Was the Panzhihua Large Fe-Ti Oxide Deposit,SW China,Formed by Silicate Immiscibility?

The Panzhihua mafic intrusion,which hosts a world-class Fe-Ti-V ore deposit,is in the western Emeishan region,SW China.The formation age(~260 Ma),and Sr and Nd isotopes indicate that the Panzhihua intrusion is part of the Emeishan large igneous province and has little crustal contamination.To assess ore genesis of the Panzhihua Fe-Ti-V ore deposit,two different models have been provided to explain the formation,namely silicate immiscibility and normal fractional crystallization.Silicate immiscibility occurring around 1,000℃at the late stage of basaltic magma evolution argues against the silicate immiscibility model.Apatite-hosted melt inclusion research indicates that silicate immiscibility occurred at the late stage of Panzhihua magma evolution,which may not have offered potential to form such large ore deposits as Panzhihua.Alternatively,continuous compositional variations of the Panzhihua intrusion and calculations using thermodynamic modelling software support the hypothesis that the Panzhihua deposit was formed by normal fractional crystallization.Reciprocal trace element patterns of the Panzhihua intrusion and nearby felsic rocks also coincide with the fractional crystallization model.Normal fractional crystallization of high-Ti basaltic magma played a key role in the formation of the Panzhihua Fe-Ti-V ore deposit.

非均质多孔介质超临界CO_(2)非混相驱替特征及机理研究

为深入理解超临界CO_(2)在非均质储层中的非混相驱替过程,探索其流动特性及对多孔介质流体动力学的影响,为CO_(2)增强油气采收率和地质碳储存技术提供科学依据,采用基于Navier-Stokes方程与Cahn-Hilliard方程耦合的微观两相流模型,结合Voronoi多边形构造技术建立了具有真实孔隙结构特征的非均质多孔介质模型。通过模拟计算,详细描述了不同条件下CO_(2)驱替过程中的流体动力学行为和界面特征,研究了流体界面形态的演变和驱替效率的影响因素。结果表明:超临界CO_(2)注入后,不同模型内均出现了指进特征和复杂的非混相界面;孔道结构特征决定了毛细力大小,影响CO_(2)驱替前缘的稳定性,大孔道易形成指进现象,而狭窄孔道受毛细阻力与黏滞力影响,促使CO_(2)渗流路径转向或分叉,并导致孔隙压力不均匀分布;孔道内的黏滞力阻碍CO_(2)推进,适度调节CO_(2)的黏度和密度有助于提高驱替效率;高毛管数条件下,驱替压力导致流体相界面变得不稳定,CO_(2)优势渗流通道数量增多,指进渗流通道宽度拓宽,在黏滞力作用下出现了非连续的卡断现象;长时间的驱替过程显著提高CO_(2)饱和度,但伴随高能耗损失,驱替效率在CO_(2)突破后期逐渐下降。因此,调控超临界CO_(2)的物理性质、优化控制注入速率,能有效改善CO_(2)在地层中的分布和驱替路径,是提高CO_(2)驱替效率和优化地层开发的重要手段。

扩散吸附作用下CO_(2)非混相驱微观渗流特征模拟

利用数值模拟方法建立CO_(2)非混相驱数值模型,使用水平集法模拟扩散吸附作用下CO_(2)非混相驱和近混相驱的微观渗流规律,并对CO_(2)在孔隙中的微观渗流特征及扩散吸附特征进行研究,选取注入速度、扩散系数、吸附反应速率常数等参数研究近混相驱微观渗流特征的影响因素。研究结果表明:①相场法CO_(2)驱数值模拟采出程度为51.29%,水平集法CO_(2)驱数值模拟采出程度为53.60%,因此水平集法更适用于CO_(2)非混相驱的渗流过程模拟。②非混相驱条件下,CO_(2)优先向大孔隙扩散,采收率为87.7%,出口气体体积分数为71.60%,CO_(2)最大表面吸附浓度为3.16×10-4mol/m^(2);近混相驱条件下,CO_(2)更易向小孔隙扩散,采收率为91.1%,出口含气率为97.01%,CO_(2)最大表面吸附浓度为5.81×10-4mol/m^(2)。③近混相驱微观渗流特征受注入速度、扩散系数、吸附反应速率常数等因素影响。注入速度增大,出口含气率和采收率均提高;扩散系数和吸附反应速率常数增大,会使采收率提高,出口含气率下降。

