Remote Sensing Monitoring of Tobacco Field Based on Phenological Characteristics and Time Series Image―A Case Study of Chengjiang County, Yunnan Province, China

Using three-phase remote sensing images of China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite 02B (CBERS02B) and Landsat-5 TM, tobacco field was extracted by the analysis of time series image based on the different phenological characteristics between tobacco and other crops. The spectral characteristics of tobacco and corn in luxuriant growth stage are very similar, which makes them difficult to be distinguished using a single-phase remote sensing image. Field film after tobacco seedlings transplanting can be used as significant sign to identify tobacco. Remote sensing interpre- tation map based on the fusion image of TM and CBERS02B's High-Resolution (HR) camera image was used as stan- dard reference material to evaluate the classification accuracy of Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) and Maximum Like- lihood Classifier (MLC) for time series image based on full samples test method. SAM has higher classification accu- racy and stability than MLC in dealing with time series image. The accuracy and Kappa of tobacco coverage extracted by SAM are 83.4% and 0.692 respectively, which can achieve the accuracy required by tobacco coverage measurement in a large area.

Auto-registration and Orthorecification Algorithm for the Time Series HJ-1A/B CCD Images

How to deal with geometric distortion is an open problem when using the massive amount of satellite images at a national or global scale, especially for multi-temporal image analysis. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to automatically rectify the geometric distortion of time-series CCD multi- spectral data of small constellation for environmental and disaster mitigation （HJ-1A/B） which was launched by China in 2008. In this algorithm, the area-based matching method was used to automatically search tie points firstly, and then the polynomial function was introduced to correct the systematic errors caused by the satellite motion along the roll, pitch and yaw direction. The improved orthorectification method was finally used to correct pixel displacement caused by off-nadir viewing of topography, which are random errors in the images and cannot be corrected by the polynomial equation. Nine scenes of level 2 HJ CCD images from one path/row were taken as the warp images to test the algorithm. The test result showed that the overall accuracy of the proposed algorithm was within 2 pixels （the average residuals were 37.8 m, and standard deviations were 19.8 m）. The accuracies of 45.96% validation points （VPs） were within 1 pixel and 90.33% VPs were within 2 pixels. The discussion showed that three main factors including the distortion patterns of HJ CCD images, pereent of cloud cover and the varying altitude of the satellite orbit may affect the search of tie points and the accuracy of results. Although the influence of varying altitude of the satellite orbits is less than the other factors, it is noted that detailed satellite altitude information should be given in the future to get a more precise result. The proposed algorithm should be an efficient tool for the geo-correction of HJ CCD multi-spectral images.

Optimal ship imaging for shore-based ISAR using DCF estimation

The optimal imaging time selection of ship targets for shore-based inverse synthetic aperture radar （ISAR） in high sea conditions is investigated. The optimal imaging time includes opti- mal imaging instants and optimal imaging duration. A novel method for optimal imaging instants selection based on the estimation of the Doppler centroid frequencies （DCFs） of a series of images obtained over continuous short durations is proposed. Combined with the optimal imaging duration selection scheme using the image contrast maximization criteria, this method can provide the ship images with the highest focus. Simulated and real data pro- cessing results verify the effectiveness of the proposed imaging method.

Electrical capacitance volume tomography for measurement soil water infiltration in vessel experiments

Electrical capacitance volume tomography(ECVT) is a recently-developed technique for real-time,non-invasive 3D monitoring of processes involving materials with strong contrasts in dielectric permittivity.This work is first application of the method to visualization of water flow in soil.We describe the principles behind the method,and then demonstrate its use with a simple laboratory infiltration experiment.32 ECVT sensors were installed on the sides of an empty PVC column.Water was poured into the column at a constant rate,and ECVT data were collected every second.The column was then packed with dry sand and again supplied with water at a constant rate with data collected every second.Data were analyzed to give bulk average water contents,which proved consistent with the water supply rates.Data were also analyzed to give 3D images(216 voxels) allowing visualization of the water distribution during the experiments.Result of this work shows that water infiltration into the soil,wall flow,progress of the unstable wetting front and the final water distribution are clearly visible.

