.2%,specificity of 78.8%,positive predictive value of 73.8%,negative predictive value of 93.2%,and accuracy of 83.7%.The receiver operating curve showed the area under the curve to be 0.922(95%confidence interval:0.862e0.983).Conclusion:VIRADS score appears to be an excellent and effective pre-operative radiological tool for the prediction of detrusor muscle invasion in bladder cancer.

Image Based NC Programming of Plane Contour Machining

Simplified Hough Transform (HT) and Adaptive Including Box (AIB) approach are proposed. The size of AIB is controlled according to the precision requirement of machining. The image data of part contour is turned into a set of line segments and then NC program for machining the contour is generated .

Reconstructing the landing trajectory of the CE-3 lunar probe by using images from the landing camera

An accurate determination of the landing trajectory of Chang＇e-3 （CE-3） is significant for verifying orbital control strategy, optimizing orbital planning, accu- rately determining the landing site of CE-3 and analyzing the geological background of the landing site. Due to complexities involved in the landing process, there are some differences between the planned trajectory and the actual trajectory of CE-3. The land- ing camera on CE-3 recorded a sequence of the landing process with a frequency of 10 frames per second. These images recorded by the landing camera and high-resolution images of the lunar surface are utilized to calculate the position of the probe, so as to reconstruct its precise trajectory. This paper proposes using the method of trajectory reconstruction by Single Image Space Resection to make a detailed study of the hov- ering stage at a height of 100 m above the lunar surface. Analysis of the data shows that the closer CE-3 came to the lunar surface, the higher the spatial resolution of im- ages that were acquired became, and the more accurately the horizontal and vertical position of CE-3 could be determined. The horizontal and vertical accuracies were 7.09 m and 4.27 m respectively during the hovering stage at a height of 100.02 m. The reconstructed trajectory can reflect the change in CE-3＇s position during the powered descent process. A slight movement in CE-3 during the hovering stage is also clearly demonstrated. These results will provide a basis for analysis of orbit control strategy, and it will be conducive to adjustment and optimization of orbit control strategy in follow-up missions.

A new lunar absolute control point: established by images from the landing camera on Chang'e-3

The establishment of a lunar control network is one of the core tasks in selenodesy, in which defining an absolute control point on the Moon is the most im- portant step. However, up to now, the number of absolute control points has been very sparse. These absolute control points have mainly been lunar laser ranging retrore- flectors, whose geographical location can be observed by observations on Earth and also identified in high resolution lunar satellite images. The Chang＇e-3 （CE-3） probe successfully landed on the Moon, and its geographical location has been monitored by an observing station on Earth. Since its positional accuracy is expected to reach the meter level, the CE-3 landing site can become a new high precision absolute control point. We use a sequence of images taken from the landing camera, as well as satellite images taken by CE-1 and CE-2, to identify the location of the CE-3 lander. With its geographical location known, the CE-3 landing site can be established as a new abso- lute control point, which will effectively expand the current area of the lunar absolute control network by 22%, and can greatly facilitate future research in the field of lunar surveying and mapping, as well as selenodesy.

Stroke Based Painterly Rendering with Mass Data through Auto Warping Generation

Painting is done according to the artist’s style.The most representative of the style is the texture and shape of the brush stroke.Computer simulations allow the artist’s painting to be produced by taking this stroke and pasting it onto the image.This is called stroke-based rendering.The quality of the result depends on the number or quality of this stroke,since the stroke is taken to create the image.It is not easy to render using a large amount of information,as there is a limit to having a stroke scanned.In this work,we intend to produce rendering results using mass data that produces large amounts of strokes by expanding existing strokes through warping.Through this,we have produced results that have higher quality than conventional studies.Finally,we also compare the correlation between the amount of data and the results.

Reversible Data Embedding Scheme Using Relationships between Pixel-Values and Their Neighbors

Reversible data embedding is becoming a very important issue in securing images transmitted over the Internet, especially in dealing with sensitive images such as those created for military data and medical data. Based on the relationships between pixels and their neighbors, we propose a reversible data embedding scheme to embed hidden messages into an original image. In our proposed scheme, a two-layer data embedding approach is used for our proposed data embedding phase. Layer-1 embedding is used to hide secret data. Layer-2 embedding, which is an embedding variant of the proposed layer-1 embedding, is used to hide side information, such as the parameters required to restore the marked image. In our layer-1 embedding, the value of an embedded pixel is determined according to a predetermined threshold and the relationship between the pixel and its neighbors. In our layer-2 embedding, the similar data embedding concept is expanded to the block-based. Experimental results provide supportive data to show that the proposed scheme can provide greater hiding capacity while preserving the image quality of a marked image in comparison with previous work.