准噶尔盆地东部北10井区中深层稠油CO_(2)非混相驱油技术

准噶尔盆地东部北10井区头屯河组油藏具有埋藏深、原油黏度大、储层强水敏的特点,自探明以来一直未获得有效动用。为了解决油藏难动用的难题进行了CO_(2)-稠油实验,在实验结果的基础上,根据试验区生产现状提出“非混相驱+吞吐”措施,利用数值模拟手段优化生产参数得到最优方案并预测出生产指标。结果表明:地层稠油注入CO_(2)后原油体积膨胀和黏度降低的能力大幅增强,是提高采收率的主要机理;井区稠油CO_(2)驱替方式为非混相驱,驱替过程中CO_(2)先以溶解和扩散作用为主,待建立驱替通道后才开始产出原油,采收率为29.60%;试验区非混相驱初期见效慢,为加快受效提出“油井吞吐”措施,数值模拟预测非混相驱配合3轮油井吞吐生产,最终采收率可达21.0%,解决了研究区油藏难动用的难题。研究成果对中深层强水敏稠油油藏的动用具有一定的借鉴意义。

霞石岩的成因及深部碳循环

霞石岩是以发育霞石和单斜辉石斑晶为特征的过碱性火山岩,其单体出露体积较小,常以碳酸岩-碱性杂岩体或小体积熔岩流的形式广泛分布在板内环境中,产出的时代跨度大(从太古宙至今),产出量总体上随地球的演化而增多。通常认为霞石岩在喷发过程中上升速度快且较少受到地壳物质混染,可以很好地反映地幔源区特征。然而,目前对其源区性质仍存在争议,其争论的焦点在于源区是否存在碳酸盐,即碳酸盐化源区是否是霞石岩形成的必要条件。本文基于全球各地霞石岩的地质-地球化学数据分析,将其分为两组:第一组霞石岩的SiO_(2)和碱含量(Na _(2)O+K_(2)O)变化范围较大,出现Rb、K、Pb、Zr、Hf、Ti、Y元素的负异常,放射性同位素组成普遍较为亏损;第二组相较第一组具有更高的SiO_(2)、碱含量,更低的MgO、TiO_(2)、P_(2)O_(5)含量和Na _(2)O/K_(2)O比值,并出现U、Nb、Pb、Zr元素的正异常以及Ti元素的负异常,Nb-Ta及Zr-Hf发生分馏,放射性同位素组成较第一组更富集。结合实验岩石学结果,研究认为第一组霞石岩的原始熔体为碳酸盐化榴辉岩部分熔融熔体与地幔橄榄岩反应形成的富碳硅酸盐熔体,其直接喷发或只经历低程度的分离结晶作用;第二组霞石岩与第一组霞石岩具有相似的源区特征,但熔体经历了强烈的分离结晶及不混溶作用。因此,碳酸盐化源区是霞石岩形成的必要条件。对霞石岩露头的时间分布进行统计发现,霞石岩最早形成于太古宙,但形成量在约550Ma和80Ma突增,碳酸盐俯冲通量的增加可能是导致霞石岩形成量突增的原因,而形成于太古宙的霞石岩说明太古宙地幔中存在局部的“碳”富集或输入。

不互溶体系中HMX基PBX微球的制备及性能表征

为了探索球形奥克托今(HMX)的制备方法,以二甲亚砜为溶剂,二甲基硅油/四氯化碳(体积比为1∶2)为非溶剂,硝化棉为黏结剂,采用液上滴落成球、液下扰动成球和微流控成球3种方法研究了HMX在不互溶体系中的制备及性能;通过扫描电镜、X-射线衍射仪、热分析、摩擦感度仪和撞击感度仪等,表征了样品的形貌、晶型、活化能、摩擦感度和撞击感度。结果表明,液上滴落成球法可以制备出球形HMX,其粒径在1500μm左右;液下扰动法同样可以制备出球形HMX,其粒径在950μm左右;微通道法制备的HMX球形度偏低,粒径在300μm左右。3种方法制备HMX晶型均与原料HMX的一致,为β晶型;液上滴落成球方法制备的HMX活化能相比原料值提高了141.22kJ/mol,撞击感度降低了2J,摩擦感度由原来的120N降至240N;液下扰动成球和微流控方法制备的球形HMX活化能比原料分别提高了5kJ/mol和21kJ/mol, HMX撞击感度没有明显改变,摩擦感度由原来的120N降低至216N,表明该微球结构取得了良好的降感效果。