DEEP-UV CONFOCAL FLUORESCENCE IMAGING AND SUPER-RESOLUTION OPTICAL MICROSCOPY OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES

A wide range of techniques has been developed to image biological samples at high spatial and temporal resolution.In this paper,we report recent results from deep-UV confocal fAuorescence microscopy to image inherent emission from fuorophores such as tryptophan,and structured ilumination microscopy(SIM)of biological materials.One motivation for developing deep-UV fhuorescence imaging and SIM is to provide methods to complement our measurements in the emerging field of X-ray coherent diffractive imaging.

Acceleration of Points to Convex Region Correspondence Pose Estimation Algorithm on GPUs for Real-Time Applications

In our previous work, a novel algorithm to perform robust pose estimation was presented. The pose was estimated using points on the object to regions on image correspondence. The laboratory experiments conducted in the previous work showed that the accuracy of the estimated pose was over 99% for position and 84% for orientation estimations respectively. However, for larger objects, the algorithm requires a high number of points to achieve the same accuracy. The requirement of higher number of points makes the algorithm, computationally intensive resulting in the algorithm infeasible for real-time computer vision applications. In this paper, the algorithm is parallelized to run on NVIDIA GPUs. The results indicate that even for objects having more than 2000 points, the algorithm can estimate the pose in real time for each frame of high-resolution videos.

Image reconstruction of a neutron scatter camera

Recently, Sandia Laboratories developed a neutron scatter camera to detect special nuclear materials. This camera exhibits the following advantages: high efficiency, direction discrimination, neutron-gamma discrimination ability, and wide field of view. However, using the direct projection method, the angular resolution of this camera is limited by uncertainties in the energies estimated from pulse height and time of flight measurements. In this study, we established an eight-element neutron scatter camera and conducted the experiment with a ^(252)Cf neutron source. The results show that it has an angular resolution better than 8°(1s) and a detection efficiency of approximately 2.6′10-4. Using maximum likelihood expectation maximization method, the image artifact was eliminated, and the angular resolution was improved. We proposed an average scattering angle method to estimate the scattering energy of neutrons and Compton gamma rays. As such, we can obtain a recognizable image and energy spectrum of the source with some degradation of energy and image resolutions. Finally, a newly measured light response function based on the MPD^(-4) device was used for image reconstruction. Although we did not obtain a better result than that of the standard light response function, we have observed the effects of light response function on image reconstruction.

旋转状态边界层速度场及温度场特性实验

针对涡轮转子叶片内冷技术,使用TR-PIV(time resolved particle image velocimetry)技术与热线技术同步原位测量了壁面加热条件下旋转通道内边界层速度场和温度场特性。结果显示:旋转数大于0.48时前缘面附近出现了回流现象,并从受力分析的角度给出了解释;回流区一般出现于流场下游、较大密度比、较高旋转数下,可以利用回流区的影响达到增强前缘面换热的目的;得到了旋转条件下无量纲温度型、温度脉动量和努塞尔数的变化规律,可以看出湍流边界层内部的温度场分布在旋转效应的影响下产生了强烈的不对称性,与静止条件下的标准规律相比会产生一定的偏差。

Comparison and assessment of NDVI time series for seasonal wetland classification

Satellite-based wetland mapping faces challenges due to the high spatial heterogeneity and dynamic characteristics of seasonal wetlands.Although normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)time series(NTS)shows great potential in land cover mapping and crop classification,the effectiveness of various NTS with different spatial and temporal resolution has not been evaluated for seasonal wetland classification.To address this issue,we conducted comparisons of those NTS,including the moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)NTS with 500 m resolution,NTS fused with MODIS and Landsat data(MOD_LC8-NTS),and HJ-1 NDVI compositions(HJ-1-NTS)with finer resolution,for wetland classification of Poyang Lake.Results showed the following:(1)the NTS with finer resolution was more effective in the classification of seasonal wetlands than that of the MODIS-NTS with 500-m resolution and(2)generally,the HJ-1-NTS performed better than that of the fused NTS,with an overall accuracy of 88.12%for HJ-1-NTS and 83.09%for the MOD_LC8-NTS.Future work should focus on the construction of satellite image time series oriented to highly dynamic characteristics of seasonal wetlands.This study will provide useful guidance for seasonal wetland classification,and benefit the improvements of spatiotemporal fusion models.

