Spatially resolved transcriptomics in immersive environments

Spatially resolved transcriptomics is an emerging class of high-throughput technologies that enable biologists to systematically investigate the expression of genes along with spatial information.Upon data acquisition,one major hurdle is the subsequent interpretation and visualization of the datasets acquired.To address this challenge,VR-Cardiomics is presented,which is a novel data visualization system with interactive functionalities designed to help biologists interpret spatially resolved transcriptomic datasets.By implementing the system in two separate immersive environments,fish tank virtual reality(FTVR)and head-mounted display virtual reality(HMD-VR),biologists can interact with the data in novel ways not previously possible,such as visually exploring the gene expression patterns of an organ,and comparing genes based on their 3D expression profiles.Further,a biologist-driven use-case is presented,in which immersive environments facilitate biologists to explore and compare the heart expression profiles of different genes.

Innovation and Education： Construction of Interactivity Indicators to Collaborative and Immersive Learning

Technological innovation, driven towards the educational context, has favored the concept of interactive technological environments that may significantly contribute towards the teaching-learning processes. In that sense, mapping interactivity indicators that consider technical and operational aspects, supported by the available technical literature and based on the perspective of undergraduate engineers and teachers, becomes a fundamental activity in order to build interactive environments that may in fact adequately contribute for the professional education of our students, mainly the ones in engineering courses. Specifically, this paper shows preliminary studies within this perspective, showing how technological innovation may be understood and applied in the educational context. The study also shows the first interactivity indicator for a collaborative learning perspective, obtained from data collected through a qualitative content analysis methodology.

Geographical Information Visualization on a Panoramic Sphere in an Immersive Environment

In this paper,we propose a novel approach to visualizing global geographical information:a panoramic sphere in an immersive environment.The whole geographical surface can be observed through the rotating of heads as the viewpoint of the panoramic sphere is inside the sphere.We compared three approaches to visualizing the earth for rendering the geographical information in a virtual reality environment.On the tasks of terrestrial and marine geographical information,we compare the visualization effects on a)a globe,b)a flat map and c)a panoramic sphere.Terrestrial geographical information tasks include the area comparison and direction determination.Marine geographical information tasks contain the visualization of sea surface temperature and sea surface currents.For terrestrial geographical information tasks,the experimental results show that the panoramic sphere outperforms the globe and the flat map,with a higher average accuracy and a shorter time.On marine geographical information task,the panoramic sphere visualization is also superior to the flat map and the globe in an immersive environment for the sea surface temperature data and the sea surface current fields.In all three visualization experiments,the panoramic sphere is most preferred by the participants,particularly for global,transcontinental and transoceanic needs.

An interactive approach to investigate brightness perception of daylighting in Immersive Virtual Environments:Comparing subjective responses and quantitative metrics

Daylighting plays an eminent role in the performance of indoor environments and their occupants,thus necessitating the need to investigate daylight perception of potential occupants at early design stages.The present study introduces an interactive approach to collect and visualize brightness perception of daylighting in a large-scale immersive virtual environment using a game engine as a daylight simulation tool.The developed system allows users to explore building models freely at different day times set in virtual reality and report their perceptions in real time.Following a validation study(N=36)to investigate the consistency of brightness perceptions in a real environment and its virtual replica,a set of 24 participants were recruited to use the system to report their brightness perception in a virtual model of a daylit art museum,through snapshotting the scenes where they perceive as one of the following in terms of daylighting:(very dark,dark,bright,or very bright).Using an output of 419 snapshots,a"Perceptual Light Map"(PLM)was developed to visualize the collective brightness perception of participants as a heat map.Subjective responses were found to be positively correlated with four daylight metrics,with the highest correlation to mean luminance and the lowest to luminance ratio.The findings of this exploratory study represent a step towards a user-oriented supplement tool to the existing quantitative daylight metrics,validating game engines’adequacy as a daylight simulation tool,and illustrating the potentials of immersion and interaction principles for the perception of daylit spaces in virtual reality.

Geovisualization with immersive virtual environments in theory and practice

Virtual reality(VR)is a frequently emphasized issue on the Digital Earth(DE)agenda.While current DE research is more engaged in the technical aspects of VR applications,this paper focuses on what is possible with immersive virtual environments(IVE)from the user’s perspective.After a brief discussion of spatial presence and embodiment in the context of IVE,both concepts will be merged into a geovisualization immersion pipeline(GIP)as a framework with which to systematically link technical and cognitive aspects of IVE.We will then analyze the general criteria that must be met by IVE in order to facilitate the experience of spatial presence.Adapting these criteria to the special requirements of geospatial data,a definition of geovisualization immersive virtual environments(GeoIVE)is formulated.Finally,the theoretical considerations of this paper are set into practice,using a GeoIVE of a coral reef ecosystem as an example.As we shall see,while GIS do not provide data models or data compatibility for direct visualization of GeoIVE on VR output devices,game engines can serve as middleware to fill this gap.

Measuring user preferences and behaviour in a topographic immersive virtual environment(TopoIVE)of 2D and 3D urban topographic data

This paper investigates user preferences and behaviour associated with 2D and 3D modes of urban representation within a novel Topographic Immersive Virtual Environment(TopoIVE)created from official 1:10,000 mapping.Sixty participants were divided into two groups:the first were given a navigational task within a simulated city and the second were given the freedom to explore it.A Head-Mounted Display(HMD)Virtual Reality(VR)app allowed participants to switch between 2D and 3D representations of buildings with a remote controller and their use of these modes during the experiment was recorded.Participants performed mental rotation tests before entering the TopoIVE and were interviewed afterwards about their experiences using the app.The results indicate that participants preferred the 3D mode of representation overall,although preference for the 2D mode was slightly higher amongst those undertaking the navigational task,and reveal that different wayfinding solutions were adopted by participants according to their gender.Overall,the findings suggest that users exploit different aspects of 2D and 3D modes of visualization in their wayfinding strategy,regardless of their task.The potential to combine the functionality of 2D and 3D modes therefore offers substantial opportunities for the development of immersive virtual reality products derived from topographic datasets.