四川甲基卡伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的地质特征及成矿机制概述

四川甲基卡锂矿床位于松潘-甘孜造山带东南部,是我国已知产量、规模最大的固体锂矿床。甲基卡矿床是花岗伟晶岩型矿床,自内向外依次发育二云母花岗岩、微斜长石型(Ⅰ)、微斜长石-钠长石型(Ⅱ)、钠长石型(Ⅲ)、钠长石-锂辉石型(Ⅳ)、锂-白云母型(Ⅴ)伟晶岩,且二云母花岗岩内发育大量的剥离体。元素地球化学组成上,花岗岩与伟晶岩的稀土、微量元素含量表现出显著的突变关系;各类型伟晶岩中石英和锂辉石内发育的包裹体类型主要有气液两相包裹体、含CO_(2)包裹体、纯CO_(2)包裹体、富子晶包裹体和熔体包裹体。包裹体均一实验表明熔体包裹体的完全均一温度在750~800℃之间,对应的捕获压力为550~700MPa。在花岗岩熔体包裹体均一之前,富水熔体和贫水熔体在同一个体系内共存;石英和锂辉石内含硅酸盐子矿物包裹体与熔体-流体过渡型包裹体明显不同。锂辉石和石英中包裹体的C-H-O同位素测试结果表明成矿流体主要为岩浆水,且其形成演化处于相对密闭的构造环境。全岩Ba-Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成指示三叠系西康群变沉积岩是花岗岩的重要源岩。全岩Zn和Li同位素则表明在岩浆侵位过程可能发生过显著的不混溶作用。综上,甲基卡矿床形成演化过程中可能经历了岩浆液态不混溶作用。

Origin of the Yueguang gold deposit in Xinhua, Hunan Province, South China: insights from fl uid inclusion and hydrogen–oxygen stable isotope analysis

The Yueguang gold deposit is located in Fengjia,Xinhua County,Hunan Province,South China.It represents a recently discovered small-scale gold deposit situated in the southwestern region of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt,west of the Baimashan granitic batholith.In order to discern the characteristics of the ore-formingfluids,the underlying mineralization processes,and establish a foundation for the origin of the Yueguang gold depositfluid inclusion micro-thermometry,as well as quartz hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis,have been carried out on samples obtained from various stages of mineralization.The hydrothermal miner-alization stages within the Yueguang gold deposit can be categorized into three stages:(i)the barren,pre-ore quartz-pyrite stage(Stage Ⅰ),the quartz-pyrite-gold stage(Stage Ⅱ),and the post-ore quartz-carbonate stage(Stage Ⅲ),with the second stage being the main mineralization stage.Thefluid inclusions identified in samples from the main min-eralization stage can predominantly be described with the NaCl–H_(2)O and CO_(2)–NaCl–H_(2)O systems.These inclusions display homogenization temperatures ranging from 158.8 to 334.9℃,and thefluid salinity ranges from 0.3%to 4.0%(wt.%NaCl equiv.).Laser Raman spectroscopy analysis of individual inclusions further reveals the presence of gas-phases such as CO_(2),CH_(4),and N_(2).Isotopic analysis indicatesδ^(18)Ofluid values ranging from 3.95 to 6.7‰ and δDH_(2)O values ranging from-71.9 to-55.7‰.These results indi-cate that the ore-formingfluid of the Yueguang gold deposit belongs to metamorphic hydrothermalfluids of middle-low temperature and low salinity.In the process of ore formation,gold is transported in the form of Au(HS)2-complexes,with gold deposition being driven byfluid immiscibility.Therefore,the Yueguang gold deposit is categorized as an orogenic gold deposit dominated by metamorphic hydrother-malfluid.It may become a new target for gold exploration in the Baimashan region,central Hunan Province.