Experimental study of the wake characteristics of a two-blade horizontal axis wind turbine by time-resolved PIV

Wind tunnel experiments of the wake characteristics of a two-blade wind turbine, in the downstream region of 0

FLOW DYNAMICS OF GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BEDS WITH EVAPORATIVE LIQUID INJECTION

The electrical capacitance tomography （ECT） with neural network multi-criteria image reconstruction technique （NN-MOIRT） is developed for real time imaging of a gas-solid fluidized bed using FCC particles with evaporative liquid injection. Some aspects of the fundamental characteristics of the gas-solid flow with evaporative liquid injection including real time and time averaged cross-sectional solids concentration distributions, the cross-sectional solids concentration fluctuations and the quasi-3D flow structures are studied. A two-region model and a direct image calculation are proposed to describe the dynamic behavior in both the bubble/void phase and the emulsion phase based on the tomographic images. Comparisons are made between the fundamental behaviors of the gas-solid flows with and without evaporative liquid injection for various gas velocities ranging from bubbling to turbulent fluidization regimes. Significant differences are observed in the behavior of the gas-solid flow with the evaporative liquid injection compared to the fluidized bed without liquid injection.

Large-eddy simulation and experimental study on the turbulent wake flow characteristics of a two-bladed wind turbine

Large-eddy simulation(LES) with fully resolved rotor method(FRM) is applied to explore the turbulent wake flow characteristics and vortex evolution laws of a two-bladed horizontal-axis wind turbine. Relevant wind tunnel experiments have been done based on time resolved particle image velocimetry(TRPIV) technique. The simulation results are validated by the experimental data and they are in good agreement. The axial average velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, shear Reynolds stress, and vortex structure of the wind turbine wake are analyzed based on the comparison of LES results and experimental data. It is observed that the wake diameter of wind turbine enlarges with the increase of tip speed ratio(TSR). Turbulent kinetic energy meets its minimum value when x/R=2.0. Shear Reynolds stress appears a positive peak in the near wake when x/R<2.0, and the value of shear Reynolds stress decreases along the axial direction. The blade tip vortex dissipates more quickly than the central vortex in the wind turbine wake, and the gradient of the relationship curve between the blade tip vortex core position and the vortex age decreases as the TSR increases. With the increase of TSR, the thrust coefficient increases, and the power coefficient increases first and then decreases.The present work proves that LES with FRM could calculate wind turbine turbulent wake flow with a high accuracy.

Some path properties of generalized Lévy sheet

Let X(t) be an N parameter generalized Levy sheet taking values in Rd with a lower index a, R={(s,t] =∏i=1N(si,ti)],si<ti}. E(x,Q) = {t∈Q : X(t) = x},Q∈R be the level set of X at x and X(Q) = {x : (?)t∈Q such that X(t) = x} be the image of X on Q. In this paper, the problems of the existence and increment size of the local times for X(t) are studied. In addition, the Hausdorff dimension of E(x,Q) and the upper bound of a uniform dimension for X(Q) are also established.

Wavefield-extrapolation imaging for echo data of sea-bed sediment layers

Imaging sea-bed sediment layers from echo data, which are collected by a system composed of a seismic profiler and a hydrophone streamer towed behind the profiler, is a way to reconstruct the structure of sedimeat layers with acoustic wav equation. The equation which describes the wave propagation is used for backward extrapolation of echo data observed at sea surface. When the medium is homogeneous or horizontally layered, time imaging approach is valid. However, in the case where a considerable lateral variation in velocity exists, the image section processed with the time approach does not represent the real structure, because of distortions caused by thin-lens effect similar as in optics. In this case, depth imaging approach must be used for both the time-shift correction of refraction terms and the convergence of diffractions simultaneously as wavefields are downward continued. As a result, the good image can be derived to determine the structure of sea-bed sediment layers.

Effect of time bin size on accuracy of streak tube imaging lidar

Streak tube imaging lidar （STIL） is an active imaging system that has a high range accuracy with tile use of a pulsed lapser transmitter and streak tube receiver to produce 3D range inlages. This work investigates the effect of tile time bin size oil the range accuracy of STIL systems based on the peak detection algorithm. The nunlerical simulation indicates that the time bin size has a significant effect on the range aceuracy, resulting in a modified analytical estimate of the range error. An indoor experilnent with a planar target is carried out to validate the theory that shows the linear relationship between tile range error and the time bin size. Finer 3D depth iinages of a fist model are acquired by using a smaller time bin size and the best range error of 0.003 In is achieved with the optimal time bin size of 0.07 ns.