Magmatic-hydrothermal Evolution and Mineralization Mechanisms of the Wangjiazhuang Cu(-Mo)Deposit in the Zouping Volcanic Basin,Shandong Province,China:Constraints from Fluid Inclusions

The Wangjiazhuang Cu(-Mo)deposit,located within the Zouping volcanic basin in western Shandong Province,China,is unique in this area for having an economic value.In order to expound the metallogenetic characteristics of this porphyry-like hydrothermal deposit,a detailed fluid inclusion study has been conducted,employing the techniques of representative sampling,fluid inclusion petrography,microthermometry,Raman spectroscopy,LA-ICP-MS analysis of single fluid inclusions,as well as cathode fluorescence spectrometer analysis of host mineral quartz.The deposit contains mainly two types of orebodies,i.e.veinlet-dissemination-stockwork orebodies in the K-Si alteration zone and pegmatiticquartz sulfide veins above them.In addition,minor breccia ore occurs locally.Four types of fluid inclusions in the deposit and altered quartz monzonite are identified:L-type one-or two-phase aqueous inclusions,V-type vapor-rich inclusions with V/L ratios greater than 50%-90%,D-type multiphase fluid inclusions containing daughter minerals or solids and S-type silicate-bearing fluid inclusions containing mainly muscovite and biotite.Ore petrography and fluid inclusion study has revealed a three-stage mineralization process,driven by magmatic-hydrothermal fluid activity,as follows.Initially,a hydrothermal fluid,separated from the parent magma,infiltrated into the quartz monzonite,resulting in its extensive K-Si alteration,as indicated by silicate-bearing fluid inclusions trapped in altered quartz monzonite.This is followed by the early mineralization,the formation of quartz veinlets and dissemination-stockwork ores.During the main mineralization stage,due to the participation and mixing of meteoric groundwater with magmatic-sourced hydrothermal fluid,the cooling and phase separation caused deposition of metals from the hydrothermal fluids.As a result,the pegmatitic-quartz sulfide-vein ores formed.In the late mineralization stage,decreasing fluid salinity led to the formation of L-type aqueous inclusions and chalcopyrite-sulfosalt ore.Coexistence of V-type and D-type inclusions and their similar homogenization temperatures with different homogenization modes suggest that phase separation or boiling of the ore-forming fluids took place during the early and the main mineralization stages.The formation P-T conditions of S-type inclusions and the early and the main mineralization stages were estimated as ca.156-182 MPa and 450-650℃,350-450℃,18-35 MPa and 280-380℃,8-15 MPa,respectively,based on the microthermometric data of the fluid inclusions formed at the individual stages.

Averaged Dynamics of Fluids near the Oscillating Interface in a Hele-Shaw Cell

The steady flow in a Hele-Shaw cell filled with fluids with a high viscosity contrast in the presence of fluid oscillations is experimentally studied.The control of oscillatory dynamics of multiphase systems with interfaces is a challenging technological problem.We consider miscible(water and glycerol)and immiscible(water and high-viscosity silicone oil PMS-1000)fluids under subsonic oscillations perpendicular to the interface.Observations show that the interface shape depends on the amplitude and frequency of oscillations.The interface is undisturbed only in the absence of oscillations.Under small amplitudes,the interface between water and glycerol widens due to mixing.When the critical amplitude is reached,the interface becomes unstable to the fingering instability:Aqueous fingers penetrate the high-viscosity glycerol and induce intensive mixing of miscible fluids and associated decay of the instability.After the disappearance of the fingers,the interface takes a U-shape in the central part of the cell.A similar effect is observed for immiscible fluids:The oscillating interface tends to bend to the side of a high-viscosity fluid.Again,when the critical amplitude is reached,the fingering instability arises at the convex interface.This paper focuses on the causes of bending of the initially undisturbed interface between miscible or immiscible fluids.For this purpose,we measure the steady flow velocity near the interface and in the bulk of a high-viscosity fluid using Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV).

Dynamics of Low-Viscosity Liquids Interface in an Unevenly Rotating Vertical Layer

The behavior of two immiscible low-viscosity liquids differing in density and viscosity in a vertical flat layer undergoing modulated rotation is experimentally studied.The layer has a circular axisymmetric boundary.In the absence of modulation of the rotation speed,the interphase boundary has the shape of a short axisymmetric cylinder.A new effect has been discovered,under the influence of rotation speed modulation,the interface takes on a new dynamic equilibrium state.A more viscous liquid covers the end boundaries of the layer in the form of thin films,which have the shape of round spots of almost constant radius;with increasing amplitude of the velocity modulation,the wetting boundary expands.It is found that upon reaching the critical amplitude of oscillations,the film of a viscous liquid loses stability,and the outer edge of the wetting spot collapses and takes on a feathery structure.It is shown that this threshold is caused by the development of the Kelvin-Helmholtz oscillatory instability of the film.The spreading radius of a spot of light viscous liquid and its stability are studied depending on the rotation rate,amplitude,and frequency of rotation speed modulation.The discovered averaged effects are determined by different oscillatory interaction of fluids with the end-walls of the cell,due to different viscosities.The effect of films forming can find application in technological processes to intensify mass transfer at interphase boundaries.

内生碳酸岩型稀土矿床中磷酸盐作用研究综述

碳酸岩型稀土矿床是全球稀土最主要的来源。磷酸盐是该成矿体系中常见的组分,但对其在碳酸岩稀土成矿过程中的具体作用仍缺少系统的认识。笔者等综述了磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆形成、演化和稀土富集成矿过程中作用,并提出现存问题和研究展望。磷在碳酸盐熔体中具有很高的溶解度。磷的存在有利于稀土在地幔极低程度部分熔融过程和碳酸盐—硅酸盐液态不混溶过程中优先进入碳酸盐熔体,形成初始碳酸盐熔体中稀土的预富集。碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中,稀土将优先进入到不混溶的磷酸盐熔体或独居石和磷灰石等磷酸盐矿物中,这些熔体和矿物的行为很可能是控制体系中稀土行为和成矿潜力的关键因素。岩浆作用过程中形成的富稀土磷酸盐矿物还可为热液阶段稀土矿化提供成矿物质来源。磷酸盐还是热液过程中稀土的有效沉淀剂,有利于轻重稀土矿物在流体晚期阶段成矿。未来工作应更多关注磷酸盐在碳酸岩岩浆演化过程中的作用及其中重稀土的富集机理研究,针对具体成岩成矿过程开展实验岩石学和熔体包裹体研究。

Influence of reservoir heterogeneity on immiscible water-alternating-CO_(2)flooding:A case study

Currently,limited studies of immiscible water-alternating-CO_(2)(imWACO_(2))flooding focus on the impact of reservoir heterogeneity on reservoir development outcomes.Given this,using the heterogeneous reservoirs in the Gao 89-1 block as a case study,this study conducted slab core flooding experiments and numerical simulations to assess the impact of reservoir heterogeneity on imWACO_(2)flooding efficiency.It can be concluded that imWACO_(2)flooding can enhance the sweep volume and oil recovery compared to continuous CO_(2)flooding.As the permeability difference increases,the difference in the swept volume between zones/layers with relatively high and low permeability increases.To optimize the exploitation of reservoirs in the Gao 89-1 block,the optimal timing and CO_(2)injection rate for imWACO_(2)flooding are determined at water cut of 40%and 10000 m^(3)/d,respectively.A short injection-production semi-period,combined with multiple cycles of water and CO_(2)injection alternations,is beneficial for enhanced oil recovery from imWACO_(2)flooding.

致密砂岩油藏CO_(2)灌注提高混相程度研究

目的基于快速补充地层能量可实现提高CO_(2)混相程度的技术原理,对灌注法提高鄂尔多斯盆地低压致密砂岩油藏CO_(2)非混相驱混相程度的可行性进行研究。方法采用室内实验方法,在油藏条件下比较不同注入流量、注入量的CO_(2)驱油效果,考查了地层压力、换油率、采出程度、气油比及抽提参数的变化。结果与常规注入流量和注入量相比,灌注后地层压力增加4.14 MPa,换油率增加0.13,采出程度提高22%,气油比降低50%,C_(4)~C_(12)的组分含量明显增加,重组分的含量明显减少。2个井组现场试验表明,相比灌注前,井组月产油增加78%,平均地层压力5 MPa,对应油井的油压提升了4.5 MPa,混相程度提高了32.81%,驱油效果显著。结论灌注法可有效提高CO_(2)驱混相程度,能够改善致密砂岩油藏储层CO_(2)非混相驱油效果。

虎峪沟长城系底部富硅火山岩、火山碎屑岩及其中富铁钛熔体包裹体的发现

元古宙是地球演化的关键时期,对该时期岩石记录的研究为理解前寒武纪地球演化提供了重要依据。对岩石成因的正确解读是岩石大地构造研究的基础,也是基于岩石记录揭示地球环境变化的前提。华北克拉通长城系底部普遍发育一套富硅的层状岩石,被认为是一套由裂谷沉积形成的海相石英砂岩和硅质岩浅变质而成。本文以北京昌平虎峪沟出露的长城系底部常州沟组富硅层状岩石为研究对象,通过详细的野外地质观察,典型样品的岩矿相、SEM/EDS(扫描电镜/X射线能谱)分析、CL(显微阴极发光)成像分析、石英原位LA-ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子质谱)分析以及石英中熔体包裹体的岩相学、显微测温、马弗炉加温-淬火实验和包裹体成分的SEM/EDS、EPMA(电子探针)、LRM(显微激光拉曼光谱)分析等,提出了长城系底部富硅层状岩石的火山成因新认识。研究结果表明,长城系底部富硅层状岩石包括碎屑结构(前人定义的石英砂岩)和镶嵌结构(前人定义的石英岩)两类,其矿物组成主要为石英和钾长石,另外还含有少量锆石、金红石等。碎屑结构岩石中石英、钾长石碎屑可见棱角-次棱角状,且钾长石未见黏土化的边缘。两类岩石中石英的CL多显示蓝紫色的发光特征。另外,据石英钛饱和温度计估算的形成温度集中在550~650℃之间,也显示了高温石英的特征。两类岩石中的石英和钾长石中均发育有富铁钛的两相熔体包裹体。熔体包裹体显微测温结果表明,熔体包裹体在加温过程中至1000℃后,不混溶两相的成分持续变化,并在1050℃发生颜色深浅的反转,在约1350℃左右临界均一。马弗炉加温淬火实验也证实,在加温至1350℃淬火后的样品中的两相熔体包裹体发生了均一。SEM/EDS和EPMA结果表明,熔体包裹体的主要成分为铁、钛的氧化物,暗色部分相对富铁,而浅色部分相对富钛,熔体包裹体两相的Fe/Ti值变化较大。LRM分析结果表明,熔体包裹体的两相均为非晶质。综合岩石的结构特征、石英的CL发光特征、石英的形成温度估算和石英中熔体包裹体的显微测温结果等,笔者认为,长城系底部的富硅层状岩石应为富硅的火山岩和火山碎屑岩,表明古元古代华北克拉通曾存在与哥伦比亚超大陆裂解有关的大规模富硅火山活动。这一发现为华北克拉通元古宙地质演化提供了新证据。石英中富铁钛熔体包裹体的发现也为解释前寒武纪岩浆成因铁矿床、铁钛矿床的形成,特别是岩浆过程中铁、钛的富集机理提供了新的思路。

The role of carbonate-fluoride melt immiscibility in shallow REE deposit evolution

The Lugiin Gol nepheline syenite intrusion, Mongolia, hosts a range of carbonatite dikes mineralized in rare-earth elements(REE). Both carbonatites and nepheline syenite-fluorite-calcite veinlets are host to a previously unreported macroscale texture involving pseudo-graphic intergrowths of fluorite and calcite. The inclusions within calcite occur as either pure fluorite, with associated REE minerals within the surrounding calcite, or as mixed calcite-fluorite inclusions, with associated zirconosilicate minerals. Consideration of the nature of the texture, and the proportions of fluorite and calcite present(～29 and 71 mol%,respectively), indicates that these textures most likely formed either through the immiscible separation of carbonate and fluoride melts, or from cotectic crystallization of a carbonatefluoride melt. Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses show the pure fluorite inclusions to be depleted in REE relative to the calcite. A model is proposed, in which a carbonate-fluoride melt phase enriched in Zr and the REE, separated from a phonolitic melt, and then either unmixed or underwent cotectic crystallization to generate an REE-rich carbonate melt and an REE-poor fluoride phase. The separation of the fluoride phase(either solid or melt) may have contributed to the enrichment of the carbonate melt in REE, and ultimately its saturation with REE minerals. Previous data have suggested that carbonate melts separated from silicate melts are relatively depleted in the REE, and thus melt immiscibility cannot result in the formation of REE-enriched carbonatites. The observations presented here provide a mechanism by which this could occur, as under either model the textures imply initial separation of a mixed carbonate-fluoride melt from a silicate magma. The separation of an REEenriched carbonate-fluoride melt from phonolitic magma is a hitherto unrecognized mechanism for REE-enrichment in carbonatites, and may play an important role in the formation of shallow magmatic REE deposits.

Melt-Fluid and Fluid-Fluid Immiscibility in a Na_(2)SO_(4)-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O System and Implications for the Formation of Rare Earth Deposits

Liquid-liquid immiscibility has crucial influences on geological processes,such as magma degassing and formation of ore deposits.Sulfate,as an important component,associates with many kinds of deposits.Two types of immiscibility,including(i)fluid-melt immiscibility between an aqueous solution and a sulfate melt,and(ii)fluid-fluid immiscibility between two aqueous fluids with different sulfate concentrations,have been identified for sulfate-water systems.In this study,we investigated the immiscibility behaviors of a sulfate-and quartz-saturated Na_(2)SO_(4)-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O system at elevated temperature,to explore the phase relationships involving both types of immiscibility.The fluid-melt immiscibility appeared first when the Na_(2)SO_(4)-SiO_(2)-H_(2)O sample was heated to~270℃,and then fluid-fluid immiscibility emerged while the sample was further heated to~450℃.At this stage,the coexistence of one water-saturated sulfate melt and two aqueous fluids with distinct sulfate concentrations was observed.The three immiscible phases remain stable over a wide pressure-temperature range,and the appearance temperature of the fluid-fluid immiscibility increases with the increased pressure.Considering that sulfate components occur extensively in carbonatite-related deposits,the fluid-fluid immiscibility can result in significant sulfate fractionation and provides implications for understanding the formation of carbonatite-related rare earth deposits.

Liquid Immiscibility of Boninite in Xiangcheng, Southwestern China, and Its implication to Genetic Relationship between Boninite and Komatiitic Basalt

Boninitic rocks and associated high-magnesian basalt and high-iron tholeiite in the Xiangcheng area constitute the basal horizon of the arc volcanic sequence in the Triassic Yidun Island-Arc, southwestern China. The boninite occurs as pillow, massive and ocellar lavas; the last one possesses well-developed globular structure and alternates with the former two. The boninite is characterized by the absence of phenocrysts of olivine and low-Ca pyroxenes and by low CaO/Al2O3 ratios (<0.67) and high Cr (>1000 ppm) and Ni (>250 ppm). The normalized abundance patterns (NAP) of trace elements to primitive mantle are similar to the NAP of low-Ca modern boninites and SHMB in the Archaean and Proterozoic.

Liquid immiscibility recorded in melt inclusions within corundum from alkaline basalt,Changle area,Shandong province,Eastern China

Abundant melt-and fluid inclusions occur in corundum megacrysts of alkaline basalt from the Changle area,Shandong province,eastern China.One type of melt inclusions,i.e.muhiphase melt inclusions(glass+bubbles+daughter minerals)were identified,which occur along growth zones of host corundum megacrysts.Microthermometry and laser Raman microprobe analysis were performed on the melt inclusions.The bubbles within the melt inclusions are confirmed to be CO_2-rich phase and the daughter minerals are probably silicates,such as augite and okenite.The results of high temperature homogenization experiment strongly suggest that two immiscible melts,i.e.a H_2O-and CO_2-rich melt and an anhydrous and CO_2-poor melt were trapped by melt inclusions in corundum megacryst.

Experimental study on liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and high pressure and its geological significance

With lamprophyre and pyrite from the Laowangzhai gold deposit, Yunnan Province, China, as starting materials, and at pressures from 1.5 to 3.0 GPa and temperatures from 1160 to 1560℃ , an experimental study was carried out on the liquid immiscibility of lamprophyre-sulfide melt at high temperature and ultra-high pressure in the DS-29A cubic 3600T/6-type high pressure apparatus. Results showed that the liquid immiscibility of lampro-pyre-sulfide melt in the magmatic system would happen during the early magmatic evolution (high temperature and high pressure conditions) and was controlled by temperature and pressure. The sulfide melt which was separated from the lamprophyric melt would make directional movement in the temperature and pressure field and assemble in the low-temperature and low-pressure region. Because the density of SM is higher than that of the lamprophyric melt, the former would gather together at the bottom of the magma chamber and there would exist a striking boundary between the two melts. On the other hand, the results also suggested that there would be little possibility for lampro-phyric magma to carry massive gold, and lamprophyres can't provide many of oreforming materials (Au) in the processes of gold mineralization.